newjournal.org
zenodo.org
1
RABIES EPISODE AND CONTROL MEASURES
1
T.Gaznakulov -
PhD, senior researcher
2
M.Allamurodova -
PhD
1
A.Khushnazarov –
PhD
2
G.Urinova
- independent researcher
Scientific- Research Institute of Veterinary
2
Samarkand Regional State Center for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Food
Safety
Abstract.
This article describes the diagnostic examination of animal heads
brought for examination with suspicion of rabies at the Virology Laboratory of the
Samarkand Regional State Center for the Prevention and Control of Rabies, and the
fact that dogs are the main cause of the spread of these diseases.
Аннотация
. Ушбу мақолада қутуриш касаллигини тарқалишида асосий
сабабчиси бўлган итларнинг Самарқанд вилояти ҲКТООХ давлат маркази
Вирусология лабораториясида қутуриш касаллигига гумон қилиниб текширишга
олиб келинган ҳайвон каллаларини диагностик текшириш ишлари ва бу
касалликларни тарқалишида итлар асосий сабабчи эканлиги ёритилган.
Keywords.
Animals, rabies, virus, diagnostic, pathological specimen, brain,
luminescent, microscopy, bioassay, white mice.+
Калит сўзлар.
Ҳайвонлар, қутуриш, вирус, диагностика, патологик
намуна, бош мия, луминицент, микроскопия, биосинов, оқ сичқонлар.
Relevance of the topic.
The development of animal husbandry in providing our
people with high-quality food products is hindered by extremely dangerous infectious
diseases that occur among animals. Among the infectious diseases of agricultural
animals, rabies has always been a pressing problem for medical and veterinary
specialists.
All warm-blooded animals and humans are susceptible to the disease. Wild
carnivores and rodents ensure the stability of the disease virus in nature. Therefore, the
complete elimination of rabies is a major problem.
Rabies affects all types of agricultural animals, as well as predators and
carnivores of the animal world, as well as humans. Affected animals and people die as
a result of tragic consequences.
There is no exact information about when and where rabies appeared. However,
according to scientific sources, oriental healers encountered this disease in humans and
animals 3000 years before our era. Much research has been conducted on the
development of measures to combat rabies and methods of treatment, which have a
long history, and research in this direction is ongoing. However, the drugs created as a
result of this research serve only to prevent the disease.
Thus, the prevention of rabies in humans and animals and the treatment of the
disease remain relevant.
In order to treat sick animals and prevent the disease, it is first necessary to have
a thorough knowledge of its epizootological processes. Because without knowing
where and in which animals the "field" rabies virus is found, and without having an
newjournal.org
zenodo.org
2
idea of how this virus circulates in nature, the applied countermeasures will not give
good results.
In recent years, according to many years of observations by scientists in this
field, it has been proven that the main source of rabies is wild animals in nature (foxes,
wolves, jackals and wild cats). In fact, wild animals are constantly activating the
disease virus (causing agent) to each other as a natural source.
They then transmit this virus to farm animals and dogs. The chain of
epizootological process continues in this way. In such conditions, it is difficult to fight
the disease without reducing the activity of the first source. Because in the process of
disease reproduction, first of all, weather, climate change, drought, areas with humid
climate (rivers and lakes, water reservoirs) serve as natural foci. As a result, the
disease spreads both in the area where it was not observed, and among domestic
animals and dogs in nearby residential areas.
Secondly, in nature, an excessive increase in the number of dominant species
due to competition between wild animal species also leads to an increase in the
disease. For example, currently, due to a decrease in the number of wolves, foxes and
jackals are increasing. Therefore, most of the pathological specimens examined are
foxes and jackals. An increase in the activity of the first source in nature, in turn, leads
to an increase in the second source of the disease among domestic animals.
