The article is devoted to the emergence and evolution of people's diplomacy in international relations. It focuses on the interpretation of international and interethnic friendly relations, the analysis of their stages of development. People's dip-lomacy is one of the important aspects in the development of international relations of each state. The term people's diplomacy has historically been a mechanism for developing friendly relations between nations and states from the time of its formation to the present. The first period of formation of the term people's diplomacy originated in the East, and in the 60s of the ХХth century, the term began to be widely used in international relations in the West. At the same time, the role of people's diplomacy is expanding and playing an important role in the development of international relations. People's diplomacy is an important part of foreign policy, ensuring the improvement of relations between nations, the promotion of the country's interests in the international arena and the creation of its positive image. People's diplomacy is also a way to influence the thoughts and behavior of the population of foreign countries. Today, people's diplomacy is clearly reflected in the lives of all developing countries. However, there are a number of problems related to the extent and purpose of their implementation, the level of ensuring friendly relations between peoples. Therefore, the article also discusses the issue of people's diplomacy in international relations, its formation and stages of development, its role in the international community. The attention paid to the development of people's diplomacy in the international arena in recent years, in particular, and the analysis of the work being done in this direction are also mentioned. The article also reveals the importance of people's diplomacy and its equal development of friendly relations between peoples.
Geopolitical transformations and their impact on the energy system are closely related to the formation of the modern world order, and the energy factor plays an increasingly important role in international relations. Currently, energy security is regulated not only by the laws of a market economy, but also by geopolitical interests. Recently, it has been observed that subjects of international relations are trying to use the energy and raw materials factor to advance their interests. In the modern world order, fierce competition and the struggle for energy resources have taken a new turn. Leading countries are striving to establish themselves firmly in regions with large reserves of raw materials. Relations in the field of production, transportation and supply of energy to foreign markets are directly related to geopolitical processes. Therefore, under the influence of geopolitical transformations, this form of relationship changes systematically and functionally. The modern international energy system is affected by the forces and factors inherent in the world order, and is becoming increasingly complex. Geopolitical transformations have a significant impact on the international energy regime, creating a new configuration of geopolitical forces. New large consumer centers are emerging in the international arena, and competition between them is growing. The emergence of new centers of power has a significant impact on international energy relations. Energy conflicts between power centers and other actors weaken the foundations of global energy security. At the same time, the lack of effective international legal mechanisms to ensure energy security complicates the energy situation. This article discusses the impact of geopolitical transformations in East Asia on energy security, geopolitical processes in the region, the impact of the geostrategic, geo-economic interests of leading countries on international and regional energy relations, the impact of economic competition and political tension on markets, investment and energy resources of the countries of the region on the total security of the region, the geopolitical situation in the region and the participation of leading states, as well as international and regional political and economic structures. Also highlights problems of energy security in East Asia, the energy situation in the region, current issues of energy in the region, energy policy and cooperation of the countries of the region, the main directions of modern architecture of energy security in East Asia, energy strategies of the countries of the region, the institutional foundations of energy security, the problems facing energy diplomacy of the states of the region, the impact of regional conflicts on energy security and other relevant issues facing today's energy security in the region. It also provides analytical forecasts of the future energy situation in the region and in the international arena. The article concludes with scientific recommendations aimed at ensuring energy security and enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation in the context of geopolitical transformation.
