Volume 6| March, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7624
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical
www.geniusjournals.org
Page
| 181
Introduction:
The development of beekeeping
is mainly hindered by varroatosis, acarapidosis,
American and European rot, nosematosis,
ascospherosis, pesticide poisoning and a
number of other infectious and parasitic
diseases.
It has not been studied in which
regions these diseases are more or less
common, that is, their prevalence, at what time
of the year diseases occur, the causes of
diseases, the percentage of bee colonies
affected by these diseases, their amount of
damage caused by them.
One of the main problems of
acarapidosis is that any storage conditions
(strong family, good nutrition in winter),
methods and means used in the treatment and
prevention of other diseases cannot guarantee
the elimination of acarapidosis in this farm.
Treatment of this disease requires
special medical methods and means. Inventory,
disinfection of hives and other measures can
prevent infection of bees with infectious
diseases. However, disinfection measures for
acarapidosis do not affect them.
Economic damage:
the disease leads to a
weakening of the bee colony in winter and
spring, followed by death. The disease spreads
slowly, at first causing less damage to
beekeeping farms, and then gradually more.
The causative agent of the disease is
the mite Acarapis woodi. Ticks parasitize on
the trachea of adult bees. The size of the female
tick is 190-160 x 80-110 microns, the size of
the male tick is 85-120 x 60-80 microns. The
shape of the pincers is oval and flattened. The
tick has four pairs of legs, each of which
consists of six segments. The mites are found in
the bee's trachea. After 3-4 days, a fertilized
female tick lays 4-10 eggs, when their size is
much larger (60-65 x 120-140 microns). After
4-5 days, larvae 100-120 x 200-220 microns in
size emerge from the laid egg. The larvae have
three pairs of legs, 2 of which are well
developed and have 2 claws on each leg,
between which there is a shield. The larva
turns into an eight-legged nymph. It differs
from the adult tick in that there are no arcuate
lines on its skin. The nymph is mobile and
shedding its skin becomes an adult bee. It takes
11-16 days for a female tick to develop and
Acarapidosis of bees, prevention and
treatment measures
Rakhimov Mukhamad
Yunusovich
Veterinary Research Institute
AB
S
T
RAC
T
The article provides information on the prevention and treatment of varroatosis, which
occurs in bees and causes great economic damage. This disease is an invasive disease
that is acute and chronic. In the prevention of disease, it is advisable to ensure the zoo
hygienic conditions of the environment and the exchange of effective drugs against
diseases.
Keywords:
Varroatosis, mite, pyretroid, waxed cage, drug preparation,
medicine, disinfection.
Volume 6| March, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7624
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical
www.geniusjournals.org
Page
| 182
reach sexual maturity, and 10-13 days for a
male. The female is 2-3 times more numerous
than the male. The structures of the mouth are
adapted to pierce the tissues of the div and
feed it with hemolymph.
Ticks enter the bee through a pair of
thoracic trachea, a pair of thoracic stigmas. The
width of the thoracic stigmas provide access to
the passage of ticks. Access to the rest of the
stigmas is impossible because of the narrow
opening.
Ticks (larvae, nymphs, adults) can also
feed on its hemolymph by piercing the delicate
skin around the base of the bee's wing.
The tick is an endoparasite. It affects
only adult bees. Eggs, larvae and cocoons are
not damaged.
Epizootology:
The disease proceeds slowly.
From one infected bee, it takes 3-5 years to
infect 50% of the colony. The first signs of the
disease appear when the family is affected by
50% or more.
The affected family will not recover. If
left untreated, she will die sooner or later.
Symptoms and course of the disease:
The
disease is chronic, may be latent or overt. The
latent form can persist for several years after
infection of bee colonies. Such a hidden form
may not be detected even when examining all
colonies of a bee farm.
The manifest form of the disease
occurs much later, when a third, half or more
bee colonies are affected. The rate of transition
of the latent form of the disease to the open
form
is
influenced
by
environmental
conditions.
The disease is most common in
northern latitudes, where the climate is humid,
ranging from 70 degrees to 40 degrees.
(Uzbekistan is located at 41 degrees north
latitude and 69 degrees longitude).
Since Uzbekistan is also located at 41
degrees north latitude, the disease can be
prevalent in beekeeping.
Obvious signs of the disease often
appear when the bees begin to fly in the spring
after wintering, and in the summer after
prolonged rainfall and high humidity. Bees that
have flown out of diseased colonies fall to the
ground, and hundreds and thousands of bees
crawl around the hive. The wings of sick bees
are displaced, as if folded.
Diagnosis:
placed by viewing the anterior pair
of bee tracheae under a microscope. The
tracheae of a sick bee are perforated by mites
and the hemolymph is sucked out of them,
which turns first yellow, brown, and then black.
