SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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/ ORIENTAL STUDIES 2018,
№
3
138
риб
кетган
маънавий
меросини
ўқиб
-
ўрганишимиз
,
уларни
янада
бойитиши
-
миз
ҳамда
жаҳон
даражасига
кўтаришимиз
лозим
.
Хулоса
қилиб
шуни
айтиш
мумкинки
,
энг
аввало
,
Маҳмуд
Замах
-
шарийнинг
ахлоқий
қарашлари
ўзимизнинг
шарқона
одоб
-
ахлоқ
меъёрлари
асосида
шахс
дунёқарашини
шакллантиришга
қаратилганки
,
уни
ҳуқуқий
,
фуқаролик
жамиятида
амал
қилиш
тамойилларини
яратиш
ва
ижтимоий
муносабатлар
жараёнинга
олиб
кириш
муҳимдир
.
Иккинчидан
,
Маҳмуд
Замахшарийнинг
ахлоқий
қарашларини
таҳлил
қилиб
,
уларда
ўз
-
ўзини
тарбиялаш
,
ақл
,
янги
билимларни
эгаллашга
ҳаракат
қилиш
,
жоҳиллик
,
ахлоқсизликни
қоралаш
,
адолат
юзасидан
иш
тутиш
каби
йўналишлар
мавжуд
деган
хулоса
қилиш
мумкин
.
Учинчидан
,
Алломанинг
панд
-
насиҳатларини
,
ибратли
ўгитларини
ўр
-
ганган
,
улардан
баҳра
олган
кишилар
кибрдан
,
манманликдан
,
баҳилликдан
,
жоҳиллик
,
тошбағирлик
,
зиқналик
,
хасислик
,
таъмагирлик
,
очкўзлик
,
мол
-
дунёга
ҳирс
қуйиш
,
бошқаларга
ёмонлик
қилиш
каби
турли
салбий
иллатлардан
воз
кечиб
,
уларнинг
ўрнига
бағрикенглик
,
камтарлик
,
адолат
,
меҳр
-
мурувват
,
ростгўйлик
,
ҳалоллик
,
поклик
,
хушмуомалалик
,
садоқат
каби
гўзал
фазилатларни
ўзларида
жо
этишга
интиладилар
.
РАВШАНОВА
МАХФУРАТ
Тадқиқотчи
,
ТошДШИ
The essence of the concept of national identity
in the context of globalization processes
Аннотация
.
Мақолада
миллий
ўзлик
масаласи
таҳлил
қилинган
бўлиб
,
глобал
-
лашув
жараёнида
япон
маданияти
ва
япон
миллий
ғоясини
сақлаб
қолиш
масаласи
қадрият
нуқтаи
назаридан
тадқиқ
этилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
миллий
ўзлик
,
глобализация
,
маданият
,
миллий
ғоялар
,
маданият
фалсафаси
,
миллий
ўзликри
сақлаш
,
шахс
.
Аннотация
.
В
статье
рассмотрен
вопрос
национального
самосознания
.
Представ
-
лен
анализ
ценностно
-
гносеологического
подхода
к
исследованию
особенностей
нациоль
-
ноого
самосознания
в
эпоху
глобализации
.
Раскрыта
сущность
японской
философии
культуры
,
которая
понимается
как
выработка
национальной
идеи
Японии
,
необходи
-
мой
для
сохранения
культуры
человека
в
глобализирующемся
мире
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
национальное
самосознание
,
глобализация
,
культура
,
личность
,
философия
культуры
,
национальные
идеи
,
сохранение
нациольноого
самосознания
.
Abstract.
The article analyzes the concepts of national identity. The value-gnoseolo-
gical approach to the study of features of national identity in the era of globalization was
analyzed in detail. Characterize the essence of the concept of national identity in the
context of the processes of globalization.
Keyworlds and expressions:
national identity, globalization, culture, philosophy of
culture, national ideas, save national identity, creative thinking, person
.
In today's world, there are fundamental social, political and economic changes
that subsequently lead to the expansion of the relationships and interdependence of
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different countries, peoples, cultures and nationalities. Changes of this kind cover
almost all spheres of social life that directly affect the development and formation of
philosophical and scientific knowledge. All this is interconnected with the fact that
the processes of globalization involve the formation of new forms intended to become
regulators of social processes in the XXI century. It can be noted that globalization is
a process of convergence and integration of social, economic, national and cultural
norms and principles that have distinct national features. In other words, globalization
is a global economic process – political and cultural integration and unification
1
.
