ISSN 2311-2158. The Way of Science. 2016. № 11 (33). Vol. I.
58
UDC 631
MEASURES AGAINST ECHINOCOCCUS AND COENUROSIS OF ANIMALS IN UZBEKISTAN
Sh.M. Aminjonov,
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Senior Researcher
Uzbekistan Research Veterinary Institute (Samarkand), Uzbekistan
Abstract.
The article includes the results of health measures against sheep echinococcus and coenurosis, dog
echinococcus and multiceptosis in farms 'Pachkamar", “Guzor” and “Nishon” in Kashkadarya region. Prior to the
implementation of our measures, echinococcus infestation of sheep were 14.6 %, 16.6 % and 4.5 %; coenurosis infestation
were 11.6 %, 18.2 %, 13.5 in “Pachkamar", “Guzor" and “Nishon"farms respectively. Also dogs echinococcus infestation
were 10.4 %, 11.4 %, 6.1 % and coenurosis infestation were 17.6 %, 18.5 % and 18.2 % in aforementioned farms respectively.
By the end of the research, in 4-5 year of implementation of measures, it has not been registered sheep echinococcus and
coenurosis, dog echinococcus andmulticeptosis. The effectiveness of activities was 100.0 %.
Keywords:
echinococcus, coenurosis, multiceptosis, protoskolex, ovum, larvae, invasiveness, imaginal and larval
dehelmintization (worming).
Breeders and specialists of veterinary services for a long time have known echinococcus and coenurosis, which were
the cause of huge economic losses to livestock.
For the first time, Russian scientist A.P. Fedchenko (1879-1886) has studied these diseases in the territory of
Uzbekistan. He conducted research in Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent regions. He could not bring his research to an end
because of the death after the accident. His rich helminthological studies were completed by another scientist G. Krabbe
(1879) in Denmark.
After A.P. Fedchenko, academician K.S. Skryabin continued researches on helminthiasis of animals, particularly
echinococcus and coenurosis. Data on the subject written in the monograph of K.I. Skryabin - “Fauna of helminths in
Turkestan” which was published in 1916.
With the opening of helminthological department at the Uzbek Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, in 1930,
head of this institution, Professor V.S. Ershov tested 70 sheep for slaughter and 30 fallen sheep at the farm “Koson Uzbek”.
Echinococcus was detected in 28 sheep, which is 40.0 % of all studied livestock. In addition, he set 167 cases of sheep
echinococcus among 230 sheep, which amounts to 75.2 %.
V.S. Ershov proposed the scheme of measures against aforementioned diseases, which consists of three items, where
has given the high prevalence of sheep echinococcus:
1.
Registration of all the dogs, and compulsory deworming of cloving dogs;
2.
Deworming of new dogs before receiving them to the flocks;
3.
Organizing exams on veterinary and sanitation for breeders.
After B.C. Ershov, research on echinococcus and coenurosis received a comprehensive study in many state farms
of Uzbekistan. In particular, M.I. Sopelchenko (1939) investigated the echinococcus and coenurosis in the farm “Ak
Kapchigay” where the disease prevalence was 27.3 %. Author carried out recreational activities on the territory of the farm,
which consist of the following stages:
1.
3 times worming of all dogs, in particular, in April, July and September;
2.
The destruction of stray and homeless dogs;
3.
Head of sheep affected sheep coenurosis subjected to incineration after slaughter.
Similar studies were carried out by F.S Sarimsakov (1949-1951) at the farm “Nishon”, by I.H. Irgashev (1963) in
the farm “Karnab
1
, by Sh. Azimov (1960) in “Khavast”, by N.M. Matchaiov (1961, 1969) in the “Keles” block in Tashkent
region and throughout the Bukhara region, by A. Murtazaev (1966) in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. As a result, they
proposed measures against coenurosis and echinococcus among animals. This led to a reduction of infection among animals.
There were not coenurosis cases in Bukhara region among sheep.
An analysis of studies conducted over 50 years in Uzbekistan have shown that the coenurosis and echinococcus
cases among animals decreased. But the weakening of the measures led to an increase in the disease among animals. It argues
that the proposed control measures are not enough against echinococcus and coenurosis among animals. In this connection,
it is required to find new effective methods to combat these diseases.
Materials and methods of the research
On this basis, it has been held works in three farms of Kashkadarya region, in particular in the “Pachkamar”, “Guzor”
and “Nishon” farms. These farms adjacent to each other, and borders with farms “Talimarjon”, “Amudarya” and “Kuhi
tong”of Turkmenistan from the west side. In these farms of Kashkadarya region, measures against echinococcus, and
coenurosis were carried out, which includes 8 points, which is quite different from the previous methods:
1.
Registration of all dogs;
2.