This paper focuses on the emergence of the theory of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is a relatively new trend, which is a form in the theory of liberalism. The main ideas of liberalism include the protection by the state of the rights and freedoms of citizens, an increase in the role of individuals in the main spheres of public life through public institutions. Nevertheless, due to the ongoing changes in the system of international relations, this theory has also undergone some changes. The increase in the number of non-traditional actors on the world stage, the regulation of relations, the solution of issues and problems at the regional and global levels through international institutions contributed to the development of a new trend - neoliberalism. The article discusses the issues and reasons for the emergence of neoliberal theory. The comparative method of development and application of neoliberal and neorealist theories in the system of international relations is carried out. The main ideas of the representatives of both theories are considered. Globalization is directly related to the theory of neoliberalism. The globalization process, which began largely after the end of the Cold War, has fueled a renewed interest in the study of transnational relations and the influence of non-state actors on foreign policy. However, as with all theories and processes, globalization also has its supporters and opponents. The paper considers the opinions of experts who express their position on the effectiveness of regional and global forms of cooperation. The institutionalisation process is also a subject of controversy between representatives of neoliberal and neorealist theories. Nevertheless, the process has begun. From the point of view of representatives of neoliberal theory, the effectiveness of institutional development of relations is a demanded form of cooperation. However, we can observe changes in the system of international relations, which have recently shown the insufficient effectiveness of institutional associations in influencing certain challenges and threats. The coordinated and thoughtful actions of the subjects of neoliberal theory can have a beneficial effect on the further demand for this theory.
The history of relations between Uzbekistan and India have been continuing for a long time. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the relations have acquired a new meaning. In this article, the political, historical, economic study of bilateral relations between Uzbekistan and India was studied in an interdisciplinary approach. During the analysis, the works of Uzbek and Indian scholars who have studied the relations between the two countries will be considered. The scientific works of Uzbek scholars studying the relations between Uzbekistan and India analyze the economic, political and cultural aspects of relations. In particular, the works of R.Asadova and N.Ibragimova, who studied the period of relations between the two countries until 2000 at the dissertation level, will be studied. During the study of the history of relations between the two countries of S.Mirkasimov, I.Nematov and I.Mavlonov, who served as Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Uzbekistan in India from 1993 to 2004, will be considered. The scientific works of Indian scholars Skand R.Tayal, Barun De, Rahul Tripathi, V.Choob, Ramakant Dwivedi, Ramgopal Agarwala, Myeena Singh Roy, Prakash Shri, Rajorshi Roy, K.Santhanam, G-n Bhargav Mitra, who studied the relations between the two countries, were studied. Periodicals of the Republic of Uzbekistan play a key role in the coverage of Uzbek-Indian relations. This study examines the data of authors who have published articles in newspapers about the friendly relations between the two countries.
This research is aimed to study the legal nature of the main international treaties regulating international labor migration, the specifics of consolidating the concept of “migrant worker” in universal and regional international agreements. In accordance with this, the author determined the content of international acts, conducted a review of international universal and regional treaties that regulate the main categories of labor migration. Author concludes that the international legal regulation of the status of a migrant worker is the recognition of his legal personality, the concept of “migrant worker” enshrined in international treaties is intended for the category of migrant workers who are present and work in the state of residence only on legal grounds, the absence of the term “illegal labor migrant” in international treaties is a gap in international law.
In the context of an increasingly complex system of international relations, powerful states areи paying close attention to the factor of cultural diplomacy. After all, this factor becomes a solid criterion for mutually beneficial cooperation and stability. Cultural diplomacy not only contributes to the development and development of international relations, but also enhances trust and promising relations not only between states, but also between nations. In particular, countries such as Russia and China are trying to effectively use cultural diplomacy, taking into account historical experience. The cultural diplomacy of these countries in international affairs is aimed at restoring historical cultural ties with neighboring countries. It should be noted that the cultural diplomacy of Russia and China is carried out differently in each region or country and has a number of similar features. In this regard, cultural diplomacy between Russia and China with the Central Asian region, including Uzbekistan, is an important element of the soft power policy, but also plays a special role in the development of cultural cooperation between peoples. For the Republic of Uzbekistan, the experience of not only leading developed countries, but also Russia and China, the largest countries of the Eurasian region, is important for the Republic of Uzbekistan with a rich history of diplomacy, including cultural diplomacy. If they do not take into account their geopolitical position, their military-economic power, as well as their common history (with Russia) and their interests, Uzbekistan will not be able to build a foreign policy strategy with them in the geo-economic space. Countries such as Russia and China have long used cultural diplomacy as an important foreign policy mechanism, and this process continues today. Therefore, it is important to study the features and experience of the cultural diplomacy policy of the two countries. This article analyzes the diplomatic experience of China and Russia in international relations, in particular the similarities and differences between cultural diplomacy.
