ИҚТИСОД
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Мурожаатномаси. // Халқ сўзи. 2018 йил 28 декабрь.
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UDC: 339.875
THE LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT OF LABOR RESOURCES IN THE REGIONS OF
UZBEKISTAN.
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН МИНТАҚАЛАРИДА МЕҲНАТ РЕСУРСЛАРИНИНГ
БАНДЛИК ДАРАЖАСИ.
УРОВЕНЬ ЗАНЯТОСТИ ТРУДОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В РЕГИОНАХ
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
Muminov N.G.
(Professor of NUUz)
Avlokulova G.
(master student of NUUz)
Мақолада минтақада меҳнат бозорининг шаклланиши хусиятлари тадқиқ
этилди. Бунда минтақада мавжуд меҳнат ресурсларининг сон ва сифат
кўрсаткичлари, ўртача ѐши, мобиллиги ва ҳаракатчанлиги таҳлил этилган.
Калит сўзлар
:
меҳнат бозори, аҳоли сони, меҳнат ресурси, минтақа, бандлик.
В статье изучены особенности формирования рынка труда в регионе. При
этом проанализированы количественные и качественные показатели, средний
возраст, мобильность трудовых ресурсов.
Ключевые слова:
рынок труда, количество населения, трудовые ресурсы,
регион, занятость
ИҚТИСОД
190
The article studies the features of the formation of the labor market in the region. At
the same time, quantitative and qualitative indicators, average age, labor force mobility
were analyzed.
Key words:
labor market, population, labor resources, region, employment
Formation and development of the labor market is one of the priorities of economic
reforms in the country. The labor market lays the foundation for the economic development
of the country's regions, enterprises, businesses, firms and farms. Also, the labor market is
an integral part of the country's economy, and all economic changes are reflected in it. In the
labor market, there are differences between the student and his supply of labor, and it is
important to carry out a number of theoretical and practical work on their regulation and
balance. The peculiarity of the labor market is that in this market the commodity does not
exist in the form of goods. The fundamental difference between labor and gross goods and
production resources is that it is the most important sphere of human life, the form of self-
expression of the human person.
For the formation of the labor market, the following economic relations must be
formed:
1.
There must be people who own the means of production and who can start the
production process;
2.
There must also be free people who have no means of production other than their
own labor force.
The main factors influencing the dynamics of the labor market include: demographic
factors (population, health of the economically active population, mobility, mobility, etc.);
social (standard and quality of life, social structure, level of development of social
partnership relations, etc.) and organizational legal (the role of the state in the organization
of employment and labor, the development and quality of the legal framework in the field of
labor and entrepreneurship)[1].
The population of the Republic of Uzbekistan is constantly growing (Table 1).
Table 1
Permanent population of working age [2]
Percentage of the total population, in percent
2011 2012 2013
2014
2016
2017
2018
2019
The Republic of Uzbekistan
61,1
61,5
61,7
61,7
60,5
60,1
59,5
59,1
The Republic of Karakalpakistan
61,3
61,4
61,4
61,4
60,8
60,6
60,3
60,0
regions:
Andijan
61,7
62,2
62,4
62,2
60,8
60,2
59,6
59,1
Bukhara
62,8
63,1
63,2
63,0
61,6
61,2
60,6
60,2
Jizzakh
59,3
59,9
60.3
60,5
59,6
59,3
58,8
58,3
Kashkadarya
59,4
60,1
60,6
60,7
59,9
59,6
59,1
58,6
Navoi
63,1
63,3
63,4
63,2
61,6
61,1
60,5
60,1
Namangan
61,7
62,3
62,7
62,6
61,3
60,8
60,2
59,7
Samarkand
59,9
60,4
60,7
60,8
59,5
59,0
58,4
58,0
Surkhandarya
59,6
60,2
60,7
61,0
60,1
59,6
59,1
58,7
Sirdaryo
61,8
62,1
62,3
62,3
61,5
61,2
61,0
60,5
Tashkent
61,9
62,1
62,1
61,9
60,5
60,0
59,4
59,1
Fergana
61,6
62,1
62,4
62,4
61,1
60,5
59,9
59,4
Khorezm
60,9
61,3
61,5
61,5
61,0
60,7
60,4
60,1
Tashkent c.