The rapid changes in the world in the late XX – early XXI century, associated
primarily with the growing and very contradictory processes of globalization has
sharply exacerbated the problem of national identity. The process of globalization has
captured almost all the world space, connecting on the one hand, and dividing it into the
center and the periphery. Slowly expanding its geography, global flows have practically
taken over the main spheres of life of the world community, subjugating culture,
politics, economy, philosophy. In such a situation, it is possible to distinguish cultural
globalization and the preservation of national identity in the process of globalization
2
.
National identity is a complex multidimensional, multifaceted phenomenon,
which includes social, socio-philosophical, psychological, cultural and ethnic
aspects. As a social phenomenon, it is characterized by quality, relativity,
dynamism. In the era of globalization, Identity is characterized by flexibility,
mobility, multiplicity, incompleteness, contextuality. National identity or national
consciousness is one of the components of human identity associated with the
perceived belonging to a particular ethnic group or nation. National identity is not
identical to the concepts of citizenship or nationality, although they may be
factors that have a strong influence on it
3
.
National identity is not a natural feature. It stems from the acquired awareness of the
community of culture, history, language with a certain group of people. To this can be added
a sense of belonging to a particular state, national idea, culture and national symbols4.
The point is that «the concept of' national identity» is extremely vague, but there
are complex issues of intersection of the concept. First, this concept must be
processed and translated into the concept of «collective identity». And if the meaning
of «national identity» is considered to be «ethnic», then the complexity of this aspect
of the issue of identity will be immediately understood. Simply because the very
notion of these phenomena in social Sciences is colored by ambiguity, «collective
identity» is not required to have a multi-layered personality.
Identity is understood as a person's awareness of his belonging to a social group,
which allows him to determine his place in the socio-cultural space and freely
navigate in the world. Since each individual can be a member of several social and
cultural communities at the same time, depending on the type of group membership it
1
Miller D. Citizenship and National Identity. – London: Cambridge, 2000. – P. 89.
2
Бадмаев
В
.
Н
.
Феномен
национальной
идентичности
(
социально
-
философский
анализ
). –
Волгоград
-
Элиста
, 2005. –
С
. 154.
3
Smith A. D. National identity // Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective. – University of
Nevada Press, 2001. – P. 14.
4
Huntington S. P. Who are we: The challenges to national identity. – Simon and Schuster, 2004. – P. 75.
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is customary to distinguish different types of identity: civil, national, ethnic, cultural,
professional, political, religious. In a generalized form, national identity can be
defined as a spiritual and moral category, which is organically present in all
manifestations of the national. Its attributes, taken separately, are relatively
independent, but their consideration outside of connection with each other does not
give a complete and adequate idea of the nature and expression of national identity.
National identity is a phenomenon of a higher order than any other type of identity,
such as professional identity. It is the national identity that influences the world
perception of a person. The relationship in the system of identities can be
characterized by the principle of dominoes: in transformation inevitably affect the
other one, crisis in one either creates the impression of a General crisis, or really leads
to it. Therefore, the causes of the crisis of national identity should be sought in a
different plane, often far from the national. National identity is the most effective and
sustainable mechanism of human establishment in the social sphere. Other social
mechanisms are collapsing and do not stand the test of time, as they can be repeatedly
replaced and therefore do not give much needed stability.
In the context of the concept of national identity can be considered in two
aspects: the first is the philosophical and anthropological, as a process of
awareness of belonging to a particular nation, national culture; the second is the
understanding of national characteristics as an imperative in determining the
historical path of the nation. This approach provides an opportunity to address the
issues of globalization, initially covering mainly the economic and political areas,
and now spread to culture. In this case, the growth of national consciousness can
also be presented as a protective reaction to the standardization of social life.
In the aftermath of globalization, the world is becoming more connected and
dependent on each other. Globalization, moving the system-forming principles of
society and the individual, turns into a problem many established ideas. One of the
main issues is the problem of identity, what S. Huntington draws attention to: “People
and Nations are trying to answer the most important question of all that can stand
before a person: who are we?” The dynamics of semantic invariants of basic character,
such as nation, state, religious values, cultural traditions, mentality, problematizes the
functioning research paradigm, putting forward conceptual issues of fundamental
nature before social thought. In this situation, identity acts as a kind of “prism through
which many important features of modern life are considered, evaluated and studied”
1
.
The problem of identity in the era of globalization includes, first of all,
personal identity – that is, the formation of a person's stable ideas about himself as
a member of society, and cultural identity that can cause a sense of identity among
the people, allowing him to determine his place in the transnational space.