A. woodi mites are found in the trachea at
various stages of development (Figure 7).
Prevention.
Generally healthy colonies should
not include diseased bee colonies from
unhealthy farms. Unhealthy farms must be on a
strict list of veterinary authorities. The sale of
bee colonies or queen bees from such farms is
not allowed.
Every year, with the onset of the spring
season, bee colonies are checked for
acarapidosis. If there are so many bees flying
around the boxes that the bees flying out of the
hollow cannot fly, take 50 bees from 3-5
colonies on such a farm and send them to the
veterinary laboratory for research.
Measures
to
combat
acarapidosis:
Acarapidosis is a dangerous disease that cannot
be eradicated by treatment alone. Treatment is
only an auxiliary measure and does not
guarantee the full health of the farm. The
treatment method is partially effective, so the
treatment on the farm will need to be repeated
every year.
Since there is no modern perfect
method for diagnosing acarapidosis, it is
difficult to know exactly the degree of damage
to all families in the farm. When acarapidosis is
confirmed in one colony on a bee farm as a
result of laboratory tests, the suspicion of the
disease is put on all bee colonies on this farm.
In this case, in addition to this farm, quarantine
will be declared for beekeeping farms within a
radius of 5 km.
Quarantine is canceled after the
disappearance of the disease. Until the
complete elimination of the disease, the
boundaries of the spread of acarapidosis will
be determined, and all bee colonies on the
Volume 6| March, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7624
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical
www.geniusjournals.org
Page
| 183
border of the spread of the disease will be
destroyed.
Families of bees infected with
acarapidosis, isolated for death, are carried out
by fumigation with sulfur dioxide, taking into
account local conditions.
The elimination of acarapidosis is
primarily organized in areas or farms where
the disease has re-emerged.
Acarapidosis is treated in unhealthy
areas.
Treatment.
For the treatment of acarapidosis,
one of the following agents is used: folbex,
ethersulfonate, ethyl dichlorobenzilate, tedion.
For a single treatment of a family of 10 cells,
the bees spend the following: Folbex 0.5 g, for a
full course 4 g; analogue of ethersulfonate 0.3
and 2.4; tedion 1 and 10 g. Extra cells are
removed from the family before processing.
The family is limited by a spacer plywood that
is assembled in the middle of the box. Their top
and sides are covered with paper to prevent
the exit of bees, if there are holes under the
box, they are covered with wax, the hole where
the bees fly is reduced to 2-7 cm, depending on
the size of the family; weak families are
reunited.
All bee colonies are processed from
May to September. The full course of treatment
lasts 1.5
–
2 months. Folbex or ethersulfonate is
treated up to 8 times with an interval of 7 days
(after each examination). The course of
treatment is repeated in the early spring of the
next year.
For
treatment
with
Folbex,
moisture-proof paper (for example, filter
paper) is soaked in a 15% solution of
potassium nitrate and dried. The paper is then
soaked in folbex (or chlorobenzene or 4,4-
dichlorobenzilic acid ethyl ester). This paper is
dried again and cut into strips of 10 x 2 cm.
Each of these strips contains a medicinal active
ingredient intended for one family. Such a tape
is hung between the cells of the family, keeping
it burning (extinguishable in case of fire) at one
end. The family hive closes immediately. Folbex
smoke spreads inside the box, settles on the
chitinous skin of adult bees and is absorbed
into the trachea. Under the influence of smoke,
ticks die off.
Figure 1.
a) Acarapis woodi - female mite; b) mites in the trachea of bees with a latent form of the
disease; c) mites in the trachea of bees with an open form of the disease; d) twisting of bee wings in
the open form of the disease.
Volume 6| March, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7624
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical
www.geniusjournals.org
Page
| 184
Figure 2
.
Flucin 6.75 mg of the active ingredient, impregnated with 10x2 cm filter paper strips.
Figure 3.
Placing a paper tape from a fuming acaricidal filter that holds the copper device
The ethersulfonate is prepared on
filter paper or thin moistened cardboard
soaked in a 15% solution of potassium nitrate,
as well as using folbex. Each strip contains 0.3 g
of the active substance ethersulfonate. The
ribbon is hung at one end between family cells,
and its other end is lit. Tedion is used in the
form of tablets of 1 gram. A lit tablet is placed
on the side on the back wall of the bottom of
the box through the hole through which the
bees fly. This operation is repeated 10 times
with an interval of one day. A month after the
end of the course of treatment, 50 bees from
each severely affected colony are delivered to
the laboratory for research. In this case, if a bee
infected with a mite is found, the course of
treatment is repeated.
