Хорижий филология
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SCIENTIFIC INFORMATIONS ИЛМИЙ АХБОРОТЛАР
BASIC SEMANTIC TYPES OF OCCASIONAL NOMINATIONS AND MECHANISMS
OF FORMING SUBSTITUTE DEVICE
Amriddinova Nazira Shamsidinovna,
Teacher of SamSIFL
Key words:
phraseological unit, transformation, exchanging device of component-words,
basic form of phraseologism, occasional formation, phraseological meaning, stability,
variativeness.
Among
various
devices
of
transformation of phraseological semantics
the special place is taken by mechanism,
connected with exchange of component-
words of phraseological unit (PhU). This
phenomenon is explained by the fact of the
device leading to a rather large volume of the
modification of phraseological meaning and
difficult variants of occasional formations in
regards to basic form of PhU.
This device is characterized by a vast
level of use and is more effective in
comparison with other ones such as disrupted
use of PhU, extended metaphor, ellipsis,
phraseological satiety of context, allusion,
adjunction and repetition.
The nature of phraseologism contains
paradoxically incompatible facts: from the
one hand, PhU is a linguistic unchangeable
unit from the point of view of stability, from
the other hand it can be variable as it is
capable of changing of some components by
other ones. Thus, V.V.Vinogradov considered
phraseologisms
to
be
stable
verbal
complexes, contradicted to free syntactical
combinations as ―ready linguistic formation,
not created, but reproduced in speech‖
[V.V.Vinogradov 1977: 312].
Stability, one of basic features of PhU,
is produced in the theory of A.V. Kunin, the
leading specialist in the field of English
phraseology: ―stability of PhU is based on
various following types of invariableness:
stability of use (where phreseologism, being
an element of language thesaurus, is used
ready-made), structurally semantic stability
(PhU doesn`t have typical meaning and is an
example for creation analogic PhU according
to structurally semantic model), semantic
stability (a new reconsiderable meaning of
phraseologism stays unchangeable), lexical
stability (impossibility of element changing of
PhU) and syntactical stability (unchangeable
order of components of phraseologism)‖
[A.V.Kunin 1972: 47].
As for substitutes, they can be of
different character: synonyms, antonyms,
paronyms,
hyponyms,
hyperonyms,
euphemisms and word-substitutes as well, not
having system relations in a language with
substitute components. The exchange is met
more often than significant word-components
of
phraseologisms,
however,
auxiliary
components are also affected by changes.
The present device is rather often used
due to stability of basic usual PhU in
linguistic
system,
but
affected
by
transformations both of semantics and the
image, lying in its base through different
types of associations. Analyzed texts and
dictionaries showed the following peculiarity
of exchange: this device is also possible for
phraseologisms with idiomatic character,
when the meaning of PhU is non-motivated
by the meanings of its component-words.
The analysis of material showed that
exchanged component of PhU and word-
substitute
have
systematic
connection.
Nevertheless,
transformation
of
phraseosemantics
is
explained
through
peculiarities, placed in the structure and
meaning of basic form of phraseologism.
Modification is also made in reliance on the
meaning
of
component-substitute
and
conditions, arisen in a concrete context of
usage of phraseologisms. Let‘s compare such
Хорижий филология
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examples as ―the badge of all one`s tribe, call
a spade a spade‖.
For example: I remember that being
easily taken in is
the mark of all my tribe
and
debunk myself. [F. Hoyle. Tight Binding
Book]
"Sometimes", he said, "I get so fed up
with all the mumbo-jumbo and abracadabra
and making of holy mysteries about simple
things that I like
to call a spade a shovel
. [N.
Balchin. Mine Own].
Analysis showed, that components
―badge‖ and ―spade‖ that have been
substituted by ―mark‖ and ―shovel‖ in system
plan don`t have visible differences concerning
semantic fields.
According to context, we can say that
in the first case transformation doesn`t much
differ from basic form in the semantic
relation.
However,
the
second
case
demonstrates significant modification of the
semantics of phraseologisms. Thus, basic
form has the meaning ―call the things by their
names‖, but substituted variant means ―call
the same thing by different names‖ – we can
see the change of image in the framework of
PhU.
