854
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
FAUNA AND PHENOECOLOGY OF ZOOPARAZITES
Pulatov F.S.
C.V.S., (PhD) Senior Researcher.
Rakhimov M.Yu
Junior Researcher.
Ismoilov A.Sh.
Doctoral Student.
Boltayev D.M.
Doctoral Student.
Kamalova A.I.
Doctoral Student.
Djalolov A.A.
Doctoral Student, Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine E-mail: nivi@vetgov.uz
Annotation
The article presents information on the fauna
and phenoecology of zooparazites among animals in
the ecotone and ecotopes of the Zarafshan oasis, as well as the distribution of ixodid ticks in
zoobiocenoses and the diseases they cause, their movements, dominant species, and the scale of
invasion.
Key words:
Ecotone, ecotope, ecology, invaziya, ixod, ixodidoz, parazit, ticks, zoobiocenoses,
fauna, phenoecology.
Introduction.
Currently, parasitic and vector-borne diseases are widespread in most countries of
the world and cause great economic damage to livestock. At present, the study of the fauna and
phenoecology of zooparasites (
Arthropoda
), which are special carriers of these and other diseases,
and the fight against them is of great scientific and practical importance. Zooparasites, along with
blood-sucking ones, damage the skin of an animal and make 85% of the skin unsuitable for
production, in addition, when they enter animals, the milk yield of each dairy cow decreases by
18-20%, div weight decreases by 12% and even leads to death. One of the important tasks is to
identify species of zooparasites among large and small horned animals, study their distribution and
improve measures to combat them.
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Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
On a global scale, in recent years, there has been an expansion of the range of zooparasites in large
and small horned animals, as well as an activation of the epizootological process due to a decrease
in the natural resistance of the organism of agricultural animals under the influence of adverse
environmental factors. In particular, zooparasites belonging to the group of free-living arthropods
(
Arthropoda
) are widespread in ecotones and ecotopes, which are also dangerous as carriers of
transmissible infectious, viral transmissible parasitic diseases of the population and livestock.
From this point of view, scientific research is being carried out in the world aimed at studying the
fauna and pheno-ecology of blood-sucking parasites, that is, ticks, fighting them, improving
methods for express diagnostics and preventing infection of animals with them, as well as the
production of new acaricidal preparations.
Materials and research methods.
The laboratory of arachnoentomology and acarology of the
Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, ecotopes of livestock and peasant farms in 4
districts of the Samarkand region, as well as large and small cattle in the care of the population
were chosen as the object of study. Bioecological, phenological, parasitological, migratory,
sanitary-hygienic, therapeutic, preventive, economic and other studies were carried out using
modern biotechniques and methods adopted in veterinary medicine and medicine, special
methodological manuals and determinants of species of breeding insects and other special
literature.
Research results.
The studies were carried out parasitologically on livestock farms, personal and
personal livestock, in the forests and pastures of the Zarafshan River, in livestock farms and in
personal subsidiary plots. As a result of research and observations, it was found that the seasonal
movement of ectoparasites, in particular, ixodid ticks, is delayed by 20 days as a result of a
decrease in temperature in the studied areas. In the ecotones and ecotopes of the Taylak, Urgut,
Jambay, Payaryk districts of the Samarkand region, as zooparasites of cattle, the main pathogenic
species are representatives of the generations of ticks
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.plumbeum,
H.scupense, H.detritum), Rhipicephalus (Rh.bursa, Rh.turanicus), Haemaphysalis (H.sulcata,
H.punctata)
, genus
Dermacentor marginatus
. It has been established that the dominant species
among ixodid ticks are
Hyalomma
and
Rhipicephalus
ticks.
Populations of
Trichodectidae
and
Ixodidae
were found mainly in the conditions of newly created
small farms and personal subsidiary plots. During inspections and observations in 2018-2020.
deviations in the seasonal phenology of zooparasites were not observed. During inspections and
observations of livestock for ectoparasites in the mahallas "Tepakishlak", "Urtakishlak",
"Fayziabad" and "Dustlik" of the Tailyak district, in the makhalla "Shitop" of the Urgut district
and private (livestock in the care of the population) farms of the Jambay district, in mainly ticks
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.plumbeum, H.detritum), Rhipicephalus (Rh.bursa, Rh.turanicus),
Dermacentor (D. marginatus)
, ixodid ticks belonging to the genera
Ornithodorus (Alveonasus
lahorensis)
from argas ticks.