Registered dogs are dehelmintizated 8 times a year, including 4 times of imaginal and 4 times of preimaginal
© Aminjonov Sh.M. / Аминжонов Ш.М., 2016
ISSN 2311-2158. The Way of Science. 2016. № 11 (33). Vol. I.
59
dehelmintization.
Pre;—
agi.-.a'. worming
differs from the imaginal that the dog was not tethered and every 45 days after the
imaginal;
3.
Dehelmintizat:
:n was
carried
out with drugs - arecoline hydrobromide and praziquantel;
4.
All
stray and homeless
dogs
were eliminated in the farms;
5.
Sheep
diseased with
coenurosis were separated according to the veterinary sanitation, head of these sheep
subjected to
incineration after
slaughter;
6.
Lambs aged
2.0-2.
5 months
immunized against coenurosis once a year and twice against echinococcus in a dose
of 1.0
ml.
intramuscularly;
7.
In flocks,
dead animals
with internal organs and heads were burned in the concrete furnaces;
8.
Explanatory
work
was
systematically carried put for the breeders about the nature of ongoing health measures
against
echinococcus,
coenurosis and multiceptosis;
In
addition, dead animals
among farms established echinococcus prevalence and coenurosis. Identified bubbles with
protoskolex
parasite examined
for invasive. For what, this stuff deliberately infected dogs free from these diseases. Thus,
resulted
protoskolex
placed in a solution consisting of 1: 1 from the bile of cattle and saline for 15-20 min. al a temperature
of +36-38 °C.
The solution is in protoskolex movement felt alive. They were dark black in color with well- developed hooks.
Dogs
infected with
echinococcus and multiceptosis determined by their worming and ’opening the small intestine.
Dogs were
dehelmintizated
by arecoline hydrobromide 5 mg. per kg of div weight in a 0.1 % solution twice. In this case,
the detected echinococcus andmulticeptosis subjected to the study.
The results of research
On the study were subjected to 384 sheep in the farm “Pachkamar”, 452 sheep in the “Guzor” and 651 sheep in the
farm “Nishon” regardless of age. In addition, these farms were examined for infestation of 125, 184 and 132 dogs respectively.
The study results are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Name of farm Age of sheep Studied
sheep
including affected
Studied
dogs
including affected
echinococcus
%
multiceptosis
%
echinococcus
% megrims
%
Pachkamar
Older than 3
years
142
40
28.4
-
-
Up to 3 years
78
11
14.1
4
5.1
Up to one
year
164
5
3.0
24
14.6
Only:
384
56
14.6
28
11.6
125
13
10.4
22
17.6
Guzor
Older than 3
years
156
46
22.5
-
-
Up to 3 years
85
11
27.0
3
3.5
Up to one
year
211
5
2.8
51
24.2
Only:
452
75
16.6
54
18.2
184
21
11.44
34
18.5
Nishon
Older than 3
years
250
18
7.2
-
-
Up to 3 years
150
6
4.0
8
5.3
Up to one
year
251
5
1.9
46
18.3
Only:
651
29
4.5
54
13.5
132
8
6.1
24
18.2
Total
1487
160
10.8
136
9.1
441
42
9.5
80
18.1
Research Analysis of Table 1 shows that these sheep farms infected with echinococcus by 10.8 %, 9.1 %, coenurosis,
dogs infected with echinococcus by 9.5 % and with multiceptosis 18.1 %, regardless of age before the introduction of
measures. If we analyse these numbers in every farm, in the farm “Pachkamar” these numbers were 14.6 %, 11.6, 10.4and
17.6 %, respectively. “Guzor” farms indexes were - 16.6 %, 18.2%forthe sheep and 11.4%and 18.5% for the dogs
respectively. In “Nishon” farm
-
4.5 % and 13.5 % in sheep and 6.1 %, 18.2 % in dogs. As for the sheep older than 3 years,
the infection with echinococcus was the following: on the farm “Pachkamar”
-
28.4 %, “Guzor” — 22.5 % and “Nishon”
-
7.2 %. In the farm “Pachkamar”, sheep under 3 years infected with echinococcus by 14.1 %, and coenurosis by 5.1 %, these
indexes of “Guzor” farm are 27.0 % and 3.5 % also, for “Nishon” farm 4.0 % and 5.3 % respectively. The infection with the
echinococcus and coenurosis of sheep up to 1 year in farms are following: “Pachkamar” farm
-
3.0 % and 14.6 %, “Guzor”
farm - 2.8
%
and 24.2 %, and “Nishon” farm 1.9 % and 18.3 % respectively.
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60
Thus, the infection of sheep with echinococcus and coenurosis farms in foothill and mountain areas, which include
“Pachkamar” and “Guzor” in comparison with “Nishan” which located in the desert and pasture area was higher for 10.0-
11.0%.
