In the presence of cobra venom, the rate of NAD.H oxidation along the internal pathway of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is suppressed, and the rate of NAD.H oxidation along the external pathway increases. These changes occur against the background of cytochrome c deserption from the inner mitochondrial membrane and a significant increase in the process of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. These facts indicate that when animals are poisoned with cobra venom, profound disturbances are observed in the system of oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. The introduction of flavosan into the body of animals poisoned with cobra venom leads to an increase in the rate of NAD.H oxidation along the internal pathway of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and suppression of the rate of NAD.H oxidation through the external pathway.
The derivation of kinetic equations for the oxidation processes by the free-radical nonbranched-chain mechanism is shown. This derivation is based on the proposed reaction scheme for the initiated addition of free radicals to the multiple bond of the molecular oxygen includes the addition reaction of the peroxyl free radical to the oxygen molecule to form the tetraoxyl free radical. This reaction competes with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in this scheme involves a few of free radicals, one of which – alkyl(or hydro)tetraoxyl – is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. The rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using the quasi-steady-state treatment. These kinetic equations were used to describe the γ-induced nonbranched-chain processes of free-radical oxidation of liquid o-xylene at 373 K and hydrogen dissolved in water containing various amounts of oxygen at 296 K. The ratios of rate constants of competing reactions and rate constants of addition reactions to the molecular oxygen are defined. In these processes the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoinhibitor (or an antioxidant), and the rate of peroxide formation as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration has a maximum. It is shown that a maximum in these curves arises from the competition between hydrocarbon (or hydrogen) molecules and dioxygen for reacting with the emerging peroxyl 1:1 adduct radical. From the energetic standpoint possible nonchain pathways of the free-radical oxidation of hydrogen and the routes of ozone decay via the reaction with the hydroxyl free radical in the upper atmosphere (including the addition yielding the hydrotetraoxyl free radical, which can be an intermediate in the sequence of conversions of biologically hazardous UV radiation energy) were examined. The energetics of the key radical-molecule gas-phase reactions is considered.
Despite significant advances in oncology and neurosurgery, glial brain tumors continue to be an urgent problem of modern healthcare. The proportion of gliomas in the total structure of glial neoplasms is 40-45%, mainly they are detected at the age of 30-60 years, affecting the most able-bodied part of the population. Glial neoplasms, as a rule, develop from cells of the astrocytic or oligodendrocytic population and are characterized by a rapid growth rate of the primary tumor node, invasiveness, a tendency to early metastasis, a high recurrence rate, and a poor prognosis. The primary importance of tumor removal in the treatment of the disease is also generally recognized in cases where the pathological process is complicated by persistent disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid, deformation and expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid cavities. Naturally, the development of hydrocephalus, especially hydrocephalic-hypertensive syndrome, changes the course and prognosis of the disease and requires significant correction of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. As with most malignant tumors, anaplastic types of gliomas are characterized by the intensive development of the pathological vasculature, which accelerates the growth rate of the neoplasm, the rate of invasion and metastasis, and also increases the risk for patients due to the possibility of hemorrhage into the tumor. The nodular type of growth with a clearly defined border and insignificant infiltration is less common in conditionally benign gliomas, which have a more favorable prognosis of treatment. In the end, it is concluded that the described methods do not exhaust all proposals for increasing the effectiveness of the treatment of glial tumors and the development of new methods will bring neurooncologists closer to solving this urgent problem.
In this paper, we talk about an improved demodulation conspire utilizing the Fractional Fourier Transform for a balance plot utilizing twitter rate move keying, related to the empowers high request, for example more than 32-ary adjustment plans to be attainable with acceptable piece mistake rate execution, even without coding, along these lines conquering restrictions of conventional plans including stage move keying or QAM. By utilizing a FrFT-based demodulator, we grow our demodulation levels of independence from a solitary (for example recurrence) pivot to a whole time-recurrence space, called the Wigner Distribution (WD). We show how the proposed demodulation conspire utilizing the FrFT improves over past methodologies by in excess of 7 dB, empowering us to accomplish near 4-ary execution with a 32-ary tweak plot.
Diseases caused by soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi are a serious problem for agricultural crops, including sunflower crops. The limited possibilities of measures to control them further increases the interest and focus on them. This article reveals data on the species composition, occurrence rate of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi isolated from the soil of sunflower. Here, 11 species of true fungi and 1 species of oomycetes have been isolated. The highest incidence rate was recorded in the Fusarium oxysporum fungi species. During the study, pathogenic fungi specific to sunflower have also been isolated.