62,3
62,1
61,8
61,3
59,6
59,0
58,4
57,8
ИҚТИСОД
191
Table 1. shows that the share of the permanent population of working age in the
Republic of Uzbekistan in relation to the total population in 2011 was 61.1%, and in 2019 it
was 59.1%. During this period, this figure was 61.3 and 60.0 in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, respectively; 61.7 and 59.1 in Andijan region; 62.8 and 60.2 in Bukhara
region; 59.3 and 58.3 in Jizzakh region; 59.4 and 58.6 in Kashkadarya region; 63.1 and 60.1
in Navoi region; 61.7 and 59.7 in Namangan region; 59.9 and 58.0 in Samarkand region;
59.6 and 58.7 in Surkhandarya region; 61.8 and 60.5 in Syrdarya region; 61.9 and 59.1 in
Tashkent region; 61.6 and 59.4 in Fergana region; 60.9 and 60.1 in Khorezm region; In
Tashkent it was 62.3 and 57.8 percent, respectively. The process of formation of the labor
market of Uzbekistan is characterized by rapid growth of labor resources and complex
conditions in the labor market. Therefore, raising the level of employment has become an
urgent task for our country. There are certain differences in the current labor resources in
Uzbekistan, the demographic situation in the regions, population density, the level of socio-
economic development of each region, the transport system, geographical location and
opportunities, the level of student and labor supply in the regions. This situation creates
specific difficulties in providing employment. The choice of ways to shape the labor market
should be based on the study and analysis of the situation and trends specific to the
population, which are specific to the development of employment and remain in the
conditions of a market economy. Because the factors that affect the most important
indicators of employment are directly related to them. [3] Labor resources are characterized
by a high level of natural-biological and socio-economic activity. The labor force includes
the working age population, as well as adolescents and retirees engaged in production. The
number, dynamics and composition of the labor force are largely determined by the working
age population. Based on the factors influencing the formation of labor resources, labor
resources are formed in a way that has the following specific features:
-
the working-age population is the basis of the labor force, while its share is growing;
-
the number of labor resources is increasing year by year due to natural growth;
-
the number and weight of adolescents and the elderly are increasing.
About 60% of the population in our country is labor force [4]. In terms of participation
in society and socio-economic status, labor resources are divided into economically active
and economically inactive population. At the same time, if the active part of the population
is determined by employment or need, the inactive population in the economy of the
country will be passive (those who study separately from production, women on maternity
leave and those who do not want to work).
Table 2.
Distribution of labor resources by regions of the republic, thousand people [5]
1991
2000
2010
2014
2019
Change in
2019
compared to
1991, times
The Republic of
Uzbekistan
1013,2
12594,0
16509,7
18048,0
19837,2
19,6
The Republic of
Karakalpakistan
594,0
755,8
945,5
1011,9
1129,8
1,9
Andijan
897,5
1140, 3
1561,2
1667,9
1830,8
2,0
Bukhara
607,0
747,4
987,6
1045,0
1149,5
1,9
Jizzakh
368,1
472,4
652,1
723,0
797,6
2,2
Kashkadarya
769,6
1 019,0
1493,4
1692,5
1903,3
2,5
ИҚТИСОД
192
Navoi
359,1
406,8
531,6
543,1
594,2
1,7
Namangan
746,3
961,0
1 350,6
1492,5
1659,9
2,2
Samarkand
1016,8
1299,9
1815,7
2003,8
2224,5
2,2
Surkhandarya
605,5
807,3
1174,1
1353,0
1524,8
2,5
Sirdarya
279,5
319,7
420,7
456,9
507,4
1,8
Tashkent
1061,1
1 231,1
1549,7
1601,9
1724,7
1,6
Fergana
1094,7
1 330,5
1824,2
1969,5
2209,2
2,0
Khorezm
495,1
663,9
900,4
952,2
1112,1
2,2
Tashkent c.
1318,9
1313,9
1519,2
1534,8
1469,4
1,1
According to the table, in 1991-2019, the labor force in the country increased by 19.6
times, in the Republic of Karakalpakstan - 1.9 times, in Andijan region - 2, in Bukhara
region - 1.9, in Jizzakh region - 2.2, in Kashkadarya region - 2.5, in Navoi. 1.7 times in
Namangan region, 2.2 times in Namangan region, 2.2 times in Samarkand, 2.5 times in
Surkhandarya region, 1.8 times in Syrdarya region, 1.6 times in Tashkent region, 2 times in
Fergana region, 2.2 times in Khorezm region and 1.1 times in Tashkent city.
