№ 7 (2025) International Journal of Artificial Intelligence

Статьи

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  METHODS OF DEVELOPING NATIONAL AND GENERAL COMPETENCES IN LITERATURE LESSONS This article discusses the issues of developing national and general cultural competencies in literature lessons for students (grades 5-7) studying in general secondary schools. Traditional and modern methods of instilling national and general cultural values in students through certain literary sources are studied. New methods are developed on the values that should be established in the pedagogical activity of the teacher in literature lessons, taking into account the age, gender and mental state of the student.

  Дилнозахон Xайдарова

  145-152

    

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  A NEW ERA OF COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA IN THE 21ST CENTURY This article explores the dynamics of the comprehensive strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and China in the 21st century, analyzing its historical foundations, geopolitical significance, and evolving multidimensional cooperation. The study emphasizes the growing importance of bilateral relations in the context of global power shifts, regional integration processes, and the Belt and Road Initiative. By examining political, economic, cultural, and security dimensions, the research highlights how the partnership transcends traditional diplomacy and reflects a pragmatic model of interdependence, where both states pursue mutual interests while navigating global competition and regional challenges. The article also addresses scholarly perspectives and methodological frameworks that provide critical insights into understanding the depth and complexity of this bilateral engagement.

  Мухаммад Мамасидиков

  153-158

    

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  FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONS WITH OTTOMAN TURKS IN CENTRAL ASIA (1865–1910) This article systematically examines the historical, political, and socio-cultural dynamics underpinning the formation and development of relations between Central Asian entities and the Ottoman Turks during the period from 1865 to 1910. The study elucidates the complex interplay of geopolitical aspirations, trade exchanges, diplomatic correspondences, and cultural interactions that shaped bilateral engagements in this transitional era.

  Сокхибжон Хомидов

  159-164

    

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  THE INFLUENCE OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS ON THE BUKHARA, KHIVA, AND KOKAND KHANATES This article examines the multifaceted influence of the Ottoman Turks on the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with particular emphasis on political, diplomatic, cultural, and religious dimensions. Through an analysis of archival documents, diplomatic correspondence, trade records, and contemporary accounts, the study elucidates the ways in which the Ottoman Empire projected influence into Central Asia, reinforcing Islamic identity, supporting administrative and educational reforms, and facilitating transregional networks. The research highlights the reciprocal nature of these interactions, demonstrating how Central Asian khanates selectively adapted Ottoman models to their local contexts while negotiating autonomy under the pressures of Russian expansion. By situating these relations within broader geopolitical and socio-cultural frameworks, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the historical processes that shaped the development of Central Asian polities and their enduring engagement with the Ottoman world.

  Сокхибжон Хомидов

  165-170

    

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  THE FORMATION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA This article examines the establishment and evolution of diplomatic relations between Uzbekistan and the People’s Republic of China, highlighting their historical underpinnings, political dynamics, and strategic significance within the broader context of Central Asian geopolitics. By situating the formation of bilateral relations in the aftermath of Uzbekistan’s independence in 1991, the research underscores the multifaceted drivers of cooperation, including political recognition, economic interdependence, and regional security imperatives. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms through which China’s growing global influence, articulated through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has shaped Uzbekistan’s foreign policy orientations, while Uzbekistan’s strategic geographical position and reform-driven domestic policy have enhanced its role as a reliable partner for China. The study not only investigates the political and economic determinants of bilateral cooperation but also addresses the challenges, contradictions, and opportunities inherent in these relations. In doing so, the article contributes to the academic discourse on post-Soviet state diplomacy, Sino-Central Asian engagement, and the transformation of Eurasian international relations.

  Мухаммад Мамасидиков

  171-176

    

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  PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES OF DEVELOPING FUTURE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has introduced new opportunities for enhancing the professional competence of future teachers. In the modern educational paradigm, the integration of AI into pedagogical practice is not merely an auxiliary tool but a transformative factor that reshapes teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and assessment mechanisms. This article examines the pedagogical features of developing professional competence among prospective educators through the application of AI-based technologies. Special attention is devoted to the ways in which AI contributes to strengthening cognitive, methodological, and reflective skills, while simultaneously fostering adaptability to the rapidly changing demands of the digital age.

  Сарвиноз Адашова

  177-182

    

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  NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Currently, computer networks are developing rapidly. It is difficult to imagine any organization or institution without computer networks. The Internet, a global international computer network that emerged at the end of the 20th century, is proof of this. This network is becoming one of the electronic forms of information that many people receive daily from newspapers, journals, and books. Therefore, using and studying the structure of computer networks and obtaining information from them is of great importance.