A year after the introduction of the sheep research showed that the infection of echinococcus and coenurosis
decreased in animals.
The dramatic decline was observed among dogs. So, prior to the introduction of measures in dogs echinococcus
infection was 9.5 %, a year later it was equal to 4.0 %, multiceptdsis infection decreased from 18.1 % to 4.9 %. Such a drop
was recorded in dogs in all three farms of the region. For example, in the farm “Pachkamar” the index decreased from 17.6
% to 7.8 %, in the “Guzor” from 18.5 to 3.2 % and in “Nishon” farm from 18.2 to 4.6 %.
The research results for two years after implementation of the developed measures against echinococcus, coenurosis
and multiceptosis among animals are listed in Table 3.
The results of researches on animal for two years after the introduction against cestodosis are the following:
Table 2
Name of farm
Age of
sheep
Investigated,
heads
including affected
Studied dogs,
animals
including affected
echinococcus
%
multiceptosis
% echinococcus
% megrims
%
Pachkamar
Older than 3
years
108
24
22.2
-
-
Up to 3
years
52
3
5.8
1
1.9
Up to one
year
56
1
1.8
1
1.8
Only:
216
28
13.0
2
0.9
128
2
1.5
2
1.6
Guzor
Older than 3
years
126
16
12.7
-
-
Up to 3
years
85
4
4.7
2
2.3
Up to one
year
224
-
-
1
0.4
Only:
435
20
4.6
3
1.0
187
2
1.1
3
1.6
Nishon
Older than 3
years
157
6
3.8
-
-
Up to 3
years
52
2
3.9
1
1.9
Up to one
year
142
1
0.7
3
2.1
Only:
351
9
2.6
4
1.1
214
4
1.9
3
1.4
Total
1002
57
5.7
9
0.9
529
8
1.5
8
1.5
The results of researches oh animals in the second year after the implementation of measures revealed that the
infestation of sheep with echinococcus decreased up to 5.7 %, coenurosis up to 0.9 %. Echinococcus and multiceptosis among
sheep decreased twice, coenurosis from 9.1 % to 0.9 %, the echinococcus of dogs decreased up to 1.5 % and dog multiceptosis
decreased from 18.1 to 1.5 %. The dramatic decline of echinococcus and coenurosis was registered from 11.6 to 0.9 % in
sheep farm “Pachkamar”, in “Guzor” farm echinococcus is from 16.6 to 4.6 %, coenurosis is from 18.2 to 1.0 %, in “Nishon”
echinococcus in average is from 4.5 to 2.6 %, coenurosis is from 13.5 to 1.1 %.
The research results on the third year of implementation are shown in Table 3.
The results of animal studies in the third year of implementation against cestodosis
Table 3
Name of farm
Age of sheep
Investigated,
heads
including those affected
Studied
dogs,
animals
including those affected
echinococcus
multiceptosis
echinococcus
megrims
Pachkamar
Older than 3
years
115
14
12.2
-
-
Up to 3 years
68
1
1
1
1.5
Up to one year
48
14
-
Only:
231
15
6.5
1
0.4
128
2
1.6
-
-
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61
Table 3
(continued)
Name of farm Age of sheep
Investigated,
heads
including those affected
Studied
dogs,
animals
including those affected
echinococcus
multiceptosis
echinococcus
megrims
Guzar
Older than 3
years
142
8
5.6
-
-
Up to 3 years
92
-
-
-
-
Up to one year
233
-
-
1
0.4
Only:
467
8
1.7
1
0.2 190190
1
0.5
-
-
Nishan
Older than 3
years
160
5
3.1
-
-
Up to 3 years
54
-
-
-
-
Up to one year
148
-
-
1
0.7
Only:
362
5
1.4
1
0.2 216216
1
0.5
-
-
Total
1060
28
2.6
3
0.2 534534
4
0.7
-
-
Animal studies in the third year of implementation showed that in 1060 studied sheep, echinococcosis
disease
found
in 28 sheep, that is 2.6 %, coenurosis found in 3 sheep, that is 0.2 %, among the lambs, coenurosis was found
in
one head in
the farms “Guzor” and “Nishon”. Among the sheep up to 3 years, echinococcosis infextion case
was just
one in the farm
“Pachkamar”. Cases of infection with echinococcosis of dogs found in 4 dogs. That is 0.7 %
and there
was no multiceptosis
cases at all.
Discussion
Implemented studies showed that for the period of 3-4 years after the introduction of our proposed
measures
led to
a sharp reduction of echinococcosis and coenurosis among the sheep, andmulticeptosis and echinococcosis
in
dogs.
Specifically, in the farm “Pachkamar”, infection of sheep with echinococcosis was 14.6 %, with coenurosis
—
11.6
% before
the introduction of measures; by the end of the introduction of measures these indexes equaled 2.6 and
0.2
%,
respectively.
