Том 4 № 4 (2025)

This thesis covers the pedagogical and psychological foundations of the formation of vocal performance skills in primary school students. The criteria for selecting age-appropriate vocal exercises for children, developing musical hearing, breathing techniques, and expressive singing skills are analyzed on a scientific basis. The main factors influencing the formation of vocal performance are also studied - teacher skills, musical environment, methodological approaches in the lesson process, and the role of individual approaches. According to the results of the study, a systematic, step-by-step approach is important for the development of vocal abilities in primary school students.

Hozirgi  kunda  Markaziy  Osiyo  mamalakatlari  o’rtasida  ko’plab  ijtimoiy – iqtisodiy  hamda  siyosiy  hamkorlik  ishlari  amalga  oshirilmoqda. Ma’lumki Markaziy  Osiyo  davlatlariga  5ta  respublika  -  Qozog’iston , O’zbekiston , Qirg’iziston , Turkmaniston  va  Tojikiston  davlatlari  kiradi. Markaziy  Osiyo  hududlari  geografik  jihatdan  okean  va dengizlardan  uzoqda  joylashganligi  sababli  qadim  zamonlardan  ushbu  Osiyo  qit’asidagi  submintaqa  asosan  quruqlik  yo’llari  orqali  savdo  jarayonlari , madaniyat  va  ilmiy  yangiliklar  almashinuvi  bo’lib  o’tgan. 

After the investigator or inquiry officer conducting the criminal case formalizes the information about the crimes, it can be used in the process of proof if it contains the details of the crime and provides grounds for making a decision. This situation reflects the concept of criminal information through the prism of process and result.

Ushbu maqolada maxsus ehtiyojlari bo‘lgan bolalar uchun tabiatdan foydalangan holda ta’lim jarayonini tashkil etishning ahamiyati va samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Inson va tabiat o‘rtasidagi uzviy bog‘liqlik bolalarning rivojlanishiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatib, ularning psixologik va fiziologik holatini yaxshilaydi. Maqolada ekologik terapiya, bog‘ terapiyasi va ochiq havoda o‘qitishning maxsus metodlari ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Oxirgi yillarda iqlimning isib borishi, haroratning keskin ko‘tarilishi, no‘xatning malla billur navi ekinini sug‘oriladigan yerlarda samara bermoqda. Urug‘larning unib chiqishi uchun suv kerak bo‘lib, suvni qanchalik ko‘p yoki kam shimib olishi juda ahamiyatga egadir.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent and life-threatening condition that significantly impacts the health of individuals. As CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), patients are often required to undergo renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as hemodialysis (HD), to sustain life. The advent of modern dialysis methods has led to a substantial increase in life expectancy for ESRD patients, extending it by an average of 10–12 years. However, despite the improvement in medical outcomes, the prospect of lifelong dialysis treatment presents various psychological and social challenges for patients. Dialysis is often perceived as the end of life by patients, leading to significant emotional distress.

Ushbu maqola nuqtadan to‘g‘ri chiziqqa bo‘lgan masofa va ikki to‘g‘ri chiziq orasidagi burchaklarni tahlil qilishga qaratilgan. Ushbu geometrik tushunchalar, koordinatalar geometriyasida va differensial geometriyada keng qo‘llaniladi. Maqolada masofaning formulalari va ikkita to‘g‘ri chiziq orasidagi burchaklarni hisoblash usullari keltirilgan. Matematik ifodalar yordamida geometriyaning turli sohalarida qo‘llaniladigan metodlar va amaliy qo‘llaniladigan texnikalar haqida batafsil ma’lumot beriladi. Bu yondashuvlar, asosan, giperbolik geometriya va Riman geometriyasida qo‘llaniladi.

В данной статье содержаться данные о героизме нашего многонационального народа, в том числе представителей татарской национальности проживавших в Узбекистане в годы Второй мировой войны.

Ushbu tezisda XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmi va XX asr boshlarida Qoraqalpoq xalqining turmushi, madaniyati, an’analari va ularning o‘zgarish jarayonlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda xalqning iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy hayotining asosiy jihatlari, o‘ziga xos urf-odatlar, qo‘shiqlar, raqslar, kiyim-kechak va maishiy texnikaning rivojlanishi masalalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, bu davrda Qoraqalpoq xalqining o‘zini ifodalash shakllari, uning san’ati va diniy hayoti hamda o‘zgarishlarga olib kelgan tarixiy va ijtimoiy jarayonlar ko‘rib chiqiladi.

XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida Markaziy Osiyo jadidchilik harakati jadal rivojlandi. Ushbu harakatning asosiy maqsadi ma’rifat orqali millatni uyg‘otish, isloh qilish va milliy ongni shakllantirish edi. Ammo jadidlar faqat ta’lim va madaniyat bilan cheklanib qolmay, siyosiy islohotlarni ham ilgari surgan. Ular chor Rossiyasining mustamlakachilik siyosatiga qarshi turib, Turkiston mustaqilligi, konstitutsion boshqaruv va milliy davlatchilik g‘oyalarini ilgari surganlar. Ushbu maqolada jadid ma’rifatparvarlarining siyosiy qarashlari va ularning milliy meros bilan bog‘liqligi tahlil qilinadi.

This article discusses the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with UNESCO, its legal framework, accession to international conventions on the preservation of cultural heritage and its practical results. In particular, the historical cities of Uzbekistan included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and elements of intangible cultural heritage are analyzed. Also, the initiatives implemented within the framework of cooperation in the fields of restoration, digitization, education and tourism are considered based on an analytical approach. The article provides in-depth scientific conclusions about Uzbekistan's cultural policy in the international arena and its role in the preservation of global heritage.

Ushbu maqolada milliy raqslarni sahnalashtirishda kompozitsion g‘oyaning ifodalanishi tahlil qilinadi. Milliy raqs san’ati xalqning madaniy va estetik dunyoqarashini aks ettiruvchi badiiy ifoda shaklidir. Kompozitsion g‘oya raqsning asosiy mazmuni, uning harakatlar tizimi, musiqa va sahna dizayni orqali ifodalanadi. Maqolada raqsni sahnalashtirishda g‘oya, harakatlar va musiqa o‘rtasidagi uyg‘unlik, xoreografning ijodiy yondashuvi va zamonaviy texnologiyalarning roli muhokama qilinadi. Shuningdek, milliy raqsni zamonaviy vositalar bilan boyitish va milliy o‘zlikni saqlash muhimligi ta’kidlanadi. Kompozitsion g‘oya sahnalashtirish jarayonida badiiy va g‘oyaviy mazmunni aniq va ta’sirli yetkazishning asosiy vositasi hisoblanadi.

Mazkur maqolada oʻzbek xalq adabiyotining eng qadimgi bosqichlari, uning shakllanish omillari va tarixiy ildizlari tahlil etiladi. Adabiyot xalqning maʼnaviy yodgorligi sifatida qadimdan ogʻzaki ijod shaklida rivojlanib kelgan. Ayniqsa, epik janrdagi asarlar, dostonlar va afsonalar xalq tafakkuri, urf-odati hamda tarixiy hayotining badiiy ifodasidir. Maqolada qadimgi davrlarda yaratilgan asarlar misolida oʻzbek xalqining dunyoqarashi, axloqiy-meʼyoriy qarashlari va badiiy didi yoritiladi. Ushbu tadqiqot xalq ogʻzaki ijodi orqali milliy ruhiyat va tarixni anglash imkonini beradi.

A number of standards and recommendations have been adopted to regulate the “compliance-control” system in the field of combating corruption in the private sector from an international legal perspective. These standards focus primarily on the timely identification of corruption risks in the private sector, and then on the activities of state agencies and organizations, their prevention, ensuring openness and transparency, and timely elimination of corruption-related offenses by improving internal departmental control mechanisms.

Etymological research has long been the focus of particular attention among linguists. Such studies involve the analysis of a word’s linguistic affiliation, the language in which it first appeared during the period of its early usage, its original meaning, as well as the specific features of its semantic development. This article emphasizes the necessity of lexicographic research in the etymological analysis of the terms “irrigation” and “melioration”. Special importance is attached to explanatory and etymological dictionaries, language corpora, and thesauruses in this context.