  алибек Абдуллаев

  183-186

    

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  THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF APPLES This article examines the effect of ethylene gas on the external and internal properties of apple fruits during storage, in particular, on their degree of hardness. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of ethylene on biochemical and physiological changes in fruit tissues and, as a result, to determine changes in the shelf life, appearance and consumer properties of apple fruits.the notation. The article examines the effect of ethylene gas on the external and internal properties of apple fruits during storage, in particular, on their degree of hardness. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of ethylene on biochemical and physiological changes in fruit tissues and, as a result, to determine changes in the shelf life, appearance and consumer properties of apple fruits. Data on the possibility of preserving the quality of apples for a longer period of time through the use of ethylene sorbents in fruit storage and reducing the ethylene content are presented.

  С. Шарипов

  187-190

    

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  DETERMINATION OF PRODUCT OUTPUT AND QUALITY INDICATORS WHEN PROCESSING IN A WORKING SOLUTION OF C5H8NO4NA H2O WHEN DRYING SWEET PEPPER FRUITS IN A SHADY WAY in a scientific article, experiments were carried out to determine the product output and quality indicators when these varieties and hybrids of sweet kalmpir are processed in a soyaki method of drying, in a working solution of C5H8NO4Na * H2O. Natrii glutamas, mononatrium glutamate, the mononatrium salt of glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder, well soluble in water, with the chemical formula C5H8NO4Na * H2O - is a food additive designed to enhance taste perception by increasing the sensitivity of the tongue receptors in the dar Tashkent variety 0.85 kg, in the "Chelsea F1 hybrid 1.1 kg, "Reyna F1", while in the hybrid this figure was found to be 0.96 kg.atrii glutamas, mononatrium glutamate, the mononatrium salt of glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder, well soluble in water, with the chemical formula C5H8NO4Na * H2O - is a food additive designed to enhance taste perception by increasing the sensitivity of the tongue receptors in the dar Tashkent variety 0.85 kg, in the "Chelsea F1 hybrid 1.1 kg, "Reyna F1", while in the hybrid this figure was found to be 0.96 kg. It is worth saying that the highest figure in the output of this ready-made dryylgna product was analyzed to be 1.1 kg, in the Chelsea F1 hybrid.

  Достон Махмуров

  191-196

    

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  AGROTECHNOLOGY OF GROWING CALIFORNIA POPLAR (Populus fremontii) SEEDLINGS This article is devoted to the development of agrotechnology for growing standard California poplar seedlings in Uzbekistan. The experiments showed that the viability of cuttings cut from new branches in November is high. Cuttings were planted with a length of 10–35 cm and a diameter of 5–18 mm, and as a result, cuttings with a length of 25–30 cm and a diameter of 12–15 mm showed the highest indicators (41 cuttings). This option was found to be superior in terms of root formation rate and viability. Scientific recommendations were developed on the agrotechnology of growing seedlings - cutting preparation, planting date, irrigation, fertilization, and methods of seedling extraction. The study is of practical importance in establishing high-quality timber poplar plantations in Uzbekistan.

  Джасурбек Намозов , Бобомурод Абдуллаев, Содикжон Оришев

  197-202

    

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  TYPOLOGY OF PERSONALITY IN ULUGBEK HAMDAM'S LYRICS in this article, the types of personality used in the lyrical works of Ulugbek Hamdam, the specificity of which typology arose through expression using somatisms, and their meaning are revealed.

  Мекхмоной Сайпидинова

  203-209

    

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  MARKETING OF SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM Marketing in the field of tourism plays a crucial role in connecting internal management practices of travel companies with external market realities. Initially developed in the manufacturing sector, social services marketing has evolved into a vital tool for the tourism industry due to the growing competition, commercialization of services, and the specific nature of tourism products. Unlike traditional goods, tourist services are often offered as pre-packaged sets of experiences that require predicting consumer demand and preferences in advance. Effective marketing in tourism therefore ensures constant alignment of services with customer needs, enabling companies to remain competitive and profitable. At the macro level, tourism marketing is shaped by state policy and the economic role of tourism, with examples such as the U.S. Tourism Marketing Bureau coordinating national and international projects. At the micro level, travel companies and independent marketing firms employ research to evaluate market conditions, advertising effectiveness, consumer preferences, and product quality. Key research areas include assessing the popularity of destinations, analyzing new market opportunities, evaluating advertising channels, and identifying problematic situations. Overall, the marketing of social services in tourism functions as a system of continuous adaptation, designed to anticipate demand, enhance product quality, and sustain consumer interest, while also acting as an indicator of long-term success for tour operators.