Preventing war and expanding international tranquillity has always been one of the major concerns of the scientific and academic circles of international relations and therefore the recognition of the nature and discourse governing international relations is of particular importance. On the other hand the new phenomenon of modernity is a very influential element in the relations between the state and social forces which has particularly affected the human political social and civilization arenas in the past two decades. And in the meantime international tranquillity can spread as much as possible through the expansion of civilization ties. Therefore the present paper seeks to explore the role of modernity of political culture in global tranquillity expansion as one of the new areas in studies related to modernity. Obviously the present paper seeks to answer the question of how modernity of political culture has had an impact on international tranquillity.
Preventing war and expanding international tranquillity has always been one of the major concerns of the scientific and academic circles of international relations and therefore the recognition of the nature and discourse governing international relations is of particular importance. On the other hand the new phenomenon of modernity is a very influential element in the relations between the state and social forces which has particularly affected the human political social and civilization arenas in the past two decades. And in the meantime international tranquillity can spread as much as possible through the expansion of civilization ties. Therefore the present paper seeks to explore the role of modernity of political culture in global tranquillity expansion as one of the new areas in studies related to modernity. Obviously the present paper seeks to answer the question of how modernity of political culture has had an impact on international tranquillity.
This paper analyzes the legal nature and role of “soft law” norms, which are widely used in the regulation of international relations. The norms of “soft law” and “hard law” are compared, the place and role of these norms in the regulation of international relations are studied. The legal force and significance of international documents that are not international treaties in the Law "On International Treaties of the Republic of Uzbekistan" are disclosed.
This article describes the development of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and
the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. It says the formation and development of bilateral and multilateral
cooperation between countries. The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics of international
legal relations between these countries since independence to this day. The author reveals the formation
and development of the legal framework for cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the
Arab States in the Persian Gulf region. In this context is noted, the development of the legal basis of Uzbekistan’s bilateral and multilateral relations with these States. The final part of the article describes the current trends of cooperation between Uzbekistan and the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.
The Cold War was not only traditional in international relations next phase of the struggle for world domination, but also an ideological war aimed to impose on the opposing powers a certain value system, social structure, political regime, etc. As a result the ideological conflict of the opposing powers became an important component of the Cold War. With the end of the Cold War the problems of «end of history» and the “end of ideologies” were actualized on the West. It became about an axiom that the world politics lost its ideological dimension. In fact, however, ideological component is deeply integrated into the emerging «new» world order. Even the dominance of Western countries in the emerging system of international relations was legitimated by the postulates of neo-liberalism. The coming to power in the USA of president D. Trump and changes in American foreign policy stress a deep transformation in the modern system of international 51 relations. Unconditional dominance of the liberal paradigm in global scale is gradually coming to an end. This process is accelerated due to the completion of the «unipolar moment» in world politics and process of step by step formation of a polycentric world order. The world is entering to a turbulent era. And one of its main features will probably be decline of ideology influence and the strengthening of political realism as an intellectual dominant in making decisions in dynamic and unclear international environment.
In the article is presented the features of the formation and stages of development of the Department
of «Economic Theory» of NUUz. There various areas of international cooperation over the past 3-4 years
are considered in detail. The main areas of international cooperation are: training graduates in the master's
program at international leading universities; preparation and publication of collective monographs and
textbooks with foreign universities; organization and holding of international conferences in conjunction
with the world's leading universities; preparation and publication of scientific articles jointly with scientists of foreign universities; participation of the department staff in international events; advanced training and retraining of the teaching staff of the department in foreign universities; conducting classes for NUU students by professors of foreign universities; conducting lectures by the department’s teachers at foreign
universities included in the top of 1000 universities; membership in editorial boards of international journals, etc.