Thirdly, the large-scale development of protected areas in our republic over the
past 20-25 years has led to a number of negative consequences from a medical and
veterinary point of view. This can be explained as follows: due to the development of
lands located near the slopes of the mountains and in the foothills and steppe zones,
the population has also settled in these areas, and farm buildings have been built on the
slopes of the mountains. As a result, wild animals that used to live in a large area have
been concentrated in one zone. This further increases the activity of the natural source
and leads to the emergence, spread and multiplication of the disease in closely located
farms and farms.
Fourthly, given its biological characteristics, the rabies virus circulates in natural
sources depending on the type of animal that is the main host. Some species of animals
serve as a link in the epizootic process. Because the virus adapts in the organism of
that animal. Such animals, which are considered the main hosts of the virus, include
wild animals (wolves, foxes, jackals). Some species of animals, however, are
considered non-main hosts for the virus and do not participate in the epizootic chain.
However, the virus can persist in their bodies. Such animals include many species of
rodents.
The continuous activity of natural sources also depends on the level of
susceptibility of animal species to this virus. Our many years of scientific research
have shown that the level of susceptibility to the rabies virus varies among different
species of animals. For example, it varies as follows:
Highly susceptible animals: foxes, jackals, field mice, common field mice,
gerbils and laboratory white mice. Susceptible animals: domestic cats, rabbits, bats,
some species of rodents.
Moderately susceptible: humans, dogs, sheep, goats, large horned animals,
donkeys and horses.
newjournal.org
zenodo.org
3
The causative agent of the disease is a neurotropic filterable RNA virus
belonging to the Rhabdovirus family. It is found in the largest quantities in the brain of
a sick animal, as well as in the spinal cord, salivary glands and saliva. Animals are
infected only through a wound from a rabid animal bite, the virus is transmitted to a
healthy animal through saliva, causing the disease. It was found that not all bitten
animals become infected. This depends on the virulence of the virus that enters the
div through saliva, its titer, the site of entry of the virus, i.e., proximity to the brain,
the nature of the injury, the type, resistance, and age of the animal.
Research materials and methods. For many years (2010-2024), in 14 districts
and 2 cities of the Samarkand region, according to the current "GOST 26075-2013"
standard, mainly dogs (96%) that inflicted injuries on humans and animals, other types
of animals, the animal owner or the dog handling team must immediately bring them
to the regional veterinary department and be placed under 10-day observation. In some
cases, with the permission of the veterinarian, it is allowed to keep the injured animal
at the owner's home (in a separate isolation area, with the owner's permission).
Animals that were killed by beating, strangulation or other causes during the 10-day
control period or during the bite, the heads of large animals, small animals such as
cats, rodents (rats, voles, mice, hamsters, etc.) along with their entire bodies are
brought to the Virology Department of the regional laboratory by a veterinary
specialist with a sealed referral signed by the veterinarian of the territorial veterinary
station in accordance with the current "GOST 26075-2013" standard. Humans and
animals are mainly injured by dogs. Domestic animals bite cloven-hoofed cattle,
horses, donkeys, sheep and goats, and others. When bitten by unattended rabid dogs,
signs of rabies appear after a certain time. Saliva flows from the mouth, the animal
stops eating, the tongue is exposed, the veterinarian is consulted, the animal is treated,
the medicine is given, the animal is in contact with the animal, and finally the animal
dies from paralysis of the lower jaw, without being able to eat or swallow.
Research results.
Initial samples from animals suspected of having rabies were
examined in the laboratory using the methods specified in the current "GOST 26075-
2013" standard. In this case, the brain is split open, the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
are opened together, the head is thrown into a special oven (crematory) and burned. A
10% suspension is prepared from the brain in a test tube for luminescent, light
microscope smear and bioassay, and in the second test tube, pieces taken from
different parts of the brain are stored in 50% glycerin for 3-6 months (until the final
diagnosis is made).
For examination under a light microscope, the prepared smear is fixed in
alcohol-ether for 4-8 hours on a slide. It is removed from it, stained using special
methods and examined under a light microscope. If Babesh-Negri bodies are detected
during microscopy, rabies is confirmed. For a fluorescent microscope, the smear is
fixed in acetone for 4-8 hours, DAFI is added, and when viewed under a fluorescent
microscope according to the instructions, preparations containing rabies virus antigens
of various sizes and shapes are observed under the influence of green-violet light.