The studies were carried out in the conditions of secondary (anthropogenic ecotopes) and primary
biocenoses (zoocenoses) in small livestock farms in the Taylak, Urgut and Jambay districts of the
856
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
Samarkand region, in personal subsidiary plots of the population. A total of 2600 cattle were used,
over 328 sheep and over 352 goats. As a result, the following zooparasites and parasitic diseases
caused by them were found in the ecotone and ecotopes (zoobiocenoses) (Table 1).
Found zooparasites and the parasitic diseases they cause
Table1
Types of animals
Common species of zooparasites
Names of diagnosed parasitic
diseases
Cattle
Hyalomma anatolicum
hyalommosis
Hyalomma plumbeum
hyalommosis
Hyalomma detritum
hyalommosis
Rhipicephalus bursa
ripicephalosis
Rhipicephalus turanicus
ripicephalosis
Dermacentor marginatus
dermacentrosis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
ripicephalosis
Bovicola bovis
bovicolosis
Sheep
Bovicola ovis
bovicolosis
Goat
Bovicola caprae
bovicolosis
Movement of ticks
H.plumbeum, H.anatolicum, H.detritum, Rh.bursa, Rh. turanicus
spreading
pathogens of human and animal transmissible diseases among cattle and small cattle, such as
plague, Crimean Congo or Asian hemorrhagic fever, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis,
piroplasmidoses, in the conditions of Zarafshan oasis ecotones and ecotopes, began in early March.
This year, in the conditions of private and small livestock farms, garden-ecotones of the Taylak,
Urgut and Jambay regions, representatives of the generations of ticks
Dermasentor, Hyalomma,
Rhipicephalus
appeared as dominant ectoparasites in the div of agricultural animals.
Research work on the seasonal movement of zooparasites was carried out in the ecotopes of the
Samarkand region, that is, in cattle in private farms of Taylak, Urgut, Jambay and Payaryk regions.
As a result, tick species belonging to the genera
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.plumbeum,
H.scupense, H.detritum), Rhipicephalus (Rh.bursa, Rh.turanicus), Haemaphysalis (H.sulcata,
H.punctata), Dermacentor marginatus)
turned out to be widespread.
In the course of the study, 200 heads of cattle were examined in personal subsidiary farms of the
"Bagizagan", "Tepakishlak", "Urtakishlak", "Fayziabad" mahallas of the Taylak district
parasitologically for ticks. According to the results of the check, the degree of their invasion was
85 percent. It has been established that blood-sucking mites belonging to the genera
Dermacentor,
Rhipicephalus
and
Hyalomma
are mainly widespread.
For ectoparasites, 35 heads of cattle from personal subsidiary farms of the mahallas "Shitop" and
"Uramas" of the Urgut district were examined. It was found that 85.7% of them were
857
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
spontaneously infected with ixodid ticks. It was noted that species from the genus
Rhipicephalus
and
Dermacentor
dominate in this area.
When examining 50 heads of cattle in personal subsidiary farms of the mahallas "Guliston" and
"Saroy" of the Jambay district, 40 heads of them (80.0%) were mainly representatives of the genera
Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus
and
Dermacentor
as the dominant species.
When checking 35 heads of cattle in private farms of the mahalla "Nakurt" of Payaryk district, it
was revealed that all of them are infected with ticks. It has been established that the dominant
species parasitizing these animals are representatives of the genera
Hyalomma
and
Haemaphysalis
.
When examining cattle for ectoparasites, we studied the conditions of keeping, feeding, the quality
of feed and the conditions for their storage in personal and private farms.
In the conditions of ecotones and ecotopes of the Samarkand region of the Taylak, Jambay, Urgut,
Payaryk regions, representatives of the generations of ticks
Dermasentor, Hyalomma,
Rhipicephalus
were observed as dominant ectoparasites in the div of agricultural animals.From
the genus
Dermacentor,
species
D.marginatus, D.dagestanicus
were found.
H. anatolicum, H.
plumbeum
from the genus
Hyalomma
were identified as the dominant species. When examining
200 heads of cattle in personal subsidiary farms of the mahallas "Bagizagan", "Tepakishlak",
"Urtakishlak", "Fayziabad" of the Taylak district, blood-sucking mites of the genera
Dermacentor,
Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma
were found in 170 (85%) cattle.