Let‘s consider the examples of usage
of non-reconsiderable PhU ―to call a spade a
spade‖ in the context of vocabulary articles.
They were a little frightened at this...
young fellow, and the swing and smash of his
words, and his dreadful trait of
calling a
spade a spade
. [J. London, The Iron Heel, ch.
VIII]; [БАРФС].
"And I'm sorry Miss Rosie Perez I
call
a spade a spade
, it just is what it is"- Jay-Z
[UD]
You know me, I
call a spade a spade
and when I see someone behaving like an
idiot, I tell them [CIDI, P. 364].
I'm not at all secretive, and I'm not
afraid
to call a spade a spade
[CED].
PhU ―to call a spade a spade‖ has its
origin in ancient Greek expression ―to call a
fig a fig and a trough a trough‖. However,
soon phraseologism began to be interpreted in
distorted plan by substitute of component
―shovel‖ towards afro-americans, that has
included insulting nuance.
He is never afraid
to call a spade a
shovel
— and that is why he has universal
respect in the game [FD].
The
works
in
the
sphere
of
transformations in phraseology show that
occasional phraseologisms can be considered
as individual authorial formations. Moreover,
we can take into consideration such
principally
important
facts
that
these
modifications are built on inner-systematic
laws of the language.
The following arguments can be
considered as a basis of the given situation:
a) transformations are built on the
basis of a language system;
b) individual authorial beginning is
minimized;
c) monotypical changes, belonging to
different authors, can be seen in the context.
During the research it was found out
that it is rather difficult to differentiate
individual authorial and inner systematic
types of modifications of PhU. Let‘s
demonstrate the whole range of changes of
PhU ―black sheep‖ (of the family):
Lanny told briefly about this "
red
sheep
" of his mother's family. "There aren't
apt to be two American painters such active
reds" [U. Sinclair. World‘s End A Lanny
Budd Novel]. "May I ask if your two sisters
share your politics at all?" "Just one
red sheep
in the family" [J. Fowles. The Ebony Tower].
There are two different contexts,
belonging to different authors. However, in
both cases we notice the same transformed
PhU. The substitute and the transformed
component belong to the same semantic field.
This fact demonstrates that change has a
systematic character.
At the same time, the applied device
of substitute helps to strength pragmatic
potential of basis PhU semantic imaginary
effect. It‘s also important to point out the
inclusion of modificated form with clearly
reconsidered meaning into the context, as
successfully transformed PhU.
Let`s
see
the
meaning
of
phraseologism ―black sheep‖ in dictionaries.
Thus, the ―black sheep‖ is originated from the
proverb ―there is a black sheep in every flock‖
[NOAD].
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Considering etymology of the given
PhU in the dictionary ―The English language:
yesterday, today and tomorrow‖ by Brian
Lockett, it becomes clear that black color is
chosen not occasionally. ―Black sheep are not
so precious as white ones, long ago they were
thought as a symbol of devil.‖ E.g.: Natasha is
the black sheep of the family. She`s always in
trouble with the police. [Brian Lockett. The
English language: yesterday, today and
tomorrow].
Urban
dictionary
also
give
reconsidered meaning of ―black sheep‖: "A
person who takes pride on being an outcast
because he knows being a weirdo is what
ultimately will give him something to be
proud of". Приведем пример:
- Hey, whatever became of Vik?
- I don't know, last time i heard he was
working in some cool shit.
- I know right! he is always been such
a Black Sheep
! [UD]
In
case
if
components
of
phraseologism change with the help of
substitute of colour white, the semantics of
PhU becomes contradictive. ―White sheep‖
means the only nice person in the group of
bad people. However, ―white sheep‖ can
mean a white person according to racial
belonging, an ordinary man while informal
communication:
1) He's
the white sheep
in a family of
drug dealers.
2) Jayden: Dude can‘t handle no spicy
food.
Aaron: Yeah, cause he
a white sheep
[UD].