The article gives a comparative analysis of the Charter of terminological organizations in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as its principles. It is well known that in accordance with theoretical and scientific views, as well as the recommendations of the world terminology of Vienna, Prague and Russian terminology schools, an international standard has been established, which is an instruction for all languages in general linguistics. Prior to this, a number of standardization associations were created, including in 1926 the ISA (International Association for Standardization) - the "International Association for Standardization", in 1931 in Europe the British Standard Institution - the British Institute of Standardization, and in 1946 the ISO ( International Organization for Standardization). And in Iran at different periods were established three language academy to preserve the purity of the language. The third academy, that is, the last of them, is the “Academy of Persian Language and Literature”, which was founded in 1991 and has its own Instruction. At the same time, "Atamakom" started its activities in the Uzbek language, and completed it in the short term. The article presents an analysis of the International Terminological Organization Standard - ISO 704, which was created at the school of world terminology, as well as the influence of its principles on term formation on the rules of term formation in the Persian and Uzbek languages, different and similar sides of each. In addition, some paragraphs of the Charter of the "Academy of the Persian Language" were compared and analyzed by the relevant paragraphs of the terminology of the Uzbek "Atamakom". The main goal of the article is to analyze the provision of terms for borrowing by terminological organizations that were founded for the formation of terms in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as compare and study the Statutes for the formation of new terms, to look at the correspondence of the clauses of the Standard of the International Terminological Organization ISO 704. As a result of comparisons of theories a number of proposals for the creation of terms in the Uzbek language are presented.
This article discusses the latest trends in energy relations in the Middle East, the impact of international and regional events on it, and current issues of energy security in the region. It also analyzes the strategies of the leading countries of the world in the field of energy supply, geopolitical and geoeconomic changes associated with the formation of new energy relations in the Middle East. Energy diplomacy and the foreign policy of the leading oil-producing countries of the Middle East at the world and regional levels are comparatively studied. The most important area in the Middle East today is undoubtedly the issue of energy. This is inextricably linked with the development needs of the countries of the Middle East, and the fuel and energy potential plays an important role in ensuring the prosperity, security and stability of the countries of the region. The Middle East, with its vast reserves, remains a hotbed of conflict in the 21st century. The geopolitical interests of leading countries such as the United States, China, the European Union and Russia clash in the region. In the context of globalization, the energy security of countries becomes the most important task of the global political process. Due to the reduction of hydrocarbon reserves, the intensification of political and economic crises in oil-producing countries, the sharp increase in consumption of raw materials, the problem of energy security is becoming an increasingly important task for international relations. Today, five of the ten leading oil producing countries in the world are located in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE. This group of countries accounts for more than a quarter of world oil production. Energy production in the region affects not only participants in the Middle East, but also non-regional actors, the entire international energy security system. The final part of the article presents scientific recommendations for ensuring energy security in the Middle East, the formation of modern mechanisms of energy relations and constructive dialogue between the countries of the region at the international and regional levels.
The study discusses some key issues regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international relations, the global economy. According to the author, slackening of economic relation in global economy, the falldown of Gross Domestic Product, has counted against many national economies and for global economy as a whole. In this context, it is also necessary to emphasize that the issue will negatively affect the cultural and humanitarian relations between the countries, which will also affect and slow down the pace of development of international relations after the pandemic. The situation that has developed in the world as a result of a pandemic makes it clear that the emergence of any disease, epidemic, threatens its mass spread among millions of people and not a single country or state is protected from this, and the consequences apply to absolutely all spheres of life of a human being. At present, for many states, along with political and economic problems that need urgent solutions, the construction of hospitals, their equipping and provision of medical personnel, the lack of which is especially acute in the context of the global epidemic, has become especially priority. And, in such conditions, the development of multilateral cooperation is acutely felt, actions together based on the principles of cooperation in solving priority problems. The following tasks are revealed in the article: study of the situation in the world related to the current spread of the coronavirus, the impact of the pandemic on international relations; measures taken by governments in a pandemic conditions and their effectiveness; Uzbekistan's experience in counteracting the pandemia; strengthening regional cooperation; Uzbekistan's initiatives to combat the pandemia. The general situation, connected with the spread of the pandemia is examined. The consideration is given to the measures applied by the countries’ governments in combating the coronavirus pandemia, as well as their effectiveness. The article presents the experience of Uzbekistan in combating a pandemia, initiatives to combat the crisis, as well as strengthening regional cooperation with neighboring countries at the current stage. Currently, only the beginning of regional cooperation between Central Asian states is observed. The study of the issues of spread of coronavirus, and its impact on international relations are not well-defined. Since the pandemic has spread throughout the world, there are a lot of questions for research, not only large-scale, but also local in nature. In the course of the work, the author applied a systematic approach.