In January, February and March, 269 heads of livestock (cattle, sheep and goats) available in
ecotones and ecotopes, Zarafshan oasis and private farms were examined. Ixodid ticks were not
found in the organisms of these animals, but they are known to be infected with the parasites
Bovicola bovis, B.ovis
and
B.caprae
.
In April and May, ixodid ticks belonging to the genera
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.plumbeum,
H.scupense, H.detritum), Rhipicephalus (Rh.bursa, Rh.turanicus)
were found in the div of
cattle.It was found that 15 heads (30.6%) of cattle were infected with
Bovicola bovis
.Infection of
cattle with ticks occurred mainly in June-July of the summer season.
Parasitologically examined 35 heads of cattle from personal subsidiary plots of mahallas "Shitop"
and "Uramas" of the Urgut district.It was found that 30 (85.7%) cattle were spontaneously infected
with ticks. It was noted that representatives of the genera
Rhipicephalus
and
Dermacentor
dominated in this area.
When examining 50 heads of cattle, which are in the care of residents of the mahallas "Guliston"
and "Saroy" of the Jambay district, 40 (80%) of them were dominated by the genera
Hyalomma,
Rhipicephalus
and
Dermacentor
.
When checking 35 heads of cattle in private farms of the mahalla "Nakurt" of Payaryk district, it
was revealed that all of them are infected with ticks. It has been established that these animals are
mainly parasitized by mites of the genus
Hyalomma
and
Haemaphysalis
. When examining 40
heads of cattle in the Tolmos-R livestock farm in the same region, it was found that 30 of them
(75%) were infected with ixodid ticks.
858
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
Under the conditions of ecotones and ecotopes of the Samarkand region, Taylak, Urgut, Jambay,
Payaryk regions, it was noted that as zooparasites of cattle, the main pathogenic species are
representatives of the generation of ixodid ticks
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.plumbeum,
H.scupense, H.detritum), Rhipicephalus (Rh.Bursa, Rh.turanicus), Haemaphysalis (H.sulcata,
H.punctata)
of the genus
Dermacentor marginatus
(Table 2).
Table 2
Distribution of zooparasites in ecotopes
Types of zooparasites
Types of animals
Seasonal distribution
1.Hyalomma anatolicum
Cattle
During the hot season
2. H.detritum
Cattle
During the hot season
3. H.scupense
Cattle
Mainly from May to October
4. H.plumbeum
Cattle
Nymph in the warm season
5.Dermacentor marginatus
Cattle
During the hot season
6. Rhipicephalus bursa
Cattle
Any time of the year, winter
7. Rh.turanicus
Cattle
larva and nymph
8. Haemaphysalis sulcata
Cattle
During the hot season
9. H.punctata
Cattle
Summer months
10. Bovicola bovis
Cattle
Winter and spring months
11. Bovicolaovis
Sheep
Winter and spring months
12. Bovicola caprae
Goat
Winter and spring months
13 Musca domestica
Cattle
During the hot season
14. Stomoxys calcitrans
Cattle
During the hot season
15. Lyperosia titillans
Cattle
During the hot season
In the ecotones and ecotopes of the Taylak, Urgut, Jambay, Payaryk districts of the Samarkand
region, tick species
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.plumbeum, H.scupense, H.detritum),
Rhipicephalus (Rh.bursa, Rh.turanicus), Haemaphysalis (H.sulcata, H.punctata)
and
representatives of the genera
Dermacentor marginatus
were identified as seasonal zooparasites
parasitizing cattle (Fig. 1-6).
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Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
Figure 1.
Miteof the genus Rhipicephalus
Figure 2.
Miteof the genus
Dermacentor
Figure 3.
The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the mite
Hyalomma
Figure 4.
The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the mite
Haemaphisalis
860
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
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© ICAS 2022
Figure 5.
The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the mite Rh. turanicus
Figure 6. Imago and larval forms of
Bovicola bovis
It has been established that the seasonal behavior of zooparasites, depending on the temperature
of the external environment, is the period of the peak of parasitism, which begins in early spring
and summer. Infection of livestock with ixodid ticks depends on the temperature, and also depends
on the cleanliness of the places where the livestock are kept. In the seasonal movement of ixodid
ticks, this mainly occurs when cattle move to the fields at the beginning of warm days. Ixodid tick
species were found in the bodies of cattle in late March and early April. In June and July there was
a tendency of their increase.In the course of our scientific research, it was found that infection of
cattle with ixodid ticks reaches a peak in summer, while representatives of the genus
Bovicola
spread mainly in the winter-spring period (Table 3).