The change of colour component in
the PhU ―black sheep‖ obtained frequent
character. Thus, electronic Urban Dictionary
fixes ―grey sheep‖ as a new PhU with top
meaning:
"A person who poses as one of an
"outsider" clique in order to feel belonging or
fill a social void. Does not refer to any one
clique, covers a large spectrum" [UD].
―Grey sheep‖ is originated from PhU
―black sheep‖ with the difference that ―grey
sheep‖ means a person, intending to become a
member of a certain social group. He is eager
to be one of the mass, pretends to be like
them, in order not to be differentiated by any
features. The meaning of ―black sheep‖ has
individual
character.
Comparing
given
examples, we can speak about tendency of
contradistinction of the semantics. The grey
color has impersonal character and is
associated with something inconspicuous.
―Grey sheep‖ is also considered as a
―black sheep‖ due to some characteristics, but
it is a person loved and cared by his family.
As a member of the family ―grey sheep‖
doesn`t have negative coloring as the ―black
sheep‖.
Ex.: hey Maya I heard Tina is
the
black sheep
of her family
Maya: no she‘s not, her family still
loves her and wants her to achieve her goals
she‘s
a Grey sheep
[UD].
The exchange of color black in PhU
―black sheep‖ into pink caused the formation
of new meanings. Pink sheep is thought as an
outlaw, derelict. Urban Dictionary points out
―pink sheep‖ to be opposite to ―black sheep‖
due to characteristics of relations between a
family and a person, called ―pink sheep‖.
Ex. Adam's coming out has made him
the pink sheep
of the family [UD].
Urban Dictionary gives the following
characteristics of a person ―the man, who
disgraced his family, betrayed the roots of his
working class by becoming a ―yuppie‖
(Young Urban Professional)…‖
While
attending
John's
family
reunion, his fiancee realized that he was
the
pink sheep
of the family; among a sea of XXL
Old Navy t-shirts and Cherokee-brand jeans,
he wore a vertically striped Banana Republic
dress shirt, collar open, carefully tucked into
starched and ironed chinos [UD].
Besides, Urban Dictionary also gives
other definitions of ―pink sheep‖ – a
magnificently prankster gangster living sheep:
Wow, I had never seen
a Pink Sheep
before, it
is so lit! [UD]
Thus, ―pink sheep‖ means a person‘s
character, very bold and irritating: Too bad
his fans don't get that he is a character and are
even worse [UD].
―Brown sheep‖ means ―a dump ass
member of a group that gets involved in shit
and usually inadvertently brings some back to
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the group‖. ―Brown sheep‖ has a negative
characteristics of a person, a member of a
certain social group: that fucking
brown
sheep
, Robert, got nana pistol whipped
because he ripped Suge Knight's beats. Now
we have three days to sign over publishing
rights...
Phraseological unit ―green sheep‖ is
used in Urban dictionary in two meanings.
The first meaning is a name of a gamer, who
passed through different levels of computer
games in a short period of time. The examples
of such computer games are: Counter Strike,
Jedi Academy, Quake 3, etc. Green sheep as a
gamer wins his opposite in every computer
game.
Due to the wide usage of semantics of
PhU ―green sheep‖ in computer slang, the
meaning of the given PhU transformed into
another negative one ―A sheep that vomits‖:
"That guy just
green sheeped
you in Quake 3"
"I hate
green sheep
. Their messes are
so disgusting" [UD].
Another meaning of ―green sheep‖ is
used to name the fans of Canadian football
team Roughriders. The fans usually wear
everything green during the matches in order
to show their devotion to the team:
Ex.: The green sheep weeped when the
Roughriders last [UD]
Thus, analyzing the component of
colors in phraseologisms, we can see the
brightly expressed influence of the meaning
and associations, born by the colors: white
[positive meaning of joy, honesty]; black
(negative meaning: aggressive, bad); red
(sometimes positive: life, passion, sometimes
negative: blood, shame); grey (something
ordinary, tatty) and others.