Cultural diversity and national identity are now under threat, and humanity is
trying to impose a single model as the only true one, to level all its diversity under
a single stencil. Hence the natural reaction of the people-to protect themselves,
their uniqueness, identity, and national identity.
1
Бауман
3.
Индивидуализированное
общество
. –
М
.:
Наука
, 2002. – C. 176.
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The study of national identity in the context of globalization is at the
intersection of different, but at the same time closely interrelated and overlapping
scientific discourses. At the same time, the concept of identity takes on a variety
of meanings. Identity is considered as a philosophical category, as a category of
social knowledge, as a psychological category, as a category of interdisciplinary
knowledge. Thus, the term becomes interdisciplinary. The expansion of the
meaning of the term "identity" is due to the fact that social reality reflected by the
concept of data has come into motion. This has led to the actualization of two
interrelated, though oppositely directed, trends: the wide spread of the concept of
«identity»
1
in public rhetoric and attempts to deconstruct it in scientific discourse,
aimed at overcoming the concepts of integral, authentic and unchanging identity.
All this allows us to speak not only about the complexity of the concept of
«identity», but also about the significant expansion of its semantic field.
The richness of shades of the national identity issues is a reflection of its real
volume, versatility. In this regard, the conclusion of T. P. Grigorieva that «the people
must preserve their national heritage, because only in this case they can bring
something unique to the Treasury of the peoples, without which it is impossible to
world unity. This, and not to be like everyone else, is his international duty. He who
forgets about it, not only hurts the national feeling of another people, but also harms
himself, because he refuses what belongs to all»
2
In their opinion, globalization is a
process and a state incompatible with the existence of Nations and aimed at the
abolition and elimination of national communities. Integration processes destroy the
sovereignty of state units, which are in the field of its action.
Globalization is a process aimed at the destruction of any state sovereignty. The
subject of globalist invective is national sovereignty, national state, national identity. The
problem of identity is multifaceted. It includes not only the questions of meaning for each
individual and each culture “Who are we?”, but also has its ultimate basis the deepest
metaphysical question: “What is a man?” The process of globalization brings to the fore
the question of the deep foundations of the true existence of man, that is. it raises the
question of global identity, which is associated with the change of the role of national-
ethnic and state identity in the globalizing world. A number of globalization processes
have a direct impact on the exacerbation of the identity crisis. These processes –
democratization, economization, Informatization, cultural standardization, value universa-
lization – inevitably encounter national identity as an obstacle to their natural development,
as the Central core that holds the most established, sometimes accumulated millennia, and
therefore the most solid ideas of various ethnic communities about themselves
3
.
Globalization social, economic, regional, national phenomena that cause
various changes in the world. The word «globalization» carries with it social,
cultural, economic, political activities. Depending on the context in which you use
the concept of “globalization” and the relations between the elements of
globalization, the components of
м
the close connection between the different parts
1
Robertson R. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. – London: Polity Press, 2001 – P. 193.
2
Григорьева
Т
.
П
.
Япония
:
путь
сердца
. –
М
.:
Наука
, 2008. –
С
. 56.
3
Сафарова
Н
.
О
.
Системный
анализ
процесса
глобализации
//
Миллий
менталитет
ва
ижтимоий
жараёнлар
диалектикаси
. –
Андижон
, 2016. –
С
. 42–46.
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of the world (globalization of the world). As a result of globalization, the world is
becoming more connected and more dependent on all its actors.
In turn, globalization is changing the old ideas about the center of world civili-
zation and models of its development. Every point in the global space of civilization
can quickly turn at any moment into a world center of global development. And
vanish as well. All this generates turbulent processes in the whole system of
civilization, showing its inharmonicity, its deep contradictions, requiring a rethinking
of the role and place of the local in the global, as well as the global in the local
1
.
Both social groups and individuals have identity. At the same time, they have
multiple identities (territorial, national, cultural, religious, etc.), certain aspects of
which are mutually complementary. The choice of identities should lead not to
their “clash”, but to the interaction of different national identities based on the
recognition of cultural diversity of the global and interdependent world, in which
people, Nations feel part not only of their local societies, but also of the whole
humanity. Globalization processes, integrating the external social space,
strengthen its internal differentiation. Globalization, considered as the desire of
mankind to achieve planetary unity while maintaining diversity and diversity of
cultures, is impossible without changing the General cultural and civilizational
paradigm of human development, without a qualitative transformation of the
whole system of values of national cultures
2
. The modern world, which is born in
the course of modern transformation processes, is not one. It is not only the
presence of different political actors, but also the enormous diversity of cultural
and national identities, which are included in the process of creating a holistic
world and are forced to find ways to preserve their identity.