Dorivor oʻsimliklar -inson  va  hayvonlarni  davolash,  kasalliklarning oldini    olish    uchun,    shuningdek,    oziq-ovqat,    atir-upa    va    kosmetika    sanoatida ishlatiladigan oʻsimliklar —giyohlar. Yer yuzida dorivor oʻsimliklarning 10—12  ming turi  borligi  aniqlangan.  1000 dan ortiq oʻsimlik turining kimyoviy, farmakologik va xossalari tekshirilgan.

Indoor radon exposure is a major environmental health issue, yet it often goes unnoticed due to the gas’s undetectable nature — it is invisible, odorless, and tasteless. Radon originates from the natural decay of uranium in soil and rocks and can enter buildings through foundations and construction materials. Prolonged inhalation of radon is a well-established risk factor for lung cancer and has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the second most common cause of the disease globally, after tobacco use.

This study investigates the role of advanced MRI techniques in optimizing surgical strategies for pediatric brain tumors located in functionally significant areas. A total of 80–120 children aged 0–18 years were included, with 40 patients undergoing MRI, MR-tractography, and functional MRI, while 40 patients formed the control group without advanced imaging. The research focuses on improving surgical planning, minimizing neurological damage, and enhancing quality of life. Clinical outcomes, surgical radicality, and neurological and neuropsychological statuses were evaluated. Results indicate that image-guided approaches significantly improve surgical precision and reduce postoperative complications, especially in complex tumor localizations near eloquent brain regions.

The process of globalization has brought unprecedented challenges to humanity's relationship with the natural environment. The ecological crisis facing modern civilization requires a fundamental rethinking of ethical approaches to environmental protection and sustainable development. In pursuit of universal goals, the integration of national and universal ecological-ethical values represents a natural process that serves as a key indicator of society's spiritual and cultural development.

Тizza bo’g’imi jarohatlari tayanch-harakat tizimining eng keng tarqalgan patologiyalaridan biri bo’lib, barcha jarohatlar orasida 18,3% ni tashkil qiladi. Reabilitasiya “yashash sharoitlarini hisobga olgan holda sog’lig’ida nuqsoni bo’lgan shaxslarning funksional imkoniyatlarini tiklash va nogironlik darajasini pasaytirishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar majmui” deb ta’riflanadi.

Бугунги кунда мамлакатимизда олиб борилаётган ислоҳотлар самараси авваламбор юксак маънавиятли, мустақил фикрлайдиган, Ватанимиз тақдири ва истиқболи учун масъулиятни ўз зиммасига олишга қодир ёш кадрлар сафини кенгайтиришга бевосита боғлиқ .

Research has shown that the milk productivity of local cows depends on the nature of the lactation process. Cows with a uniform course of lactation are characterized by higher milk productivity.

Zaytun daraxti (lotincha: Olea europaea) - zaytundoshlar oilasiga mansub, boʻyi 4 - 12 metrga boradigan, doim yashil subtropik daraxt. Yetishtiradigan asosiy mamlakatlar Yaqin Sharq va Oʻrta dengiz mamlakatlari — Ispaniya (2 mln. ga dan ortiq), Italiya (1,5 mln. ga), Gretsiya (500 ming ga) va Portugaliyadir. Ozarbayjon, Gruziya, Qrim, Turkmaniston, Rossiyaning Krasnodar oʻlkasida ham zaytunzorlar bor.

Изучение особенностей клиники, диагностики и лечения различных соматических болезней при их сочетании остается одной из актуальных проблем клиники внутренних болезней. Наличие у большинства терапевтических больных нескольких заболеваний вызывает немалые трудности как в установлении диагноза, так и в определении тактики их лечения. В значительной степени это относится к ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС) и хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ), которые в настоящее время наряду с артериальной гипертензией и сахарным диабетом являются ведущими хроническими заболеваниями у больных старших возрастных групп и занимают лидирующее положение среди причин нетрудоспособности, инвалидности и преждевременной смертности [2, 12].

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an individualized approach to Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in pediatric patients with secondary cataracts. A total of 135 children (270 eyes), aged 8 months to 13 years (mean age: 6.1 ± 2.3 years), were examined after previous cataract surgery. Laser parameters were selected based on posterior capsule fibrosis density, age, and intraocular lens (IOL) type. At the 12-month follow-up, 89.6% (242 eyes) retained a clear visual axis and 83.3% (225 eyes) showed improvement by at least 2 Snellen lines. Complication rate was reduced to 7.8%. The individualized method enhances safety and visual outcomes in pediatric laser treatment.