Also
highly
effective
against
acarapidosis are flucin, valine, ammonia, drugs
developed by scientists of the Research
Institute of Veterinary Medicine against
diseases of bees, varroatosis, American and
European rot, ascospherosis, aspergillosis.
1. Bees infected with the A. woodi mite
in the family die when soaked in 6.5 mg of filter
paper 10x2 cm in size due to the active
substance of the drug
Flucin
and are pushed
through the inlet and outlet of the bee colony.
The bee family is cleared of diseased bees, and
the drug does not work on healthy bees. The
smoke of paper not impregnated with the drug,
as well as the inclusion of the drug in the bee
colony and closing the outlet for 1 hour, does
not have a harmful effect on the bees.
2. All bees infected with Acarapis
woodi mites in the bee colony die during the
fourth treatment with an interval of 7 days by
soaking 15 mg of the active substance
Valine
in
paper strips 10x2 cm in size and introducing
them through the inlet and outlet of the bee
Volume 6| March, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7624
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical
www.geniusjournals.org
Page
| 185
colony, the bee colony is completely cleaned,
recover and develop rapidly.
3. When soaking with
Amikar
in the
hive by soaking 6.25 mg in a 10x2 cm filter
paper containing the active ingredient, bees
infested with Acarapus woodi mites in the bee
colony die and fall to the bottom of the box. In a
bee colony cleared of infected bees, the process
of infecting healthy bees with mites stops. The
drug does not have a negative effect on healthy
bees at the indicated dose (Figure 1-3).
Conclusions:
Disease Acarapidosis under any
storage conditions (strong family, good
nutrition in winter), methods and means used
in the treatment and prevention of other
diseases cannot guarantee the elimination of
acarapidosis in this farm.
Treatment of this disease requires
special medical methods and means. Inventory,
disinfection of hives and other measures can
prevent infection of bees with infectious
diseases. However, disinfection measures for
acarapidosis do not affect them.
Today,
all
remedies
against
acarapidosis are used by the fumigation
method, since the active substances must be
delivered to the parasites in the respiratory
tract of bees in the form of gas, vapor or
aerosol. At the same time, under the action of
the drug, healthy bees weaken, their life is
shortened. On the other hand, mite-infected
bees die as a result of the death of A. woodi
mites in their respiratory tract. Therefore, the
only way to prevent and cure the spread of this
disease is to kill and destroy all bees infested
with the mite.
Acarapidosis is a dangerous disease
that cannot be eradicated by treatment alone.
Treatment is only an auxiliary measure and
does not guarantee the full health of the farm.
The treatment method is partially effective, so
the treatment on the farm will need to be
repeated every year.
References:
1.
Davidov A.S. Problems and ways of
solving acarapidosis in beekeeping.
Journal "Zooveterinary", 2013, Issue 3
.
2.
Davidov, T. Katayseva, G. Uzakova.
Valine against varroatosis of bees.
Journal "Zooveterinary", 2012, Issue 2,
16 p.
3.
A.S.Davidov, G.P.Islamov. Epizootology
and economic damage from psoroptosis.
The role and perspective tasks of young
researchers in the development of
agricultural science and production.
Materials of the scientific-practical
conference
at
the
Samarkand
Agricultural Institute, part 1, 129 pages.
4.
Mavlanov S. Oripov A., Davidov O.,
Kataytseva T. Veterinary measures in
preparation for winter // Journal
"Agriculture of Uzbekistan", 2014, Issue
9, p. 12.
5.
Davidov
A.S.,
Dzhurakulov
O.K.
"Methods and means of preparing
disinfectant solutions in beekeeping"
Agronauka 3 (41), 2016, p. 25
6.
Davidov
A.S.,
Doskulov
V.M.,
Dzhurakulov O.K. Materials of the
International
Scientific
Conference
dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the
Veterinary
Research
Institute
"Medicinal plants against bee diseases",
Samarkand - 2016, pp. 86-88
7.
A.S.Davidov,
V.M.Doskulov,
O.K.
Dzhurakulov "Medicinal plants against
bee diseases" Veterinarian popular
scientific journal 2017, No. 4, pp. 39-40.
8.
Duskulov V.M., Davidov O.S., Isaev M.,
Dzhurakulov O.K. "The effectiveness of
local medicinal plants in the treatment
of bee diseases" Veterinary Medicine,
Issue 9, 2018. P. 33-35.
9.
Duskulov V.M., Elmuradov B., Meyliev M.
"Highly profitable sector of beekeeping"
Veterinary Medicine, Issue 12, 2018.
Author: Mukhamad Rakhimov, Head of
the Laboratory of Poultry and Bee Diseases
Amir Temur street 50
tel. +998995030654
Samarkand region, Taylak fortress
Veterinary Research Institute