Most of the country's labor force lives in rural areas. The rural labor force is
constantly growing, while in the city this figure has not changed to such an extent. Given
that the problem of employment in rural areas is more acute than the problem of
employment in urban areas, it is possible to prevent over-employment in agriculture by
dismissing the unemployed and redistributing it to other sectors of the economy using
practical skills and tools. In his address to the Oliy Majlis, President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan Sh. M. Mirziyoev said, ―The pandemic is causing damage to the world economy
... about $ 400 billion a month. To date, 500 million jobs have been lost worldwide. Thanks
to the unshakable will of our people, selfless work and perseverance, the joint efforts of the
population and government agencies, we are courageously overcoming the existing
difficulties. We prioritize the training of our sons and daughters in modern professions that
are in high demand in the labor market, the formation of entrepreneurial skills and
entrepreneurial qualities in them, as well as the implementation of their initiatives,
employment and housing‖ [6]. The rapidly growing labor force and the establishment of
small businesses and private entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan create the following conditions:
raising the material, cultural and professional level of the population, youth;
-
bringing industrial enterprises closer to residential areas;
-
national handicrafts, development of artistic handicrafts.
To increase the employment rate of labor resources, we offer the following:
-
support for small but private entrepreneurship in the field;
-
improving market infrastructure;
-
further development of home labor organization;
-
improving the economic support system for small business and private
entrepreneurship.
In the context of modernization of the economy, increasing employment, reducing
unemployment is one of the priorities of macroeconomic policy.
From the point of view of labor resources, the territory of Uzbekistan can be
conditionally divided into the following 3 groups:
Group 1 Republic of Karakalpakstan, Bukhara, Navoi, Syrdarya, Jizzakh, Kashkadarya
and Surkhandarya regions
Group 2 Andijan, Namangan, Fergana and Khorezm regions
Group 3 Tashkent city, Tashkent and Samarkand regions.
Labor resources are divided into these groups depending on the specifics of the regions.
ИҚТИСОД
193
The first group of regions occupies 86% of the territory of Uzbekistan and has large
undeveloped areas. These regions and the Republic of Karakalpakstan are rich in natural
resources, and the development of agriculture and industry for the development of
agriculture and industry will have a huge impact on the future efficient use of labor
resources. In this group of provinces, mainly local labor resources are used. It should be
noted that in 2019, a total of 953,701 jobs were created in the country, while in the first
group of regions and the Republic of Karakalpakstan, 42% of the total, or 394,456 jobs were
created. The second group of regions is more densely populated than other regions. In 2019,
300,404 jobs were created in these regions, which is 31% of the total. In these regions,
including rural areas, the employment rate of the population, especially youth, is relatively
low, and the involvement of the population in small and medium-sized cities in these areas
in the production and service sectors is an important task. This will require the introduction
of new modern production facilities in the region with a wide range of investments, in
particular, the creation of new jobs on a home-based basis. If these jobs are filled primarily
by local staff in the provinces, the remaining labor resources should be attracted to the
newly developed areas (for example, Group 1). The third group of regions, the city of
Tashkent, is the most industrialized region in the country. In 2019, 258,841 jobs were
created in the 3rd group of regions, in Tashkent, which is 27% of the total number of jobs
created in the country. Territories in this group will be able to employ the labor resources
available to them now and in the future. In group 3 areas, the demand for labor resources is
met by natural population growth, without the imbalance between the supply and demand of
labor resources. In general, the labor force in all three groups will be replenished due to
natural population growth and intersectoral redistribution of labor resources, and the volume
of labor resources in Uzbekistan will continue to grow in the near future. The problem is to
increase the skills and experience of staff. At the same time, in accordance with the National
Training Program, which has been working effectively since 2007, the training of mature
and qualified personnel is an important tool for further improving the living standards and
welfare of 30 million people in the country. In short, at the stage of diversification and
modernization of the economy, it is possible to solve the problem of unemployment and
employment by further improving the quality of the labor force, which is a key factor in
production, and achieving their proper distribution across regions and sectors. Uzbekistan is
one of the unique regions in terms of population and labor reproduction. The peculiarity of
population growth is a regional feature of the country, which is characterized by rapid
growth of population and labor resources. According to the State Statistics Committee, the
number of population and labor resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan is constantly
growing (Table 3).
