41
“Young Scientist”
.
# 39 (381)
.
September 2021
Medicine
Профилактика зубочелюстных аномалий
Нигматов Рахматулла Нигматович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор;
Нигматова Ирода Маратовна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент;
Нодирхонова Малика Орифхон кизи, ассистент;
Аралов Мирзобек Бахромович, студент магистратуры;
Раззаков Умиджон Маратович, соискатель
Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт (Узбекистан)
В статье представлены факторы риска возникновения зубочелюстных аномалий. Представлены методы профилак-
тики зубочелюстных аномалий. Предложены ортодонтические аппараты для исправления прикуса, а также миогимна-
стические упражнения для профилактики зубочелюстных аномалий.
Ключевые слова:
зубочелюстные аномалии, эндогенные и экзогенные факторы риска, ортодонтические аппараты,
ортодонтическое лечение, миогимнастика.
E
veryone knows that it is easier to prevent any disease than
to cure an already manifested disease. So, and in ortho-
dontics: most of the dentoalveolar anomalies and deformi-
ties treated by patients are these are acquired pathologies that
could either warn or correct early age.
There are many factors affecting the formation of dentoal-
veolar anomalies.
The main problems in the prevention of dentoalveolar
anomalies are: orthodontic diagnostics, large number contra-
dictory classifications, lack of a single terminology. It is cus-
tomary to consider endogenous and exogenous risk factors for
this pathology:
ENDOGENOUS RISK FACTORS:
Genetic conditioning: primary adentia; supernumerary
teeth; micro and macrodentia; dystopia and transposition of
teeth; anomalies of attachment of the frenulum of the tongue
and lips; the depth of the vestibule of the oral cavity; micro and
macrognathism; micro- and macrogeny.
Violation of intrauterine development: congenital anoma-
lies; developmental disorders enamels and dentin.
Diseases of young children, violating mineral metabolism,
endocrine diseases.
EXOGENOUS RISK FACTORS:
Violation of the rules of artificial feeding child.
Dysfunctions of the dental-jaw system: chewing, swal-
lowing, breathing, speaking.
Bad habits: sucking on pacifiers, fingers, tongue, cheeks,
various objects, improper posture and posture.
Postponed inflammatory diseases of mild and bone tissues
of the face, temporomandibular joint.
Injuries to teeth and jaws.
Cicatricial changes in soft tissues after burns and removal
of neoplasms of the oral cavity and jaws.
Dental caries and its consequences.
Insufficient physiological abrasion milk teeth.
Premature loss of deciduous teeth.
Premature loss of permanent teeth.
Delayed loss of deciduous teeth (landmark — the timing of
the eruption of permanent teeth).
Delayed eruption of permanent teeth (reference point is the
timing of the eruption of constant teeth).
Absence of three and diastemas by the age of 5-6 the age of
the child (debatable).
To carry out the main tasks prevention of DAA, you must
be able to establish an unambiguous link between morpholog-
ical features and functional features physiological bite, be able
to correlate the physiological bite with various stages of its for-
mation.
Already from the very birth of a child, parents must ap-
proach responsibly not only to the baby»s nutrition, but also to
monitor the formation of bad habits, which subsequently lead
to dentoalveolar anomalies and deformities. Proper nutrition,
breathing, sleep of the child, even at the first year of life, have a
beneficial effect on the formation of the bite and the whole or-
ganism as a whole.
Prevention of dentoalveolar anomalies and deformities in-
cludes:
primary prevention — activities that reduce the likelihood
of anomalies or deformations;
secondary prevention — activities that interrupt, prevent or
slow down early progression of abnormalities;
tertiary prevention — activities, aimed at reducing progres-
sion complications or existing violations.
You should always pay attention to the mucous membrane
of the oral cavity: the presence of multiple strands, improperly
attached and woven into the alveolar process of the frenum of
the upper and lower lips, as well as deep or short vestibule of
the mouth can lead to the formation of persistent dentoalve-
olar anomalies and deformities in a permanent bite. Therefore,
in the early changeable bite (5-7 years), it is necessary to resort
to surgical intervention if the orthodontist identified these vi-
olations.
If in the early changeable bite, any violations in the forma-
tion of the bite are detected, then orthodontic treatment must
be started immediately.
Recently, there has been a tendency to start treatment of
a patient after 12 years, mainly by non-removable technique
(braces). This approach to treatment is not entirely correct —
after all, pathology, starting to form in the early mixed bite,
42
«Молодой учёный»
.
№ 39 (381)
.
Сентябрь 2021 г.