861
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
Table 3
Seasonal phenogram of zooparasites in ecotopes and ecotones
In the course of our research, in early April, in private and small livestock farms, ixodid ticks were
found on the div of cattle, and by June-July, the level of parasitism of ixodid ticks was determined
by dozens.It has been observed that their distribution is mainly affected by the conditions of their
storage, where their waste is dumped, and the old and new building where the livestock is kept.
Species of
zooparasites
discovered
By month (instance)
I-III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI-XII
H.anatolicu
m
-
piece
by
piece
dozens dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
-
H.plumbeum
-
-
dozens dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
-
H.detritum
-
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
-
-
-
Rh.bursa
-
piece
by
piece
dozens dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
-
Rh.turanicus
-
-
-
piece
by
piece
dozen
s
dozen
s
piece
by
piece
-
-
H.sulcatа
-
-
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
-
-
H.punctata
-
-
piece
by
piece
dozen
s
dozen
s
piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
-
-
D.marginatu
s
-
piece
by
piece
dozens dozen
s
dozen
s
ўнлаб piece
by
piece
piece
by
piece
-
Bovicola
bovis
hundr
ed
hundr
ed
hundre
d
dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
dozen
s
hundred
862
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
CONCLUSIONS
1.In the zoobiocenoses of the Samarkand region, it has been established that zooparasites of 15
species and the parasitic diseases caused by them are widespread among large and small horned
animals.
2. In the ecotopes of zoobiocenoses of the “Zarafshan” ecolandscape, it was found that the level
of infection of cattle with ixodid ticks in the summer months is 70.0%, and in ecotones - 75.0%,
and the phenomenology of ixodidosis is delayed by 10-15 days due to cooler weather compared to
subsequent years (2016-2018).
3. It has been established that in the existing cattle breeding in personal subsidiary plots of the
Taylak, Urgut districts of the Samarkand region,
Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus
, Payaryk, Jambay
districts, representatives of the genera
Dermacentor, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus
of ixodid ticks
predominate and representatives of the genus
Bovicola
dominate.
4. It was found that in the territories of the Samarkand region, 60.0% of cattle were infected with
ticks of the genera
Hyalomma (H.anatolicum, H.scupense, H.detritum), Rhipicephalus (Rh.bursa,
Rh.turanicus)
and infected with representatives of the genus
Bovicola ( B. bovis, B. ovis and B.
caprae)
.
5.It has been established that the movement of ticks
H.anatolicum, H.detritum, Rh.bursa
and
Rh.turanicus
among cattle and small cattle in the ecotone and ecotopes of the Zarafshan oasis
begins in the period from the last ten days of March to the first ten days of April, peaking in the
summer months and not found during the winter months.
List of used literature:
1.
Abdulmagomedov S.Sh., Nuratinov R.A., Bakrieva R.M., Magomedshapiev G.M.,
Abdurakhmanov Sh.G. Fauna of ixodid ticks and features of their ecology // Journal "South of
Russia": ecology, development. -2012. - Number 3.
2.
Akbaev M.Sh., Vasilevich F.I., Akbaev R.M., Vodyanov A.A., Kosminkov N.E., Pashkin P.I.,
Yatusevich A.I. Parasitology and invasion diseases of animals / - M .: Kolos, 2008.
3. Ruzimuradov A. Biological parasitism. Optimization of animal husbandry., Zarafshan SE
Publishing House, Samarkand, 2011.
4. Yatusevich A.I. and others. Guide to veterinary parasitology. Minsk ITC of the Ministry of
Finance 2015.
5. Pulatov F.S., Ismoilov A.Sh. “Fauna zooparasites”, International Consortium on Academic
Trends of Education and Science, Euro-Asia Conference, 3-4 April, 2021, London, England.
http://euroasiaconference.com
6. Pulatov F.S., Ismoilov A.Sh., Rakhimov M.Yu., Abdullaeva D.O., Sayfiddinov B.F.,
Ruzimurodov A.R., “Fauna and ecology of zooparasites in zoobiocenoses”, Turkish Journal of
863
Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 854-863, 2022
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7262740
ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH
https://www.e-afr.org/
© ICAS 2022
Physiotherapy and
Rehabilitation
;
32(2)
ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN2651-446X
www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org
7. Pulatov F.S., Rakhimov M.Yu. Ismoilov A.Sh., Boltaev D.M., Sayfiddinov B.F. Ecogenesis of
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