The article studies to clarify the indications for resection of the pancreas during operations for gastric cancer, to substantiate the proposed methods of resection of the pancreas and the results of surgical treatment of 79 patients with gastric cancer with invasion of the pancreas. On the basis of diagnostic data, patients with gastric cancer were divided into groups based on the depth of invasion into the pancreas. In 39 (49.4%) patients, the depth of germination is more than 5 mm, in 18 (22.8%) patients from 3 to 5 mm, and in the remaining 22 (27.9) patients, the depth of germination is up to 3 mm. Of these, after planar resection of the pancreas R1 resection in 3 (16.6%) patients. Postoperative complications were observed in 11 (13.9%) patients. Of these, mortality is 2 (2.5%). The one-year survival rate was 79.5%, and the three-year survival rate was 39.4%, and the five-year survival rate was 18.4%.
Improving monetary policy necessitates the study of the leading monetary rules and formulate scientific and practical conclusions and recommendations that substantiate their
practical significance. The article examines the position of the leading monetary concepts and substantiates the possibilities of their use in improving the monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
This article analyzes the synthesis of the Tenebrio molitor protein (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) belonging to a food insect, depending on its nutrient content. Differences in protein synthesis by Tenebrio molitor larvae were shown when wheat bran and flour from the macrophytesLemna minor and Azollacarolina were added. In particular, it was noted that TMO-2 and TMO-6 T.molitor F6 larvae are synthesized on average 31.02% protein in wheat bran, 38.13% in duckweed and 30.87% in azole. It was found that the larvae of variant F6 grown on wheat bran synthesized protein on average 4.79% less than the variant F1 of wheat. F6 larvae grown in duckweed synthesized 7.11% more protein than larvae grown in wheat bran and 0.15% less protein synthesis than larvae grown in azole. It was found that F6 larvae grown in duckweed produce 7.26% more protein than larvae grown in azole. Summarizing these indicators, it was noted that in the body of larvae eating macrophytes insufficient absorption of nutrients, low moisture content in the feed led to their death, egg laying and larvae of variant F6 produced significantly less protein than variant F1. When feeding macrophytes, it is advisable to takeintoaccountits moisture content or add flour based on them to other food sources. It was studied that egg-laying larvae grown on the basis of azole accounted for 38.14%, whereas in duckweed this indicator was 58.38%. It was found that in larvae grown on wheat bran, the percentage of egg-laying is 68.85%. The mortality rate of larvae feeding on wheat bran was 18.22%, in duckweed - 44.63%, in azole - 62.27%, this is due to insufficient moisture in the composition of duckweed and azole (average humidity 3.4-4.2%), relatively high humidity (average humidity 9.58-10.12%) in wheat bran. Survival coefficients of Tenebrio molitor F6 larvae were determined in three different compositions and sources of nutrients with different humidity (wheat bran, Lemna minor and flour Azollacarolina). Tenebrio molitor F6 larvae of the generation of variants TMO-2 and TMO-6 were grown on wheat bran with an average survival rate of 0.79, on duckweed flour - 0.50, on azolla flour - 0.64. It was noted that the survival rate of larvae grown on wheat bran was 15.5% higher than that of larvae grown on azolla, and it is advisable to explain the source not by the protein reserve, but by the amount of moisture in it. It was noted that the moisture content (9.58-10.12%) (protein 15%) in wheat bran was a factor in the high viability of the larvae compared to azolla (protein-27%, humidity 8.2%). Despite the easy protein synthesis in the body of larvae in duckweed flour (protein - 16.1%, humidity - 4.4%) compared to azolla flour, its content is 3.8% lower than that of azolla, due to the fact that survival the larvae in them were lower than in wheat and azolla. Therefore, along with the protein content, moisture is an important factor when choosing a food source. When summing the survival rates of larvae of the Tenebrio molitor F6 generation in the studied nutrient media, the average survival was calculated as 0.96. This means that based on the established ratios of wheat bran, duckweed and azolla flour, it will be possible to create a nutrient medium with a new content, high nutritional value and low cost
The high recurrence rate of muscle noninvasive bladder cancer (BC) dictates the search for new methods of surgical treatment. The problem of bladder cancer (BC) treatment is very urgent in urology, because of high morbidity, difficulties in determining the optimal treatment tactics, necessity of long-term follow-up examinations, high recurrence rate and progression. Risk and progression criteria have been developed to identify groups of patients in need of closer follow-up, which can be quantified using risk calculators for recurrence and tumour progression. Although there are clear guidelines for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer, it is also believed that the rate of recurrence depends on the quality of the primary surgical procedure performed [1,2].
This article describes improved experiments on factors influencing the rate of chemical reaction from general chemistry in continuous learning: catalyst and temperature, reagent surface area, dependence on reagent concentration.