Their size can be barely visible, up to 15-20 microns. The granules can be round, oval,
and other shapes. The examination period under a light and fluorescent microscope is
1 day. If during the examination of a biological sample (bioassay) no Babesh-Negri
bodies are found in them or non-living granules are observed, then a bioassay is
newjournal.org
zenodo.org
4
performed on albino mice (4-6 heads). 0.03 g of suspension is injected into the mouse
brain and observed for 30 days. The experimental white mice are placed in special
cages or aquariums. The day, time of the experiment, and the number of infected mice
are recorded. After 14-20 (sometimes more) days, the infected mice begin to develop a
paralytic form of rabies, bite each other, and may eat each other. The cranial cavity of
dead and infected mice is opened, the brain is removed, a smear is prepared, and
examined under a microscope (Table 1).
Table 1
laboratory diagnostic methods
Microscopic
Serological
Biosynov
A smear is prepared and
stained from various parts
of the brain (hemispheres,
cerebellum, ammonal
horns).
(according to the
Muromtsev method)
Reaction
immunofluorescence
White mice infestation
with a 10% suspension
Out of 29 patmaterials tested in the virology laboratory of the Samarkand
Regional State Center for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Food Safety, no positive
results were recorded in 2017. Over the years, 3 out of 66 patmaterials were positive in
2010, and 1 out of 47 patmaterials in 2018. The decrease in the number of positive
results in recent years indicates that rabies vaccination and control measures are well
established and implemented in a timely manner in the region (Table 2).
Table 2
Information on rabies detected in samples submitted to the virology laboratory in
2010-2024
Years
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A feather
sample
sent to
Lab
66 65 56 47 40 32 45 29 59 61 17 20 42 59 50
A positive
result was
obtained
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
2
2
Conclusion.
Only if this responsible work is actively carried out not only by
veterinary and medical workers, but also by the heads of all enterprises and
organizations, farms, village and mahalla committees, and internal affairs bodies, with
the close cooperation and assistance of all, will the effectiveness of the measures taken
increase and the incidence of rabies sharply decrease.
The restriction on rabies imposed on a farm or settlement will be lifted by the
decision of the khokim, based on the written recommendation of the chief veterinary
doctor, two months after the last case of the disease has passed, and after the
implementation of health measures in accordance with the current guidelines.
newjournal.org
zenodo.org
5
Bibliography
1. Х.С.Салимов, А.А.Қамбаров. "Эпизоотология". Тошкент, 2016.
2. Мартин М., Каплан. "Методы лабораторных исследований по
бешенству». Всемирниая организация здровохранения" - Женева, 1975.
3. Антонов Б.И. "Лабораторные исследования в ветеринарии. Вирусные,
риккециозные и паразитарные болезни". Справочник - Москва, 1987.
4. Газнакулов, Т. (2024). Восприимчивость видов животных к вирусу
бешенства, Современная диагностика и меры противодействия.
in Library
,
1
(1),
37-40.
5. Газнакулов, Т. (2024). ҚУТУРИШ КАСАЛЛИГИ ВИРУСИГА ҲАЙВОН
ТУРЛАРИНИНГ МОЙИЛЛИГИ, ЗАМОНАВИЙ ДИАГНОСТИКАСИ ВА
ҚАРШИ
КУРАШ
ЧОРА
ТАДБИРЛАРИ.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
НАУКА
И
ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
,
1
(1), 51-55.
6. Газнакулов, Т., & Хушназаров, А. (2023). Литературный обзор по
истории развития эпизоотологии и изучения бешенства.
in Library
,
1
(2), 7-9.
7. Хушназаров, А., & Газнакулов, Т. (2024). Восприимчивость видов
животных к вирусу бешенства, современная диагностика и меры
противодействия.
in Library
,
2
(2), 11-14.
