Большая часть больных, наблюдающихся в общемедицинской сети, страдают тревожно-фобическими расстройствами и нуждаются в специализированной психиатрической помощи. Медико-социальное значение данных расстройств также обусловлено высоким риском присоединения другой психопатологии, в частности, депрессивных состояний, генерализованного тревожного расстройства, различного рода зависимостей от психоактивных веществ.
С целью получения медленнодействующих удобрений нами изучена растворимость компонентов в системе карбамид-азотная кислота-вода визуально-политермическим методом.
Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkilotining (JSST) maʼlumotlariga ko‘ra har yili dunyoda 1,41 mln.dan ortiq bemorlarda prostata kasalligi qayd etilib, ularning 70-80% da patologik jarayon rivojlanadi. Ushbu kasallik asosan erkaklik jinsiy gormonlar taʼsirida yuzaga kelganligi sababli, davolashda gormonoterapiya usullaridan foydalaniladi. Gormonoterapiyaning barcha usullarida yetarlicha no‘juya taʼsirlar kuzatilishi sababli, bugungi kunda jahon tajribasida, gormonoterapiyaning turli kombinatsiya usullaridan foydalanib kelinmoqda. Shu sababli tadqiqot ishi prostata bezi saratonini davolash uchun yangi kombinatsiyani o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan.
With liver diseases, lipid metabolism is disturbed, fatty degeneration of the liver occurs. The studied drugs were studied in experimental studies. Experimental hepatitis was reproduced in outbred white rats of a mixed population by the administration of a hepatotropic poison of carbon tetrachloride. The effect of cobalt phytate and magnesium phytate preparations was studied with the most commonly used bioflavanoid silibor. Cobalt phytate, magnesium phytate and silibor preparations have a pronounced hepatoprotective effect, cobalt phytate and magnesium phytate are superior to silibor in this respect. The effect of the studied drugs is more pronounced in the treatment and prophylactic group.
Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) и психоэмоциональные расстройства - обычное явление. Пациенты с ССЗ, а именно с хронической коронарной болезнью сердца чаще страдают психоэмоциональными расстройствами, чем население в целом. У людей с психоэмоциональными расстройствами больше шансов в конечном итоге разовьется сердечнососудистые заболевания, а также у них более высокий уровень смертности, чем у населения с изолированным психоэмоциональным расстройством. Пациенты с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, которые также находятся в психоэмоциональном расстройстве, имеют худший исход, чем пациенты, не страдающие психоэмоциональными расстройствами. Существует ступенчатая взаимосвязь: чем тяжелее психоэмоциональное расстройство, тем выше последующий риск смерти и других сердечно-сосудистых событий [4].
Вполне возможно, что психоэмоциональные расстройства является лишь маркером более тяжелых сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, которые пока невозможно выявить с помощью имеющихся в настоящее время исследований.Однако, учитывая повышенную распространенность психоэмоциональных расстройств у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, вероятна причинно-следственная связь с сердечнососудистыми заболеваниями, вызывающими более выраженными психоэмоциональными расстройствами, или с депрессией, вызывающими более частые сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, и худшим прогнозом для сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Было описано много возможных патогенетических механизмов, которые правдоподобны и вполне могут быть важны [2,3].
Однако, независимо от наличия причинно-следственной связи, психоэмоциональные расстройства является основным фактором качества жизни и сама по себе требует профилактики, выявления и лечения. Психоэмоциональные расстройства после острого сердечного приступа обычно является расстройством адаптации, которое может улучшиться спонтанно при комплексном кардиологическом лечении. Дополнительные стратегии ведения пациентов с сердечными психоэмоциональными расстройствами включают программы кардиологической реабилитации и физических упражнений, общую поддержку, когнитивно-поведенческую терапию, прием антидепрессантов, комбинированные подходы и, возможно, программы лечения заболеваний.
Наличие нескольких факторов риска может свидетельствовать о более важном общем риске, чем значительное увеличение от нормальных значений одного фактора риска. Современные тенденции стратификации риска у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца поляризованы между использованием простых данных и комплексных показателей, традиционных данных и новых факторов риска, общевалидных показателей и персонализированных показателей, в зависимости от характеристик пациента, типа ИБС, степени воздействия на предложенную терапию. Вся известная информация и методики могут быть интегрированы в сложную систему оценки риска.
Расстройства аутистического спектра (РАС) – это гетерогенные расстройства развития нервной системы, начинающиеся в раннем детстве и характеризующиеся дефицитом социального взаимодействия и ограниченными паттернами повторяющегося/стереотипного поведения. Могут проявляться ассоциированные симптомы, такие как гиперактивность, раздражительность, бессонница, судороги, нарушения функции желудочно-кишечного тракта и иммунной системы.