The article describes the modeling foundations of the development of public service sectors, the organizational and economic mechanisms of innovative development, which are one of the current topical issues, and the opinions of a number of scientists aimed at improving it. The structure of territorial specialization of public service is shown. The dependence of the development of public service on natural resources, the schedule of mutual energy supply of public service sectors, the improvement of living standards, the development of new innovations in the development of public service sectors, the introduction of new jobs, and the connection of light industry with telecommunications and information technologies (ICT) are highlighted, and conclusions and proposals are made on this.

Obligations arising from damage (delictual obligations) are one of the key institutions of civil law, playing a central role in restoring violated rights and protecting the property and non-property interests of individuals [1]. With the development of market relations and increased economic activity in Uzbekistan, the number of damage-related cases is also growing, which in turn necessitates the fair resolution of such disputes, effective protection of victims' rights, and the improvement of relevant legislation [2]. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the legal nature of obligations arising from damage, the conditions for liability, types of damage, and legal mechanisms for compensation, based on the current Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court, and scientific sources.

Talabaning fazoviy tasavvurini rivojlangan darajasini aniqlash lozim. Bunga talabalarning fazoviy tasavvur qobilyatini zo’riqib ishlashini talab qiladigan testlarni bajartirish orqali erishish mumkin.

This article provides a detailed explanation of the geometric and physical meaning of the concept of derivative. From a geometric point of view, the derivative is interpreted as a gradient that determines the direction of the tangent line at each point of the curve. In physics, the derivative is often used to express quantities such as motion, velocity, and acceleration. The article reveals the importance of the derivative through real-life examples along with theoretical concepts. It also discusses the practical application of the derivative and what methods can be effective in explaining it to students in education.

В статье рассматриваются методические подходы к изучению сложных предложений в курсе русского языка в средней школе. Описаны цели и задачи преподавания данной темы, принципы отбора и подачи материала, этапы формирования умений и навыков, а также типовые виды учебной деятельности, направленные на развитие синтаксической грамотности учащихся. Особое внимание уделяется практико-ориентированному и деятельностному подходам, способствующим эффективному усвоению сложных синтаксических конструкций.

Методика изучения синтаксиса направлена на обогащение грамматического строя речи учащихся, развитие монологической речи и формирование правописных умений (пунктуационных и орфографических).Она основывается на грамматическом, логическом (смысловом) и интонационном принципах.Она основывается на грамматическом, логическом (смысловом) и интонационном принципах.

This article analyzes the issues of the system for assessing and monitoring the level of knowledge of non-specialist students in the process of teaching them higher mathematics. The importance of using modern pedagogical technologies and information and communication tools to ensure the objectivity and effectiveness of the assessment process is shown.

Kommivoyajyor masalasi (TSP) — bu matematik optimallashtirish va kompyuter fanlarida eng keng tarqalgan va o'rganilgan masalalardan biridir. Masalaning maqsadi bir kom-mivoyajyorning belgilangan shaharlarga borib, har bir shaharga faqat bir marta tashrif buyurib, oxir-oqibat o'zining boshlang'ich nuqtasiga qaytib keladigan eng qisqa yo'lni topishdir.TSP, o'zining to'liq kombinatorik xususiyatlari va yuqori darajadagi murakkabligi bilan mashhur. Bu masala NP-to'liq masala hisoblanadi, ya'ni uning aniq yechimini topish, masalalar soni ortgan sari juda murakkablashadi. Kompyuterlar orqali yechim topish uchun turli xil algoritmlar ishlab chiqilgan, jumladan, tarmoqni qidirish algoritmlari, genetik algoritmlar va simulyatsiya qilingan annealing metodlari.Kommivoyajyor masalasi amaliyotda ko'plab sohalarda, masalan, logistika, transport, robototexnika va har xil resurslarni boshqarish tizimlarida qo'llaniladi. U shuningdek, masalalarni optimallashtirish va samaradorlikni oshirish uchun qo'llaniladigan nazariy vosita sifatida juda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Mazkur maqolada oliy ta’lim tizimida talabalarning kasbiy-emotsional rivojlanishini qo‘llab-quvvatlashda narrativ yondashuvning pedagogik imkoniyatlari ilmiy jihatdan asoslangan. Talabalarning shaxsiy tajribasini hikoya qilish, his-tuyg‘ularini anglash va refleksiya qilish orqali kasbiy identifikatsiyasini shakllantirish narrativ metodikaning asosiy maqsadi sifatida ko‘rsatilgan. Tadqiqotda kasbiy-emotsional intellekt tushunchasining oliy ta’limdagi o‘rni, emotsional barqarorlik va kasbiy salohiyat o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlik nazariy va amaliy jihatdan yoritilgan. Shuningdek, reflektiv esse, pedagogik kundalik, emotsional xaritalar kabi metodlar orqali talabalarning reflektiv, emotsional va sotsiokultural kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish usullari tahlil qilingan. Maqola narrativ yondashuv asosida emotsional va kasbiy kompetensiyalarni rivojlantirish uchun zarur pedagogik shart-sharoitlar va o‘qituvchining transformativ roli haqida tavsiyalar beradi.