  Замира Жумаева

  210-213

    

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  ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS, AND PROPOSALS IN THE DESIGN OF WORM GEARS This article highlights the importance of analyzing the problems encountered in the design of worm gears and proposing appropriate solutions to improve the reliability of manufactured machines.It also emphasizes the significance of developing highly effective proposals based on innovative approaches to ensure the production of high-quality and reliable machines.

  Бахромали Каримов

  214-220

    

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  DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH EMPAGLIFLOZIN THERAPY : MECHANISMS, RISC FACTORS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Empagliflozin, a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure. Despite its proven cardiovascular and renal benefits, rare but serious cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including euglycemic DKA (euDKA), have been reported. This article reviews the incidence, mechanisms, risk factors, clinical features, and management strategies of empagliflozin-associated DKA. Early recognition and preventive strategies are essential to balance risks and benefits of therapy.

  Б Курбанова , К Нажмутдинова

  221-223

    

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  PORTRAIT AND IMAGE OF THE HEROINE IN RUSSIAN PROSE It is well known that the description of external, pictorial phenomena of life is an important component of a literary and artistic work: portraits of characters, landscapes, the interior where events unfold - all together lead the reader to an understanding of how the writer solves social, moral, aesthetic, spiritual, philosophical problems of his time by figurative means. Some cultural eras and literary trends make one or another component of the descriptive "complex" more preferable for depiction, for example, a portrait, its various forms and types, others build a work on the dynamics of the landscape, on its special role, allowing us to judge both the people depicted, and the nature of the problems, and the ways of their resolution.

  Нигора Бозорова

  224-225

    

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  STRESS AS A FACTOR IN CAUSING CONFLICTS A person is in different situations in his daily life and lives in different moods. Today, it is common to experience stress frequently. Isn't a person who looks at the situation through the lens of stress prone to conflict situations?

  Сайдулло Олимов

  226-228

    

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  PECULIARITIES OF THE CONCEPTS OF SECULAR AND SOCIAL STATE IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN This article discusses the unique characteristics of the concepts of "social state" and "secular state" as enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It highlights the state's commitment to social justice, equitable distribution of wealth, poverty reduction, and creation of equal opportunities. The secular state model emphasizes freedom of conscience and the separation of religion from the state. Additionally, the article analyzes constitutional reforms, the “Uzbekistan – 2030” development strategy, and advancements in the national social protection system.

  мукхаммаджон Джабборов

  229-232

    

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  THE ROLE OF THE CLUSTERING MODEL IN THE MODERNIZATION OF LEGAL EDUCATION The article analyzes the essence of the clustering system in legal education, its role in the integration of education and practice, and its impact on the modern educational process. Clustering unites higher legal education institutions, judicial and law enforcement bodies, the bar, notary offices, and legal clinics into a single system, serving to prepare students to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. The study proposes new approaches to the development of legal education clusters in Uzbekistan, highlighting issues such as the development of a national concept, the formation of regional clusters, and the integration of digital technologies into the educational process. In addition, based on a comparative analysis with the experiences of countries such as the USA, the UK, and Germany, ways to improve the efficiency of clustering are presented. The findings contribute to improving the quality of legal education, training competitive specialists in the labor market, and raising the legal culture of the population. The article also broadly covers the importance, advantages, and prospects of implementing clustering in legal education in Uzbekistan.

  Далержон Аминов

  233-239

    

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  SYNONYMS IN PHARMACEUTICAL LEXICON IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND UZBEKISTAN This article discusses how synonymous phenomena occur between words in the pharmaceutical field, an analysis of the opinions of linguists on this issue, and the types of synonymous phenomena.

  юлдуз Авезова

  240-243

    

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  SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SYNONYMS IN SAIDA ZUNNUNOVA'S POEMS This article talks about the specific features of the synonyms used in Saida Zunnunova's poems. The phenomenon of language units having the same meaning is called synonymy. A group of words that are synonymous with each other is called a series of synonyms. One word in the series of synonyms is the main word. The examples given in the article are taken from the poems of the poetess Saida Zunnunova.

