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III ShO'BA
.
ZAMONAVIY MEDIA TILI.
STANDARTLIK VA EKSPRESSIVLIK
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
WITH A HUMAN COMPONENT IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN
AND UZBEK. THE USE OF METAPHOR
Yulduzkhon MARUFOVA
MA student at Uzbekistan State
World Languages University
Mukaddas ISRAIL
Scientific advisor
Abstract.
This empirical study delves into a comparative analysis of
phraseological units imbued with a human component across the English, Russian,
and Uzbek languages, specifically focusing on the utilization of metaphor.
Investigating these linguistic constructs offers a nuanced exploration of the
metaphorical dimensions underlying expressions associated with human attributes in
diverse cultural and linguistic contexts. Through a systematic examination of
carefully selected corpora in each language, this research uncovers the metaphorical
frameworks employed in these phraseological units, unveiling their cultural
connotations and cognitive implications. The findings contribute to the broader
understanding of metaphorical usage in language and illuminate the intricate
interplay between metaphor, culture, and cognition within the domain of human-
centric phraseology.
Key words:
phraseological units, comparative analysis, human component,
metaphor, cultural connotations, cognitive implications.
Introduction.
The realm of phraseology constitutes a treasure trove of linguistic
expressions that encapsulate the essence of cultural values, cognitive processes, and
communicative strategies embedded within a language. Within this intricate tapestry
of language, phraseological units with a human component stand as vivid reflections
of how societies conceptualize human attributes, behaviors, and emotions.
Understanding the metaphorical underpinnings of these expressions unveils the
deeper layers of meaning and cultural nuances inherent in linguistic representations
of human experiences.
This study embarks on a comparative journey across three distinct linguistic
landscapes: English, Russian, and Uzbek, to dissect the metaphorical elements within
phraseological units centered around human attributes. By focusing on metaphorical
usage, the research aims to uncover not only similarities and differences but also the
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cognitive and cultural implications ingrained in these expressions across diverse
linguistic communities. Metaphor, as a fundamental mechanism in human cognition
and communication, plays a pivotal role in shaping and conveying these
phraseological units, providing a lens through which cultural and conceptual nuances
can be discerned.
The investigation involves a systematic analysis of a meticulously curated
corpus in each language, seeking to identify, analyze, and compare phraseological
units that emdiv human characteristics. Through this exploration, the study aspires
to unravel the metaphorical frameworks underlying these expressions, shedding light
on the intricate relationship between metaphor, culture, and cognition. By delving
into the metaphorical dimensions of phraseology, this research endeavors to
contribute to the broader discourse on language, culture, and the intricate interplay of
metaphorical usage within human-centric linguistic expressions.
Literature Review
. The examination of phraseological units, particularly those
involving a human component, has garnered scholarly attention, with a focus on the
role of metaphor in shaping linguistic expressions. This literature review synthesizes
key findings from previous works that delve into phraseology and metaphor across
English, Russian, and Uzbek languages.
Comparative analyses of phraseological units across languages have been
foundational in understanding linguistic diversity. Works by Benson (1997) and
Moon (1998) have explored cross-linguistic differences in phraseology, highlighting
the variations in metaphorical constructs and conceptualizations of human attributes.
Scholars such as Gibbs (1994) have scrutinized the metaphorical nature of English
phraseology, emphasizing the figurative and conceptual dimensions of expressions
related to human experiences. Gibbs' work provides insights into how metaphor
contributes to the richness and complexity of English phraseological units.
Russian phraseology, deeply rooted in cultural and historical contexts, has been
explored by Vinogradov (1955) and Skvortsova (2009). These studies delve into the
metaphorical aspects of Russian linguistic expressions related to human attributes,
offering a nuanced understanding of the cultural implications embedded in these
units.
While the div of research on Uzbek phraseology is limited, Kadirova's (2015)
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work marks a significant contribution. This study provides initial insights into
metaphorical elements within Uzbek phraseological units, emphasizing the cultural
dimensions and linguistic richness specific to the Uzbek language.Lakoff and
Johnson's seminal work (1980) on metaphor in everyday language serves as a
theoretical foundation for understanding the cognitive dimensions of metaphor. Their
research is crucial for unraveling the metaphorical intricacies inherent in
phraseological units, particularly those with a human component. The connection
between phraseology and cultural semantics is highlighted by Wierzbicka (1992).
This foundational work emphasizes how phraseological units, especially those
featuring human elements, act as linguistic mirrors reflecting shared cultural values
and nuances. In synthesizing these contributions, it becomes evident that while
individual languages have been subject to intense linguistic scrutiny, there is a notable
gap in the comparative analysis of phraseological units with a human component,
particularly concerning the use of metaphor. This study endeavors to address this gap
by examining the metaphorical dimensions across English, Russian, and Uzbek,
contributing to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural nuances
within human-centric phraseology.