The modern understanding of identity is connected with the works of
E. Erickson and M. Castells. Erickson identifies three main aspects of identity:
1) sense of identity; 2) the process of identity formation; and 3) identity as a
result
3
. Castels distinguishes three forms of identity building: legitimizing
identity, associated with rationalization of social actor belonging to the dominant
social institutions; the identity of resistance that arises in those social actors that
form the mechanisms of resistance and survival on the basis of principles different
from those prevalent in a given society or opposed to them; finally, designing
identity, when social actors construct a new identity that re-defines their position
in society, and try to change the whole structure of social relations
4
.
Identity refers to a class of phenomena that are related to the collective self-
consciousness and self-perception in society, but at the same time including the
inherent collective unconscious. These phenomena are based on stable and long-
lived relations with other sociocultural and national-ethnic groups, as well as to
1
Bartelson J. Three Concepts of the Globalization. International Sociology. – London: Routlerge,
2000. – P. 23.
2
Там
же
. –
С
. 45.
3
Мамадалиев
М
.
У
.,
Хайдарова
А
.
Э
.
Глобаллашув
даврида
маънавий
тараккиёт
ва
тарбия
масала
-
лари
//
Миллий
менталитет
ва
ижтимоий
жараёнлар
диалектикаси
. –
Андижон
, 2016. –
С
. 211–213.
4
Castells M. The Power of Identity // The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. –
Oxford, 2004. – P. 6.
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the surrounding world as a whole. It is possible to note some paradoxical
situation. The growth of objective integration trends in the world, which lead to
interconnection and interaction in all spheres of modern society, is accompanied
by a parallel, no less stable process of countering the manifestations of
globalization of the economy and the spiritual sphere in the form of protests of
individual ethnic and cultural communities in different regions and countries
1
.
“Moreover, the fear of losing their culture, identity, uniqueness in these
conditions, which is typical for almost all peoples, is manifested at the level of
States that defend their national identity, their national and state interests. Thus,
humanity faces a double challenge. On the one hand, personal self-awareness and
a sense of cultural identity have increased. On the other hand, the mutual
exchange between people, peoples and civilizations has expanded significantly”
2
.
The growth of national consciousness can also be seen as a defensive reaction to the
standardization of social life. Cultural diversity and national identity are now under
threat, and humanity is trying to impose a single model as the only true one, to level all
its diversity under a single stencil. Hence the natural reaction of the people-to protect
themselves, their uniqueness. The growing anti-globalization tendencies are connected
with the fact that people do not want to be representatives of a common faceless world,
but bearers of a specific ethnic, cultural and national community
3
.
Globalization is changing the old ideas about the center of world civilization and
models of its development. Every point in the global space of civilization (because of
its information and network nature, dynamically changing market conditions, environ-
mental problems, scientific and technological revolutions, international migration
flows, etc.) can quickly become at any time a world center of global development4. All
this generates turbulent processes in the whole system of civilization, showing its
incoherence and its inharmonicity, its deep contradictions, requiring a rethinking of the
role and place of the local in the global, as well as the global in the local.
In conclusion, we can say that on the basis of socio-philosophical analysis of the
phenomenon of national identity, the main research approaches to the problem of
national identity in the context of modern socio-philosophical thought are considered.
National identity is based on the attitude of “I-Other”, on the recognition of “Other”. In
this regard, it is particularly in tune with the current situation of cultural pluralism and
diversity. The recognition of the right of each culture and each people to preserve its
uniqueness, as well as the responsibility of the world community for the maintenance of
cultural diversity, is the basis for the policy of mutual understanding and dialogue,
expanding the prospects for the existence of civilization.
1
Мамадалиев
М
.
У
.,
Хайдарова
А
.
Э
.
Глобаллашув
даврида
маънавий
тараккиёт
ва
тарбия
масала
-
лари
//
Миллий
менталитет
ва
ижтимоий
жараёнлар
диалектикаси
. –
Андижон
, 2016. –
С
. 211–213.
2
Федотова
Н
.
Н
.
Кризис
идентичности
в
условиях
глобализации
//
Человек
, 2003.
№
6. – C. 50.
3
Рябов
А
.
Структура
национальной
идентичности
:
попытки
системного
анализа
//
Проблемы
сознания
. –
Иваново
, 2000. – C. 41.
4
Левин
З
.
И
.
Восток
:
идентичность
и
глобализация
. –
М
.:
Восток
, 2007. –
С
. 95.
