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Translating Methods of English Geological Terms and The Problem of
Computer Lexicography
Akhmedov Oybek Saporbayevich
Professor of Uzbek State World Languages University
Turdikulova Barno Toirkulovna
Teacher of Gulistan State University
Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been paid to teaching ESP (English for Specific Purposes),
since the study of "special" texts, with their terminology, increases the motivation of the student,
replenishes the vocabulary that will be useful in a future profession. When expanding the research
topic, the work of scientists who studied the translation of geological terms in different years was
analyzed, the names of some minerals were selected, their morphological structure was studied, and
compared with the translation. The results of the study showed that to date in Uzbekistan there are no
electronic dictionaries on geological terms. Therefore, we believe that in universities where there are
areas of geology, we should pay the attention of teachers of foreign languages to teaching English for
special purposes, and conduct their research in accordance with this specialty.
Keywords
: geological term, mineral, morphological structure, translation, comparison,
borrowing.
Introduction
It is known that the development of the concept of ESP teaching was determined by three
important factors: the growing need for English to be used in certain areas; new trends in linguistics
and teaching methods, the transfer of attention to the interests of the learner, etc. All of these factors
determined the need for specialization in language learning [1, p.69] . The role of English as an
international language of communication is growing as globalization processes grow; The introduction
of new technologies in foreign language teaching is also of great importance. All this has created a
wide range of opportunities for learning English and using it in various fields. One of the factors that
makes ESP more relevant is the growing need for the learner’s first professionalization. The focus is
on the learner's personality, needs, interests, attitude to the learning process. Now it is important that
the content of education meets the requirements and interests of the learner, defining the
methodological and didactic principles of teaching. Emphasis is placed on the use of special thematic
texts in teaching English to undergraduate students, such as texts on biology for biologists, texts on
geology for geologists, texts on economics for economists, and so on. Studying such special texts,
understanding their terminology increases the learner’s motivation and makes the teaching process
more efficient.
There are many geological terms in geological texts. We analyze mineral terms here. When
translating English geological terms into Uzbek, it is necessary to analyze their morphological
structure, etymology, semantics, to understand the principles of naming.
When translating geological terms into Uzbek, they are often translated from English into
Russian and then into Uzbek. Therefore, it is important to compare English and Russian terms, to
interpret the concepts correctly, to identify differences in the system of concepts expressed by the
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International Journal on Integrated Education
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terms in the original and translated languages. These are done to select the correct equivalent during
translation. Only in this way can uniformity in scientific language, or at least as close as possible, be
achieved.
In recent years, the number of scientific researches, doctoral dissertations, participation in
international conferences in all spheres, including geology, has been increasing in our
country. Literature written in Russian and English is used in writing doctoral dissertations. Abstracts
are required to be prepared in Uzbek, Russian and English.
Analyzing the structure of the translation of mineral names selected from the encyclopedia of
bilingual illustrations by P. Corbel and M. Novak [ 3 ] , we can identify a number of features.
English terms can be represented by 8 structural types. In many cases the morphological
structure of the English term is translated into Russian with the same morphological structure of the
Russian term. The differences between the structure and methods of construction of Russian and
English terms are very small. For example, it is possible to compare the English names of minerals and
their translations into Russian and Uzbek. Morphological structures often coincide when English terms
are translated into Russian. When translated into Uzbek, some terms are pronounced the same as in
Russian. In some of them, there are some changes in the terms with Uzbek words:
1) Simple: Quartz - Quartz, Zircon - Zircon, Amethyst - Amethyst, Topaz - Topaz, Grossular -
Grossular; Chalcedony - Halcedon, Corundum - Corundum, Labradorite - Labrador. Russian and
Uzbek translations are the same.
2) Artificial (derivative) words, with a suffixal morpheme: Hessite - Gessite, Graphite -
Graphite, Pyrrhotite - Pyrrhotite, Chalcocite - Chalcosine, Ruby - Ruby. The terms in this group are
also translated into Russian and Uzbek.
3) Artificial, suffixal two morphemes: Molybdenite - Molybdenite, Uraninite - Uraninite,
Cubanite - Kubanite, Valentinite - Valentinite; Platinum - Platinum, Vesuvianite - Vesuvian. In this
group, "platinum" can be translated into Uzbek as "platinum" and "gold".
4) Artificial, prefixal-suffixal: Ferro-columbite - Ferro-columbite, Ferri-molybdite - Ferri-
molybdite. Most of the minerals in this group are derived from Russian.
