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davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
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MODERN TRANSLATION TENDENCIES
Mirqodirova Zilola Sherzod qizi
English philology second course
Mirqodirovazilola33@gmail.com
Annotatsiya.
K
o‘
p yillar davomida tarjimashunoslik xalqlar orasidagi
ijtimoiy, ilmiy va siyosiy munosabatlar jarayonlarni takomillashishida katta
ahamiyat kasb etgan. Xalqlar
o‘
rtasidagi fikrlar almashinuvida va ikki tomonlama
hamkorlikda tarjima katta
o‘
rin egallagan. Hozir texnologiya davrida b
o‘
lishimizga
qaramasdan, bizning tarjimonlarga b
o‘
lgan ehtiyojimiz katta va tarjimonlardan
zamonaviy tarjima metodlaridan unumli foydalanish talab qilinadi.
Kalit s
o‘
zlar:
sharh, metod, tekst, texnologiya, konteks, practica,
terminalogiya, tarjimon
Aннотация.
На протяжении многих столетий перевод играл важную
роль между народами в области культуры, бизнеса,политики. В эти годы
больше внимания уделяется моральным и культурным аспектам языка.
Даже сейчас, в век технологий, где большая часть переводческих работ
выполняется с помощью Google Translator, существует потребность в
переводчиках выполнять работу по сферах экономических, культурных и
социальных связей между странам.
Ключевые слова:
обзор, методы, текст, технология, контекст,
практика, терминалогия, переводчик.
Annotation.
Translation is a deliberate activity which brings nations and
countries together. With the help of translation, countries and communities foster
their relationships, exchanging information in terms of culture, education, arts and
literature. Through many years, ways of translation and methods have evolved in
order to convey to the audience. In the beginning of twenties centur, scientists had
different opinions concerning word-for-word or sense-for-sense methods. In this
article, translation theories used in the past, new methods we are using nowadays,
their potential benefits also flows will be looked through.
Key words:
review, method, text, documents, technology, context, practice,
terminology, translator.
In the early ages, translation methods were used in the propaganda of
different beliefs, laying foundation for the further development of translation
which paved the way for establishment of translation schools in Asia and Europe.
Translation was a means of cross cultural communication among two sides to
foster relationships and exchanging ideas. Translation Studies (TS) has been
flourishing since 1970s in the world. However, this discipline has grown further
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o‘qitish metodikasi”
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only in many developed countries, such as the USA, the UK, Australia, and
European countries. In Asia, translation methods has developed in China and
several Arab countries. A quarter century ago, the renowned poet and translator
Robert Bly (1983) wrote a book that he titled The Eight Stages of Translation.
While focused on poetry, the book is instructive in helping us understand
current trends in the translation of professional communication. Grouped
together, the eight stages constitute the following list:
The literal translation
The pursuit of problematic detail and ambiguity. 3. Adjusting the target text
with an idiomatic ear to the tone of the target language. 5. Adjusting the target
text with an idiomatic ear turned back to the tone of the source language.
6. Attending to the sound patterns apparent in the source language and equivalent
in the target language. 7. Passing the review of a native speaker of the source
language who knows the target language well.
4. Polishing the text with a view to earlier drafts and other translators
’
versions.
It is now commonly observed (Anderman/Rogers 2003, Hutchins 2004,
Pérez 2003, Wagner 2003) that advances in machine translation are allowing
computers, using programs like Systran, to give translators a head start by taking
a text through the first two translation stages and now even the third. Computer
software, like Trados, is helping translators work much more rapidly through the
middle stages as well. Today, translators commonly use controlled language, in
which translated phrases have received prior approval as accurate. They employ
single-sourcing software to reuse these phrases in new or updated documents.