Echinococcosis in dogs decreased from 9.5 % to 0.7 %. At the end of the study, there were no
multicepto
sis cases in dogs.
Similar results were obtained from the implementation of measures in the farms “Guzor” and “Nishon”.
So.
prior
to the introduction of measures infection of sheep with echinococcosis were 16.6 and 4.5 %, coenurosis — 18.2
and
13.5 %
respectively, dog echinococcosis were 11.4 and 6.1 %,multiceptosis
-
18.5 and 18.2 % respectively
in two
farms; at endpoint
of infestation, these figures were 2.6 and 0.2 % in sheep and dog echinococcosis - 0.7 %
respective
ly. In the fourth year of
implementation of measures, there were no cases of infestation among sheep and dogs.
From the fifth year of the study vaccination of sheep and dogs has not been implemented against echinococcosis.
Immunization of sheep against coenurosis stopped from the second year. Dog dehelmintization against
cestodosis
was carried
out twice a year from this year, instead of 8.6 and 4 times in previous years. Immunization against
dog
echinococcosis and
multiceptosis implemented once a year. Similar measures were carried out systematically in
the
following years.
Conclusion
We can conclude that on the basis of the research:
1.
The proposed measures have been very effective in the fight against echinococcosis, coenurosis and
multiceptosis in animals.
2.
Implementation of control measures led to recovery of the animals from cestodosis within 4-5 years.
3.
The effectiveness of the vaccine against echinococcosis, coenurosis and multiceptosis of animals was
equal
to
78-85 %.
4.
In the first year, vaccine against echinococcosis animal was carried out twice, coenurosis
once
and multiceptosis
two times.
REFERENCES
1.
Azimov, Sh. A. Epizootiology of the most important geobiogelmintozov horned cattle in Uzbekistan / Sh. A. Azimov
et
al.
//
Mathematics and Scientific Conference on helminthology.
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1963. — P. 10-12.
2.
Crab, P. Journey to Turkestan. Worms (Wermes). Belt (Cestoidies), Proceedings of the Imperial Society of Natural
His
tory,
Anthropology and Ethnography
/
P. Crab, A. P. Fredchenko. - 1879. T. 3 B2-book 1, Moscow - Berlin.
3.
Fredchenko, A. P. Journey to Turkistan
/
A. P. Fredchenko
//
Issue Zoogeographical study, roundworms, and flukes. - Volume
II Issue 18, 1886.
4.
Irgashev, I. H. Fighting lavralnymi cestodosis sheep at the farm “Kamab” and its economic efficiency
/
1. H. Irgashev. - Tr.
SamSKHl T. XIV. - P. 37^16. - 1963.
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Matchanov, N. M. Experience in dealing with megrims and echinococqosis in Keles massif of Tashkent region
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Matchanov// Veterinary Medicine. - 1961, № 4. -P. 51-52.
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6.
Matchanov,
N. M. Organization to combat megrims animals on a scale
of
experience, and the elimination of this disease in
the
territory of
Bukhara region. Abstract of doctoral dissertation
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N. M. Matchanov.
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1969. - P. 31.
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Sarimsakov,
F.
S. Study megrims and echinococcus in the state farm “Nishan” and the development of measures to combat
these
helminthes.
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Skryabin,
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Sopelchenko,
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Материал
поступил
в редакцию 26.10.16.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕР БОРЬБЫ С ЭХИНОКОККОЗОМ
И ЦЕНУРОЗОМ ЖИВОТНЫХ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ
Ш.М.
Аминжонов,
кандидат ветеринарных наук, старший научный сотрудник
Узбекский
научно-исследовательский ветеринарный институт (Самарканд), Узбекистан
Аннотация.
В статье приведены результаты оздоровительных мер борьбы против эхинококкоза, це-
нуроза овец, эхинококкоза и мультицептоза собак в хозяйствах «Пачкамар», «Гузар» и «Нишане» Кашкадарь-
инской области.
До
внедрения наших мероприятий пораженность овец эхинококкозом в хозяйстве «Пачкамар»
составляла
14,6
%, в «Гузар» 16,6 %, в «Нишане» 4,5 %, ценурозом — 11,6 %, 18,2 %, 13,5 %, собак эхинококкозом
-
10,4 %,
11,4
%, 6,1 %, ценурозом — 17,6 %, 18,5 % и 18,2 % соответственно. К концу исследования на 4-5 годд
внедрения мероприятий среди овец эхинококкоз и ценуроз и среди собак эхинококкоз и мультицептоз не
регистрировались. Эффективность мероприятий составляла 100,0 %.
Ключевые слова:
эхинококкоз, ценуроз, мультицептоз, протосколекс, яйцо, личинки, инвазионность,
дегельминтизация, имангинальная, преимагинальная.