5) Compound: Euclase - Euclidean, Actinolite - Actinolite, Rauchtopaz - Rauxtopaz,
Chrysoprase - Chrysoprase, Heliotrope - Heliotrope; Hornblende - Rogovaya obmanka - Shiny
shale ( obmanka - a word in the name of some minerals, translated into Uzbek as "shiny". For
example: mednaya obmanka - shiny mistosh, zinc shale - shiny rukhtosh) .
6) Compound-artificial, 2 bases and suffixes: Rhodochrosite - Rhodoxrozite, Tridymite -
Tridimite, Wolframite - Wolframite, Pyrolusite - Pyrolyusite, Chalcopyrite - Chalcopyrite.
7) Abbreviations: Orpiment - Auripigment, Loparite- (Ce) - Loparite- (Ce).
8) Two- component phrases: Rock crystal - Gornyy crystal - rock crystal ; Hawk's eye -
Sokolinyy eye - the eyes of a hawk , Tiger's eye - Tigrovyy eye - the eyes of a tiger . These are
the literal translation of terms.
From this it can be concluded that assimilation, as a method of translation, used direct
translation. In accordance with the classification of assimilations by S.V. Grinev- Grinevich, based on
the nature of the assimilated material [2 , p.6 ], we distinguish the methods used here:
1) material - mastering the material form of the term in a foreign language, in which the
following are distinguished:
lexical - the assimilation of the material form of the word by its content (for example, the
mineral "Quartz" - "Quartz" German "querkluftertz" - poperechnaya ruda, transverse ore );
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formal - just assimilating the material form of the word and filling it with new content (e.g.
“Onyx” mineral - “Onyx” Greek “onyx” - nail);
morphological - the acquisition of primitive or word-forming morphemes to form new terms
in the host language (for example, the mineral "Geocronite" - "Geocronite" Greek "geo" - Earth and
"kronos" - Saturn, i.e., surma and lead (Russian: surma i svinets) .
2) Kalkalash - without assimilating the material form of the lexical unit, only its structure or
meaning is assimilated:
phraseological - a literal translation of a phrase in a foreign language (for example, the
mineral "Rock crystal" - Russian: "Mountain Crystal", Uzbek: "Mountain Crystal").
It can be seen that among the names of English minerals the most common are borrowings
from the ancient Greek and Latin languages, i.e. material morphological names.
The names of the two-component minerals are phraseologically skewed in structure. If the
minerals are named after the place where they are found or after the names and surnames of the
people, they will be transliterated, i.e., the graphic form of the word in the original language is
represented by the language being translated. For example, “Cubanite” - “Kubanite” (Cuban island),
“Hessite” - “Gessit” (G.I. Gess). This is stated in the recommendations of the Commission on New
Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification [ 10 ], as well as E. X. Nickel, D. D. Grays' article
[ 4 ] states : "The name must be transliterated in Latin letters and printed with the original name of the
mineral."
Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be noted that today more than 5,000 minerals are known. If a trilingual
dictionary was created using an English-Uzbek or English-Russian dictionary for their names, it would
be a practical help for our specialists and students studying geology, as well as for future translators.
Today, the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), in particular its structural subdivision, the
Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC), is responsible for
coordinating actions and unifying terms in the field of mineralogy.
Computer technologies for compiling and using dictionaries are being developed within the
framework of computer lexicography. Special programs - databases, computer files, word processing
programs - allow you to automatically create dictionary articles, store information in dictionaries.
Many different computer lexicographic programs fall into 2 major groups: programs that support
lexicographic work and various types of automated dictionaries that include a lexicographic database.
An automatic dictionary is a dictionary in a special machine format designed for a user (human) or
computer program (word processing program). Automatic dictionaries for end-user-human are
different from automatic dictionaries, which are included in machine translation systems, automatic
reference system, information retrieval system according to the interface and dictionary article. Often
they consist of computerized versions of simple dictionaries known to all. In the software market there
are computer analogues of English annotated dictionaries (for example: automatic Webster, automatic
annotated dictionary of English by Calling Publishing, automatic version of the New Great English-
Russian dictionary edited by Yu.D. Apresyan and E.M. Mednikova), as well as Ojegov There is also a
computer version of the dictionary. [6]
Today, for the purpose of studying English for special purposes, including the introduction of
geological terms to students majoring in geology, it is necessary to create dictionaries in Uzbek. It
would be useful to explain their structure and etymology in dictionaries.
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