Software for guided authoring or structured authoring helps them insert new
phrasing where reused phrases are not yet available or are inappropriate for the
context. Achieving full and complete memory is paramount: translation memory
is at the heart of automated language translation. To facilitate memory, the
translation community is now contending with the need for standards. Indeed,
the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) is at work developing
standards for translation memory exchange for document content. With the rapid
developments taking place, one has to wonder if, before long, automated language
translation will take texts through the first six or even seven of Bly
’
s eight stages
leaving human translators to tinker with the last stage of removing unidiomatic
blemishes. Anticipating automated machine translation (MT) of most of Bly
’
s
eight stages is nothing new. In 1999, at a symposium on translation studies hosted
by the UK
’s University of Surrey, Mike Shields remarked, “I can see novels being
banged out in machine translation systems and handed over to ghost writers to
turn them into as good English as is necessary, and completely wipe out
translators
–
and even interpreters” (Anderman/Rogers 2003: 43). Indeed, the
speed with which MT technology has been developing is nothing short of
remarkable, when viewed on the scale of human history. By the earliest years of
the 21st century, the European Commission
–
one of the largest volume users of
“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
568
translations
–
had already prescribed which genres of documents would be
subject to MT and to what degree. Wagner (2003: 98) describes how the purpose
of a document determined the process for translation at the European
Commission. Legislation, for example, warranted “human translation + revision
essential,” whereas basic understanding called for “machine translation
if available,” while documents “for
information” received “unrevised human translation
or post-edited
machine translation.” Wagner defines “basic understanding” as “rough
translation, usually for one person, to permit understanding of content. She
defines “for information” as “accurate translation for internal informational
purposes. Thus, definitions are determined by estimated number of users and by
breadth of distribution. Such identifications and accompanying procedures were
not confined to large governmental entities such as the EC. At this same time,
Pérez (2003) found that throughout
industry, Computer-Assisted Translation
(CAT), in the form of translation
memories, terminology management systems, and machine translation,
was “used at different stages of the translation process, depending, on the
requirements called for by the translation job: type of text and the possibility of
reusing previous translations, target text quality required by the client… or
consistency in the use of terms across different translations” (191). CAT had by
now expanded into the “multilingual workflow system”
in which “Translation
is…an essential part of the information cycle” (192), resulting in a shift toward
“controlled translation” (193) in which translators are parts of teams developing
“language technology” (194). That such trends would only strengthen a
nd
continue seems inevitable, especially when one examines the forces driving them.
Hutchins (2004):
1) lists six reasons why MT will become more widespread:
“…there is just too much that needs to be translated…”
“…technical materials are too boring for human translators…”3.
“…terminology [needs to be] used consistently…”4. “…the use of computer
-based
translation tools can increase the volume and speed of translation
throughput…”5. “…top quality human translation is not always needed
6. Companies reduce translation costs.
Of these, the last is the most forceful. As the president of Prisma
International, a prominent translation and technical documentation company in
Minneapolis put it, “thereal change will be forced by the belt tighteners [budget
cutters]” (T
homson 2009). Both translators and technical writers have found
themselves adjusting their approaches and procedures in what can be seen as an
attempt to integrate human translators with the emerging technology of MT. As a
consequence, note Raído/Austermühl (2003: 248), “The advent of the
information age has sustainably altered the profession of translation, especially
with regard to the type of electronic tools used, the type of texts translated, and
the types of skills needed by today
’
s translators and lo
calizers.” As examples,
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va
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O‘
Hagan/Ashworth (2002: 11) cite online editions of magazines and daily
newspapers, with articles that are often shorter than in print and that are updated
frequently, thus “demanding a shorter timeframe for translation, and with a
wider
native-
speaker audience,” as well as e
-
books “published exclusively on the
Internet” and “likely to reduce the time available for the translation process.”
Other examples that they cite include product documentation and audio-visual
subtitles. In each case, demand for translation in shorter and shorter amounts of
time drives the increased use of MT.Despite, or perhaps even because of, the
automation of MT, the stages left for human translators to complete can have the
effect of heightening the value of the human element, namely creativity. Risku
(2002) observes that Translation is a highly creative, situation-specific activity
and this means it isextremely flexible. Translators create a means of
communicating in a specific target situation…
Translation can be seen as a problem-solving process in which the
communication expert is part of a complex, dynamic system with various cultural,
communicative, situative and professional aspects.This view stands in contrast to
the one that translators have historically held,particularly in regard to translation
of technical documents. In this view, as Venuti (2008: 274) describes it, “They are
likely to feel that translation is basically a practical activity which requires little
more than a knowledge of a foreign language and and elegant writing style,
certainly not any immersion in translation studies or any familiarity with
translation theory.” However, as we shall see in the next section, more and more