Mazkur maqolada  ta’lim mazmunining nazariy asoslanishi, bu fanni  turli o‘quv predmetlarini o‘zaro integratsiyalab o‘qitish, talabalarning  og‘zaki va yozma nutqni o‘stirish, o‘z fikri mustaqil ifoda qilish, nutqiy ko‘nikmalarni  egallash bo’yicha tilshunos va metodist olimlarning ilmiy qarashlari tahlil qilingan.

Ushbu tezisda raqamli boshqaruv tizimlarining iqtisodiyot, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash, davlat boshqaruvi va sanoat sohalaridagi o‘rni va ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarining jadal rivojlanishi natijasida boshqaruv jarayonlari yanada avtomatlashtirilmoqda, shaffoflik, tezkorlik va samaradorlik darajasi oshmoqda. Tezisda turli sektorlar misolida raqamli boshqaruv tizimlarining afzalliklari va ularga xos muammolar tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada didaktik drama usulining pedagogik ta’limda kasbiy kompetensiyalarni shakllantirishdagi o‘rni va ahamiyati tahlil etilgan. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, drama usuli orqali talabalar nazariy bilimlarni real hayotiy vaziyatlarda qo‘llash, kommunikativ, refleksiv, ijodiy va ijtimoiy-emosional kompetensiyalarni rivojlantirish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lishlari aniqlangan. Maqolada drama usulining an’anaviy o‘qitish metodlaridan afzalliklari, drama mashg‘ulotlari shakllari va amaliy tajriba natijalari bayon qilingan. Shuningdek, pedagogik ta’lim dasturlariga drama faoliyatini integratsiyalash va baholash mezonlarini ishlab chiqish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar ilgari surilgan.

The relevance of the research is the analysis of the physical and thermotechnical characteristics of biomass. As a result of the analyses, the physicochemical composition of the biomass was studied, and information on existing methods of thermal-technical processing was provided. The comparative combustion heat values of briquettes made from agricultural biomass, which mainly consists of various waste materials, were analyzed. Scientific research and innovations by world scientists working on the production of fuel briquettes from solid household waste and other organic waste materials were also examined, along with the scientific works and inventions of Uzbek scientists. Information on projects being implemented in Uzbekistan in this field was also provided. The research concluded that biomass processing can help reduce the environmental impact and contribute to the development of "green" energy, with recommendations and suggestions provided.

Статья посвящена изучению народной культуры как основополагающего компонента культурного наследия Московской Руси. Автор раскрывает значение фольклора, обрядов, ремёсел и традиций в становлении духовных и художественных основ русского общества. Рассматривается взаимодействие народной и официальной культуры, их влияние на формирование общественной идентичности и национального самосознания в эпоху консолидации Московского государства.

Ushbu maqolada diskurs tushunchasining tarixi va zamonaviy lingvistik qarashlardagi tahlili ko‘rib chiqiladi. Diskurs dastlab nutq ma’nosida tushunilgan bo‘lsa-da, keyinchalik ijtimoiy, madaniy va siyosiy omillar bilan chambarchas bog‘liq murakkab fenomen sifatida shakllangan. Maqolada diskurs nazariyasining asosiy xususiyatlari, tadqiqotchilar hissasi, lingvistik va sotsiolingvistik tahlil metodlari hamda diskursning bugungi madaniy-muloqot jarayonlaridagi roli yoritiladi.