Investigated 45 young patients with acute myocardial infarction, divided three periods of mental disorders: acute, subacute and longterm effects. Found that in 75.6% of patients developed state of mental maladjustment of varying degree. In 47,1% of cases of mental disorders place in the form of psychogenic and somatogenically caused disorders of prenosological level. Among clinically executed forms predominated depressive disorder spectrum (nozogennye reaction and state). Shows the clinical and psychopathological features of these disorders and the need for complex therapy in cardiological clinic
Exogenous-organic brain disorders belong to most common forms of mental pathology. They
frequently occur in persons with lung tuberculosis lung TB and complicate the treatment of their
physical disease. Thus a dual treatment problem – specifi cally, a combination of organic brain
disorder with a lung TB – happens to be important for clinical practice. However, there are not so
many publications on this issue in available literature.
По статистике ВОЗ (2022) в мире регистрируется более 1-го миллиона случаев рака молочной железы (РМЖ) среди женщин в год. Показатель заболеваемости среди женщин раком молочной железы составляет 43,3 на 100 000 населения. Тревожные и депрессивные расстройства являются основными психическими расстройствами при РМЖ [6, 7].
This article classifies and analyzes the ethnotoponyms of the Khiva Khanate, which are found in "travelogues" created on the basis of travel memoirs of Russian and foreign tourists and officials of the countries who visited the Khiva Khanate in the XIX century. We know that ethnotoponyms are place names associated with "ethnos", which reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socioeconomic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. A comparative analysis of ethnotoponyms on the basis of known sources, the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the region, demographic processes and the factors influencing them from the point of view of source and historiography, the study of place names is a historical field. From this point of view, the study of place names in the khanates on the basis of travelogues of Russian and foreign tourists visiting the Central Asian khanates in this study serves to fill in some of the unknown pages that are not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the source significance of travelogues in the study of ethnotoponyms of the Khiva khanate, to determine the weight of ethnotoponyms in them, to reveal the general purpose of travelogues, their differences and similarities and to develop the principle of classification according to certain criteria. The article used research methods such as systematic analysis, periodicity, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification of place names, genetic analysis, used in historical research. As a result of the research, the role of travelogues as a common source and the total weight of ethnotoponyms belonging to the Khiva khanate were shown. The classification of ethnotoponyms of Khivakhanate, peculiarities of their origin, theoretical and practical aspects of studying the socio-economic and ethnic history of ethnoponyms of khanate were analyzed.
Everyone receives spam while working on the Internet.Someone accepts this fact as unavoidable one, and, keeping enviable peace of mind, deletes the incoming correspondence from unknown senders. Someone is growling out and demonstrates his displeasure to a provider or sender. There are others, who read carefully every incoming message, thus deriving sometimes a profit for themselves. All the persons mentioned above participate in the specific informational public relation via the Internet and email using.
Relevance of the problem.Despite the great successes of angiosurgery, the problem of surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms does not lose its relevance. World health statistics records a steady increase in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (ABA). According to L.J. Melton et al. (1984) and L.K. Bickerstaff et al. (1984) in the USA the number of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm has increased 7 times in 30 years since 1951. In England and Wales, according to F.G. Fowkers et al. (1989) for the same period revealed a 20-fold increase in abdominal aortic aneurysms in men and 11-fold in women. According to the results of multicentre screening studies ABA was detected in 8% of the examined (E.S. Vourvouri, 2001), and in the age group of 64-69 years ABA was detected in 5.7% of the examined, and in the age group of 75-81 years - in 8.9% (R.A.P. Skott et al., 2001). A similar trend is observed in other countries. Accordingly, mortality from ABA is also increasing - aneurysm rupture in a number of countries is one of the ten most frequent causes of death among elderly and senile people (F.A. Lederle et al., 1990)
Currently, planned aneurysm resection has become a recognised standard of radical treatment of ABA patients and the number of these operations is steadily increasing. For example, about 40,000 ABA resections are performed annually in the USA (J.J. Grange et al., 1997). In Sweden during the period from 1987-89 to 1993-95 the number of ABA operations increased 5 times and currently 10 operations per 100,000 population are performed (A.Hallin et al., 2001), although this is 1.5 - 2 times less than the required number. However, postoperative lethality is still quite high and makes 5-7% (A.V.Pokrovskiy et al., 1992; Y.V.Belov et al., 1992; V.V.Vakhidov et al., 1992; A.W. Bradbury et al. Bradbury et al., 1997; A.Hallin et al., 2001).
E.W. Steyeberg et al. (1995) summarised the data of literature on 17238 ABA resection operations and gave an average mortality of 6.8%.
Multicentre studies in five major hospitals in the Netherlands found that only 74% of patients underwent ABA resection without complications; 26% had some complications, 9% of which were severe and 4.1% of which were fatal (G.J. Akkersdijk et al., 1998). Similar results were obtained in the Canadian Cooperative Study (K.W. Johnston et al., 1990). It was established that the peculiarity of complications in the majority of patients was their systemic character (L.L. Lau et al, 2001) The course of the postoperative period is most often complicated by cardiac, respiratory, renal, cerebrovascular, as well as complications associated with thrombosis and bleeding (W.E. Lloyd et al., 1996; R.D. Sayers et al., 1997; J.D. Blankenstein et al., 1998; R. Ayari et al., 1998). Ayari et al., 2001)
The undisputed leadership, without doubt, belongs to cardiac complications, the incidence of which varies from 10% to 20%. Moreover, cardiac complications account for 50-70% of total mortality. Cerebrovascular complications, although not uncommon, account for no more than 1-1.5%, but their mortality reaches 40%. Complications associated with thromboses and haemorrhages in the perioperative period reach 2-5% (M.M.Reigel et al., 1987; K.W.Johnson et al., 1990; N.Franklin et al., 1993; A.A.Milne et al., 1994).