translators and, to a slower degree, technical writers are coming to terms with
their changing role as MT evolves and takes over some of the early stages
completed in the past by translators.Despite the remarkable developments in MT
and the translation process, further improvements to MT seem all the more
daunting as one moves farther down Bly
’
s list of stages. The human judgement
and wisdom required at these stages, rooted as they often are in social and
cultural knowledge, seem complex to the point that they do notfit with ease into
the flow charts of computer programming. Nevertheless, the forces that Hutchins
(2004) lists above, continue to motivate industry to forge ahead with MT. As Pérez
(2003) observes, from the industry
’
s point of view, complete mechanization of
translation can only be possible through absolute predictability, that is to say, by
turning language into a static object and reducing dynamic change into static
structure… machines have begun to construct a bridge from the translator’
s
intelligence to the translator
’
s practice. The current drawbacks to this relentless
drive are apparent to anyone who has had to rely on an MT text, even with light
“post
-
editing,” as it has been termed: “Generally [users] expect high quality
(equivalent to that of human translators), but what they usually get
is low quality”
(Hutchins 2004: 15). Dillinger (2012: 20) stresses that MT “does not really
translate; it only help us reuse words and segments that have already been
translated. That
’s it.” (Emphasis in original) The EC’
s table determining
proportions of MT + human translation may be indicative of the scenario that we
“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
570
are likely to see well into the future. Hutchins (2004: 17) elaborates, we are not
going to get MT systems that can take any text in any subject and produce unaided
a good translation. Literate, philosophy, sociology, law and any other areas of
interest which are highly culture-dependent are beyond the scope of MT. It is true
now, and will probably always be true. (Emphasis in original) Translators may be
quick to concur with Hutchins
’
s observation, but industry managers
–
especially
those with little familiarity of translation or even a working knowledge of a
second language
–
may be slow or even reluctant to accept it, because of human
translators
’
much higher cost and slower speed. Indeed, this gets at the crux of the
issue, as Bowker (2003: 221) notes: Striking a balance between quality and
quantity is one of the greatest challenges faced by translators in the 21st century…
the increase in volume has been accompanied by an increase in pressure on
translators to work more quickly (while still maintaining high quality, of course!)
in order to reduce the time-to market of a global product. As Gnecchi et al. (2011)
found in their surveys, many translators have grown increasingly aware and
anxious of machines taking over their jobs, while more andmore technical writers
have likewise grown increasingly aware and anxious of translators encroaching
on technical writers
’
jobs by becoming cross-trained. As high technology
developments change the roles of both professions, the resulting tensions come
into sharp focus. It is worthwhile to examine the details at length in Pérez’
s
(2003: 193-194) acute observation: the professional has to deal with two
tensions. On the one hand, the intellectual act of translation remains the same and
the translator still has to activate cognitive processes to turn raw intellectual
capacities into behaviour patterns that work in a complex universe in order to
process and interpret information. On the other, the industry expects the
translator to work in a global team, to accommodate his work to the latest
technology, to put into practice the most advanced electronic publishing
techniques, to understand the intricacies of translation software tools, to create
and manage terminology databases and to keep the pace with market
requirements. The moment translation is no longer an isolated activity in the
production process, the translator needs to retain full control of the different
tasks and tools involved in translation so that interaction between the human and
the machine is felt as a natural process. In order to ease this tension, the translator
has to take on a central role and find a way to manage creativity and technology
with a sound business practice. What is driving both the trend toward increased
translation and the trend to automate and accelerate is the economy part of the
information economy. Translation leads to better understanding, which leads to
increased customer satisfaction, which leads to increased sales.
Automation, along with its lubricant, standardization, saves costs. While the
cost-effectiveness of automation has long been clearly the case in agriculture or
industry, only now is it becoming fully clear to those engaged in language
production. It remains to be seen to what extent the trends identified will
continue or level off in affecting accuracy of meaning, efficiencies of production,
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and, inevitably, employment of translators. For his part, Jost Zetzsche (2012: 31,
33), reflecting on the latest advances in MT technology, writes to his fellow
translators that “we have the opportunity to step out of the shadows and engage
with the general public.” We can say for the foreseeable future that the trends will
likely continue to accelerate. As they do, professional communicators, including
both technical writers and translators, will need to weigh the cost savings of
automation with the linguistic accuracy that to this point only humans can
ultimately render and judge. Cost and accuracy: Whatever the language, whatever
the document, professional communicators aim to have less cost and more
accuracy. The information economy demands both.
Reference:
1.
Zetzsche, Jost. “GeekSpeak: The Year of the Translator.”
The ATA
Chronicle 41.5 (2012): 31, 33.
2.
Print.
3.
Risku, Ha
nna “Situatedness in Translation Studies.”
Cognitive Systems
Research 33 (2002):
4.
523-533. Web. 24 January 2009.
5.
Anderman, Gunnilla, and Margaret Rogers, eds. Translation Today:
Trends and Perspectives. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2003. Print.
6.
Snell-Hornby M. The Turns of Translation Studies / Snell-Hornby M.
–
Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2006.
–
Р
. 12.