Медицина
every year it will turn into a more difficult form, and the treat-
ment will be required longer.
Moreover, at an early age, bones are more elastic, the
chewing and facial muscles are not yet formed, so it may be
enough to help guide the formation of the dentition in the cor-
rect direction, and the occlusion will be corrected on one»s
own.
The question is when to start orthodontic treatment, is de-
cided by the doctor individually with each patient and depends
on the problem itself. Currently, there are many devices for
treatment and correction bite. The equipment used in ortho-
dontics is divided into:
mechanically acting, functionally guide (active) and com-
bined;
removable and non-removable;
single-maxillary and intermaxillary;
intraoral and extraoral;
actively acting or correcting;
retention or holding.
The essence of the use of the apparatus consists in contin-
uous or intermittent action on the teeth, alveolar processes
and jaw bones with the help of special devices. To orthodontic
appliances developed the force of pressure or traction for a
certain section of the chewing apparatus, it is necessary to
create an adequate fulcrum and point when designing them
application of force. During therapy, mechanical the force of
the apparatus or the contractile force transformed by it the
ability of muscles to cause tissue restructuring, defining shape
change.
For prevention and also use various miogym exercises.
This is a specific set of exercises for the facial and chewing
muscles, which are around the dentition and in one way or an-
other affect it formation. With their help, you can change the
incipient bite defects, improve diction, as well as partially af-
fect the correct formation jaw and face oval. Not surprisingly,
miogym in orthodontics occupies such an important place.
Its use is especially effective for children 4-7 years. It is be-
lieved that after the child reaches 9 years of age, the data exer-
cise is not capable of acting as a curative method. And that»s
all they are often prescribed in addition to other orthodontic
effects on the dentition for children and older age.
Miogym, subject to all techniques and rules, is considered
effective bite correction method and is recognized by the world
dental community. The effectiveness of this type of exercise
therapy depends on several factors:
The severity of malocclusion.
The age of the patient.
Regularity of exercise and parental belief in success.
The fulcrum should be much more stable than that parts of
the dentition to be moved. According to the laws of mechanics,
the support, as a more stable part of the apparatus, must re-
main in place, and the object at the point of application of the
force (as a less stable element) can move. If the fulcrum is and
the point of application of the force will be of the same stability,
then a reciprocal reaction will arise, that is, the interaction of
forces: both points move in the same least, but in the oppo-
site direction. The first design principle of orthodontic appli-
ances is used when moving individual teeth or their groups,
the second — with the expansion of the jaws, treatment of dia-
stemas, intermaxillary traction.
References:
1. Arsenina Y. I., Benyaeva B. D. Application of LM-activators in early orthodontic treatment of children 3-12 years old //
Orthodontics. — 2006. — No. 1. — p. 62.
2. Vodolatsky M. P. Orthodontics. — Stavropol, 2005. — pp. 26-28.
3. Diagnosis and correction of sound and sound disorders in children with severe anomalies of the organs of articulation. —
M.: Knigolyub, 2003. — 144 p.
4. Kozyreva O. A. Organizational and methodological issues of logiped work with children with general speech underdevel-
opment. — Practice. psychologist and speech therapist. — 2014. — No. 1. — pp. 46-55.
5. Kostina Ya. V., Chakaeva V. M. Correction of speech in children. — M., 2008. — pp. 11-24.
6. Kurosdova V. D., Sirik V. A. Speech therapy in orthodontics. — Poltava, Layout, 2005. — 124 p.
7. Nigmatova I. M., Nigmatov R. N., Inogamova F. K. Differentiated orthodontic and speech therapy treatment to eliminate
pronunciation disorders in children with dentoalveolar anomalies. // Scientific and practical journal «Stomatologiya».
No. 2 (71), T. — 2018. — pp. — 43-46.
8. Nigmatova I. M., Khodzhaeva Z. R, Nigmatov R. N. Early prevention of speech disorders in children using the myofunc-
tional apparatus. / // Scientific and practical journal «Stomatologiya». No. 4 (72), T. — 2018. — pp. 30-33.
9. Ruzmetova I. M., Shamukhamedova F. A., Razzakov U. M. The prevalence of dyslalia in children in Tashkent. // Rep. sci-
entific and practical. Conf. «Actual problems of dentistry.» March 30-31, 2018, Nukus. — pp. 86-87.
10. Khoroshilkina F. L. Defects of teeth, dentition, occlusion anomalies, morphological disorders of the maxillofacial region
and their complex treatment // M., 2006. — pp. 226-232.