Table 3
Population and labor force dynamics in the Republic of Uzbekistan (per thousand
people) [7]
Figures
Year
Change in 2019
compared to 2008
2008
2011
2014
2016
2019
+,-
%
Population
27072,2
29555,4
29994,6
32120,5
33905,2
6833
125,2
Labor resources
15644,9
17309,8
17663,1
18488,9
18949,0
3304,1
121,1
hence:
Able-bodied people of
working age
15458,7
17156,8
17550,2
18371,7
18857,6
3398,9
122,0
Working teens and retirees
186,2
153,0
112,9
117,2
91,4
-94,8
49,1
ИҚТИСОД
194
As can be seen from the table, in 2008-2019 the population of the republic increased
by 25.2%, and the number of labor resources by 21.1%. During this period, the share of
labor resources in the population increased from 57.8% to 55.9%.
The population of the republic is growing by an average of 530-650 thousand people
a year. According to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of
Uzbekistan dated March 14, 2011 No 71 "On measures to prepare and conduct a sample
statistical survey of the population" [8] in each district and city of the country , Due to the
fact that a mechanical increase of 5,000 people was detected.
According to the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations, the growth rate of
the labor force in 2016-2019 will be Andijan (1.9%), Jizzakh (2.4%), Kashkadarya (3.2%),
Namangan (2.6%). , Samarkand (2.9%), Surkhandarya (3.8%), Fergana regions (1.8%) were
above the national average, and the rest were low.
It should be noted that in 2019, more than 50% of the country's labor force will be in
6 regions: Samarkand (11.2%), Fergana (10.8%), Andijan (9.2%), Kashkadarya (9.6%),
Tashkent. regions (8.5%) and the city of Tashkent (8.5%).
The analysis shows that in 2016-2019, the number of able-bodied people of working
age in the labor force increased by 2.6%, while the number of working adolescents and
retirees decreased by 22%. This situation is due to the significant and direct impact of the
demographic factor on the labor market. In addition, 98.5-99.0% of the labor force consists
of able-bodied people of working age, the remaining 1.0-1.5% are working adolescents and
retirees.
The analysis shows that the number and share of economically inactive population in
the labor force is growing faster than the economically active population (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Structure of labor resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan (2016-2019) (per
thousand people) [9]
According to Figure 1, in 2019 compared to 2016, the number of economically active
population in the labor force in Uzbekistan increased by 6.1%, while the number of
economically inactive population decreased by 8.9%. During this period, the share of
economically active population in the labor force increased from 75.8% to 78.5% or 2.7
points, while the share of economically inactive population decreased from 24.2% to
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
2016
2017
2018
2019
14022,4
14357,3
14641,7
14876,4
4466,5
4309
4187,9
4072,6
иқтисодий фаол аҳоли
иқтисодий нофаол аҳоли
ИҚТИСОД
195
21.5%.This is due to the fact that the share of students in the economically inactive
population who study separately from production and do not have a salary or income
increased from 38.8% to 39.5%, and the share of voluntarily unemployed from 27.0% to
30.0%. associated with an increase.
In addition, the increase in the share of economically inactive population is also
associated with a significant share of the population aged 16-24 (20.5%). At the same time,
the number of young people studying is increasing year by year. As a result of socio-
economic reforms aimed at the development of education in the country, the involvement of
students in the newly built academic lyceums and vocational colleges has a direct impact on
the growth of the economically inactive population.
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ПУТИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ МЕЖОТРАСЛЕВОЙ
ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ КООПЕРАЦИИ
TARMOQLARARO SANOAT HAMKORLIGINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
YO'LLARI
WAYS OF IMPROVING INTERSECTORAL INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION
Амбарцумян А.А.
(
доцент НУУз., к.э.н.)
Лазарев Д.А.
(магистр экономики)
Промышленная кооперация представляет собой взаимовыгодные производственно-
экономические отношения между предприятиями, в том числе, различных отраслей
промышленности, основанные на общих долгосрочных интересах и позволяющие
повысить эффективность хозяйственной деятельности через использование
преимуществ специализации и ресурсного потенциала каждого ее участника. В