In this article questions of legal regulation of the international transportation of passengers and baggage in railway transport, standards of the international documents and the national legislation on transportation of the passenger and freights, and also a role of the general and special norms on regulation of the relations on transportation are analysed.
In the article explores the differences in the approaches of each Central Asian country to regional cooperation. The initiatives put forward by the leaders of the countries of the region were analyzed. The author describes the features of the foreign policy concepts of the countries of the region. The factors of foreign policy of the Central Asian countries are analyzed. The need for regional integration was explained by analyzing the evolutionary processes taking place in Uzbekistan's neighbors in Central Asia. Regional cooperation is based on an understanding of the evolution of geopolitical processes in the modern world, where the tendency to build international, political, economic, and other relations is growing. It is emphasized that such a view is extremely relevant for modern Central Asia, which is a link interconnected by relatively different ancient local ties. Some factors were considered, the development of a special legal document or a concept that reveals prospects aimed at enhancing the development of the countries of the region directly with neighbors. The speeches of the leaders of the countries of the region from the tribunes of influential international organizations and forums on the creation of a new system of international relations in the region have been studied. The main regional and international initiatives of the Central Asian states in the field of security and development were highlighted. Analyzed issues are the measures taken by the countries of the region to solve border problem
In the modern world, various states pay special attention to their cultural diplomacy and the formation of their image. The purpose of cultural diplomacy is to strengthen international relations with foreign countries and influence on the system of international relations. It also plays an important role in shaping the image and improving status in the world community. The cultural factor, as a “soft power” in international politics, seriously affects the socio-economic processes in the world and international relations. The term "soft power" refers to cultural diplomacy conducted by a particular state. Japan, which is one of the developed countries of the world, pays special attention to the soft power factor in foreign policy. It is known that Japan managed to preserve the values of its national culture, despite the fact that it used the achievements of Western civilization for many decades. And therefore, modern Japanese culture is characterized by the fact that it harmoniously combines tradition and modernity. Thanks to the successful combination of national characteristics and the achievements of computer digital technologies, Japan has become a world leader among information societies. Cultural diplomacy not only serves Japan to resolve many issues of a political and economic nature, but also integrates it deeper into the international community and enhances its image in the international arena. Thus, Japan, effectively using the processes of globalization, has achieved world recognition of its culture through the development of cultural diplomacy. In this regard, it is of interest to us to study the best practices of Japan in this area.
In the introductory part of the article the author gives concept of the international contracts and their value for today. In the basic part of the article the role of the international contracts in development of the international attitudes and a diplomatic language is comprehensively considered. In the conclusion the author comes to opinion, that nowadays the role of the international contracts has huge value in development of the international diplomatic relations and therefore, the states should develop and carry a special role to writing, i.e. language of the international contracts.
The article provides an overview of the literature on corruption relations in civil society, and then - the relationship between public administration, institutions and civil society.
The study examined cooperation with civil society in the fight against corruption and its solution, as well as its eradication at the national and international levels, as well as the activities of international organizations in the fight against corruption, their objectives and goals.
A comprehensive analysis of the international legal framework of civil society in the fight against corruption, the specifics of international legal regulation based on universal mechanisms, legal regulation of regional structures, as well as the level of interaction and powers of international NGOs in the fight against corruption was carried out.