Certainly, a large number of complications after resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms is caused by the initial severity of patients' condition, however, many unresolved tactical and technical issues of patients' preparation for the operation, stage of performance in case of combined lesions of several vascular basins play a practically significant role. Adequate management of the operation itself and the immediate postoperative period is no less important, taking into account the possibility of such dreadful complications as thrombosis and embolism, cerebral and cardiac death. Until now there is no unified complex analysis of the results of treatment of uncomplicated abdominal aortic aneurysms and, accordingly, recommendations for the prevention of possible complications.
All this determined our aim and objectives of the study.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of ABA by developing an effective system for determining the main risk factors of surgical treatment and optimal surgical tactics to prevent possible complications.
Scientific novelty.For the first time a complex analysis of indications and contraindications to surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out
The most significant concomitant pathology capable to lead to formidable complications and lethality during the intervention and in the nearest postoperative period was revealed. Adequate measures of their prevention and treatment were proposed.
The algorithm of surgical treatment tactics for patients with combined pathology of coronary arteries and aortic arch branch lesions was developed
The state of haemostasis system at all stages of reconstructive surgery on abdominal aorta, starting from skin incision to wound closure, was studied for the first time.
Conclusions:
1. The proposed original classification of ABA, based on mutual dependence on the etiology of the disease, localisation, concomitant diseases, clinic and its course, allows to determine the strategy of early diagnosis, to estimate the most significant risk factors, the stage of intervention in combined lesions of adjacent and distant vascular basins and, ultimately, to determine the ways to reduce complications and mortality in patients with ABA.
2. The most informative methods of ABA diagnostics are duplex scanning and computed tomography. Non-invasive diagnostics capabilities are enough to determine the aneurysm size, its relation to the renal arteries, as well as to find out the state of visceral branches and aortic bifurcation. Abdominal aortography is indicated in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension to identify the state of the renal arteries.
3. Significant risk factors in these patients are ischaemic heart disease (44.1%), arterial hypertension (49%), haemostasis disorders (almost 100%).
4. The leading concomitant disease in the development of postoperative complications is ischaemic heart disease. Its share in abdominal aortic aneurysms is 40%. Postoperative cardiac complications reach 14.9%. Diagnostics of ischaemic heart disease should be based on the stage-by-stage detection of coronary lesions and its functional-compensatory abilities.
5. The main complications of the postoperative period after ABA resections are acute heart failure (14,9%), cerebral circulatory disorders (1,5%), acute renal failure (3,33%).
6. When significant coronary vascular channel lesions are detected in patients with ABA, it is fundamental to solve the issue of intervention staging. At 3-4 functional classes of circulatory insufficiency, appearance of new zones of hypo- or akinesia, decrease of ejection fraction below 40%, the first stage should be myocardial revascularisation surgery
7. In patients with combined lesions of brachiocephalic vessels in patients with ABA it is reasonable to assess the cerebral blood flow. In the presence of 70% or more stenosis of VCA, presence of embologenic plaque, bilateral haemodynamically significant stenosis it is necessary to perform carotid artery intervention as the first stage.
8. One of the most difficult problems of reconstructive operations in ABA is the contiguous lesion of renal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The principle is their one-stage reconstruction. The types of reconstruction of these branches should be variable depending on the volume and extent of the pathological process.
9. Patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta initially always have significant disorders of haemostasis system. In 30% of patients with occlusive diseases of aorta and its branches in the preoperative period the activity of thrombocytic-vascular link of hemostasis is increased, antithrombotic ability of vascular wall endothelium is decreased and blood rheological properties are disturbed. Activation of fibrinolysis was noted in patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta.
10. During the operation for abdominal aortic aneurysmal lesion, after starting the blood flow the level of plasminogen increases additionally by 30%, which is a risk factor for haemorrhagic complications in the perioperative period. On the 1-3 day after the operation there is a significant decrease of blood anticoagulant potential - antithrombin-Sh by 25-27%, protein C by 23-25%. This period is the most dangerous in terms of thrombohemorrhagic complications development.
11. When using standard heparin during the operation there is a consumption of antithrombin-Sh by 30-45% and increase of platelet aggregation by 10%, which is a threatening condition for the occurrence of thrombosis of deep veins of the lower extremities with subsequent TELA. When using fraxiparin during reconstructive vascular surgeries the consumption of antithrombin-Sh and increase in platelet aggregation do not occur, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time are lengthened insignificantly that testifies to expediency of its use for prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications.
12. Application of the diagnostic methods proposed by us to detect the main risk factors during the operation and in the nearest postoperative period, use of the algorithm of stage and volume of intervention allowed to reduce significantly the number of threatening complications, thus the lethality decreased 4 times, and the number of non-fatal complications - 4 times non-fatal complications - 1.5 times.