  Гозалкхан Хожамбердиева

  244-249

    

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  «FAKE NEWS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS: MECHANISMS, EVIDENCE, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS» This paper examines how misinformation, rumors, and fabricated news stories influence modern financial markets. The study builds on theories of information asymmetry, behavioral finance, and market microstructure to show that false information can trigger significant volatility, distort investor behavior, and erode trust in financial systems. Using recent global cases such as the Associated Press Twitter hack in 2013, the GameStop and AMC short squeeze episodes of 2021, the collapse of the Terra–Luna cryptocurrency ecosystem, and rumors that contributed to the Silicon Valley Bank crisis in 2023, the paper illustrates how digital platforms amplify misinformation. Special attention is also paid to emerging markets, including Uzbekistan, where Telegram channels and social media commentary often affect perceptions of currency stability and bank liquidity. The paper concludes with policy recommendations, emphasizing the need for stronger regulatory frameworks, improved market surveillance, and digital literacy programs for investors.

  даната Мометова

  250-255

    

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  IN VITRO STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS SYNTHESIZED BASED ON LEVOFLOXACIN This study investigates the antibacterial activity of novel metal complexes synthesized using levofloxacin (LEV) as a ligand. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of these complexes were evaluated against three clinically significant bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The synthesized copper(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) complexes of levofloxacin were tested using the agar well diffusion method at a fixed concentration of 35 µg/mL. The diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zones was measured and compared to those produced by free levofloxacin and the corresponding metal salts. Results demonstrated that the metal complexes exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to levofloxacin alone, with the copper complex showing the highest efficacy. These findings suggest that metal complexation with levofloxacin can improve its antimicrobial potency and may serve as a promising strategy for developing more effective antibacterial agents..

  Махбуба Бозорова , жамшид Ашуров, Хаит Тораев

  256-259

    

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  ENHANCING TEACHER CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS This article explores strategies and frameworks for improving continuous professional development (CPD) systems for teachers. It highlights the importance of ongoing learning and skill enhancement in the teaching profession to ensure educational quality and adaptability to changing pedagogical demands. The study examines current CPD models, identifies challenges faced by educators in accessing and benefiting from professional development opportunities, and proposes innovative approaches to make CPD more effective, inclusive, and sustainable. Emphasis is placed on integrating technology, collaborative learning, and personalized growth plans to foster teacher motivation and professional growth. The findings aim to support policymakers, educational institutions, and stakeholders in creating robust CPD systems that contribute to improved teaching practices and student outcomes.

  Гульчирой Файзиева

  260-265

    

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  YOUTH SLANG AND IDENTITY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE Youth slang is a vibrant and evolving aspect of modern communication that plays a significant role in shaping personal and social identities. This study investigates youth slang from a sociolinguistic perspective, emphasizing its role in the construction of identity, group membership, and cultural belonging. Through an analysis of language use among youth in both offline and digital contexts, the paper explores how slang acts as a linguistic tool for self-expression, peer bonding, and distinction from mainstream or adult discourse. It also examines the dynamic and creative nature of slang, particularly its rapid emergence on social media platforms and its adoption within localized linguistic communities. The research draws on theoretical frameworks from W.Labov, supported by contemporary studies on digital discourse. Findings suggest that youth slang not only reinforces social identity but also serves as a mechanism for resistance, creativity, and adaptability in an ever-changing sociocultural landscape. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of how informal language practices among young people reflect broader issues of power, identity, and social dynamics in today’s globalized world.

  Муаттаркхон Ракхимбердиева

  269-272

    

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  RECREATING PEDAGOGY: STUDENT-CENTERED STRATEGIES FOR HOLISTIC ACQUIRING AND ENHANCEMENT Modern education is shifting to pay more attention to the needs of students. This essay talks about student-centered learning, which means that students take part in their own learning rather than just sitting back and listening to the teacher. It explains how this method helps students grow in all areas, not just in school, but also in their personal and social lives. People talk about ways to learn, such as doing group work, asking questions, and going at your own pace. The paper also talks about the problems, such as how to give fair tests to students and teach teachers how to use this new method. It shows that student-centered learning makes kids more sure of themselves, able to work on their own, and ready for the future. Beyond the classroom, student-centered learning has several advantages. Students are more likely to feel pride in their work and a sense of ownership when they are actively involved in their education. Stronger interpersonal skills, more self-esteem, and an increased ability to handle difficulties in the classroom and in the real world can result from this. Although there are many benefits to student-centered learning, there are drawbacks as well. How to fairly evaluate students' progress is a big worry, particularly when they are learning at various rates or doing different kinds of assignments. The requirement for teachers to have enough training in order to successfully apply student-centered practices in their classrooms is another problem. Notwithstanding these obstacles, the increasing demand for student-centered learning is indicative of a larger movement in education toward.

  Феруза Боймуродова

  273-278

    

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