Methodology
. A diverse datawas meticulously chosen for each language,
comprising written and spoken texts, literary works, and everyday language use. The
focus was on selecting phraseological units with a human component, acknowledging
the metaphorical importance of these expressions in capturing cultural and cognitive
nuances. Phraseological units were systematically extracted from the chosen corpus,
with an emphasis on those emdiving human attributes. The selection criteria
prioritized metaphorical richness, aiming to capture expressions where metaphor
plays a significant role in shaping meaning. Each phraseological unit was scrutinized
to identify underlying metaphors. Metaphors were classified based on conceptual
mappings that link human attributes to metaphorical expressions. This step aimed to
reveal the metaphorical importance of these units in conveying nuanced meanings.
The identified phraseological units in English, Russian, and Uzbek were subjected to
a comprehensive comparative analysis. The focus was on understanding how each
language employs similar or different metaphors to convey meanings associated with
human attributes.
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Examples for Comparative Analysis:
English:
1.
"A penny for your thoughts."
-
Metaphor: Thoughts as a valuable commodity.
-
Explanation: This metaphorical expression implies a request for someone's
thoughts or opinions, suggesting that the speaker values the insights shared.
2.
"Burning the midnight oil."
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Metaphor: Working late into the night.
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Explanation: The metaphor illustrates dedication and hard work by likening
the act of working late to burning a lamp's oil through the night.
3.
"Kick the bucket."
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Metaphor: Dying.
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Explanation: This humorous metaphor refers to the act of dying, illustrating
how metaphors can convey serious topics with a touch of colloquialism.
Russian:
1.
"Брать быка за рога."
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Metaphor: Facing challenges head-on.
-
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Explanation: Literally translated as "grabbing the bull by the horns," this
metaphor encourages tackling challenges directly and assertively.
2.
"Вешать лапшу на уши."
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Metaphor: Deceptive talk or flattery.
-
Explanation: Translated as "hanging noodles on someone's ears," this
metaphor highlights the use of deceptive language or flattery.
3.
"Гореть как факел."
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Metaphor: Burning brightly.
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Explanation: This metaphorical expression signifies someone or something
shining or standing out prominently, akin to a burning torch.
Uzbek:
1.
"Bo’yniga olmoq."
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Metaphor: Taking responsibility.
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Explanation: Translated as "to tie up one's head," this metaphor implies taking
control or responsibility for one's actions.
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2.
"Ko’ksini kermoq"
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Metaphor: Boasting.
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Explanation: Literally meaning "to swell up the chest," this metaphor conveys
the idea of boasting or expressing pride.
3.
"Chiroq bilan yoritmoq"
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Metaphor: Illuminating with light.
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Explanation: Translated as "to play Uzbek with a lamp," this metaphor
suggests enlightening or shedding light on a situation.
Conclusion.
The comparative analysis of phraseological units with a human
component across English, Russian, and Uzbek languages has unveiled the
metaphorical richness inherent in linguistic expressions. Through a meticulous
examination, this study illuminated how each language employs similar or distinct
metaphors to convey meanings associated with human attributes. The metaphorical
importance of these phraseological units was underscored, showcasing the cultural,
cognitive, and communicative implications embedded within them.
The findings highlight the intricate interplay between language, culture, and
cognition, emphasizing how metaphor serves as a powerful tool in shaping
conceptualizations of human experiences. The exploration of metaphorical
dimensions within phraseology provides insights into cross-linguistic and cross-
cultural nuances, fostering a deeper understanding of how speakers conceptualize and
convey human-related expressions in diverse linguistic landscapes.
References
1.
Benson, M. (1997). Cross-linguistic phraseological studies: An overview. In
A. P. Cowie (Ed.), Phraseology: Theory, Analysis, and Applications (pp. 123137).
Oxford University Press.
2.
Gibbs, R. W. (1994). The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language,
and Understanding. Cambridge University Press.
3.
Kadirova, N. (2015). Metaphorical elements in Uzbek phraseology. Journal
of Uzbek Linguistics, 8(2), 45-60.
4.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University of
Chicago Press.
5.
Moon, R. (1998). Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English: A CorpusBased
Approach. Oxford University Press.
6.
Skvortsova, N. (2009). Russian phraseology: A cultural and historical
perspective. Russian Language Journal, 63(4), 567-580.
7.
Vinogradov, V. (1955). Russian Phraseology. Moscow: State Publishing
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House of Foreign and National Dictionaries.
8.
Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human
Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations. Oxford University Press.
9.
Qizi, Valiyeva Nargizaxon Zamir. "Helpful methods of translating
phraseological units containing components of anthroponyms." (2022).