We are not determined to differentiate
transformations of phraseosemantics on the
level of the language system and authorial
occasional formations. Our aim is to show the
levels of semantic changes of formed
phraseologisms. It can be transformations in
the meaning of PhU, but frequently,
mechanism of substitute leads to significant
transformations of phraseosemantics.
Here we can see the clear dependence
of communication on basic types of
occasional nominations, i.e. the research of
changes of the semantics of modificated PhU
determines
the
use
of
nominative
communicative approach in the process of
analysis.
Nominations in the phraseology of
usual character, which are considered as units
of the language of indirect nomination, can be
divided into mixed, derivative and tertiary.
The letter ones are of nominations,
formed on the basis of explanation of the
meanings of PhU – derivatives by the
semantics of basic phraseologisms, which call
the surrounding reality with the help of
literally meaning of word-components of
PhU.
While
analyzing
peculiarities
of
semantic derivation in the phraseology, we
can see the important role of basic
phraseologisms.
Occasional
nominations
in
phraseology
have
been
considered
as
occasional tertiary nominations for a long
time. It was promoted by the following
explanation: determination of the semantics of
the formed PhU not by alternating word-
combination, but by the semantics of basic
PhU, the characteristic peculiarities of
determination
were
not
taken
into
consideration as well.
The linguistic essence appears in the
quality of name in the basis of derivative
nomination, reconsidered in the process of
adaptation to its new nominative meaning.
During
occasional
secondary
lexical
nomination two units are compared, one of
which is produced by the other one with the
help of comparison.
The
generalized
feature
is
distinguished during this process, which is
determined as a core for forming a new
nomination.
Fresh associated relations, changes of
surrounding
reality,
i.e.
extra-linguistic
factors of different types influence the
exchange of the semantics of phraseologisms
of occasional character through the similarity
of objects, functions, fulfilled by them.
Now we can say that changes of the
semantics
of
a
large
quantity
of
phraseologisms are built on associative base
Хорижий филология
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in verbal nomination and have significant
meaning.
The general startings are clearly seen
through exactly this prism, seen both in
lexical
and
phraseological
secondary
occasional nominations.
Literature
1.
Виноградов В.В. Об основных типах фразеологических единиц в русском языке
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2.
Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка. М.: МО, 1972. – 288 с.
3.
Кунин А.В. Большой англо-русский фразеологический словарь. -2006. - Idioms (En-
Ru) (к версии ABBYY Lingvo x5)
4.
Локетт Брайан. Английский язык: вчера, сегодня и завтра. OOO «Русский язык -
Медиа», 2005 SetExpressions (En-Ru) (к версии ABBYY Lingvo x5).
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th
ed. -
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Collins English Dictionary. URL: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/ (CED).
8.
Fowles J. The Ebony Tower. URL: http://seas3.elte.hu/.
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Hoyle Fred. Tight Binding Book. URL:https://archive.org/
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London J. The Iron Heel‘ ch. VIII https://www.gutenberg.org/
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Oxford American Dictionary (En-En) (к версии ABBYY Lingvo x3)
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Set Expressions (En-Ru) (к версии ABBYY Lingvo x5
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Амриддинова Н. Основные семантические типы окказиональных номинаций и
механизмы формирования приѐма замен.
В статье раскрываются особенности приѐма
замен компонентов фразеологических единиц через призму номинативного аспекта.
Демонстрируется возможность классификации модифицированных фразеологических
номинаций на вторичные и третичные, анализируются типичные семантические виды
окказиональных номинаций и раскрываются принципы их образования.
Амриддинова Н. Окказионал номинацияларнинг асосий семантик турлари ва
алмаштиришларни қабул қилишни шакллантириш механизмлари.
Мақолада номинатив
аспект нуқтаи назаридан фразеологик бирлик компонентларининг ўрин алмашиниш
хусусиятлари очиб берилади. Модификациялашган фразеологик номинацияларнинг
иккиламчи ва учламчи турларга ажратилиш имкониятлари намойиш этилади, окказионал
номинатив бирликларнинг семантик турлари таҳлил этилади ва уларнинг ҳосил бўлиш
тамойиллари ўрганилади.
