30
DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
UDC: 339.3.025.422
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN THE DIGITALIZATION
OF THE ECONOMY AND ADOPTION OF E-COMMERCE
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
One of the important directions in digitizing economic processes is the need to introduce modern
information technologies and e-commerce systems into the public procurement system. The aim of
the study is to analyse the stages of digitalization of the public procurement system. The commodity
exchange plays an important role in the effective functioning of the public procurement system. The
study determined the role of the trading platform, its organizational and legal forms and functions in
public procurement through the commodity exchange. The article describes in detail the process of
placing an order at the stage of public procurement, as well as the process of fulfilling a contract by
a supplier. The article describes the procedure for organizing tenders, the conditions and procedure
for participation in tenders. The article provides some suggestions for further improving the public
procurement system: development and implementation of a national classification of goods (services)
in the public procurement system that meets international and national standards; an increase in the
number of operators working in the public procurement information portal system, and, consequently,
an increase in the competitive environment, etc.
Keywords:
state procurement, digitalization, exchange, trading platform, broker, lot, customer
Citation:
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova, The role of public procurement in the digitalization
of the economy and adoption of e-commerce, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal.
Economics, 13 (2) (2020) 30–39. DOI: 1018721/JE.13203
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/li-
censes/by-nc/4.0/)
РОЛЬ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ЗАКУПОК В ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ
ЭКОНОМИКИ И ВНЕДРЕНИИ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ
Муминов Н.Г., Захирова Г.М.
Национальный университет Узбекистана имени Мирзо Улугбека
Ташкент, Узбекистан
Одним из важных направлений цифровизации экономических процессов является внедрение
систем электронной коммерции в систему государственных закупок. Целью исследования
является анализ этапов оцифровки системы государственных закупок. Определена роль
торговой площадки, ее организационно-правовых форм и функций при осуществлении
государственных закупок через товарную биржу. В статье подробно описывается процесс
оформления заказа на этапе государственных закупок, а также процесс выполнения контракта
поставщиком. Отмечается, что процесс государственных закупок является нормальным бизнес-
процессом, которому присущи риски. Полное или частичное несоблюдение договорных
условий в сфере государственных закупок может привести к неэффективному использованию
средств государственного бюджета. По этой причине целесообразно ввести систему гарантий,
комиссионных платежей и рассрочек для государственных закупок через товарную биржу.
При организации системы государственных закупок с помощью электронной торгов практика
деления приобретаемых товаров на лоты позволяет снизить риски и сократить расходы. В статье
описаны порядок организации тендеров, условия и порядок участия в них. Даются предложения
по дальнейшему совершенствованию системы государственных закупок: разработка и внедрение
национальной классификации товаров (работ, услуг), соответствующей международным и
Digital economy: theory and practice
31
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
Introduction
Each area must be regulated and governed by perfect, popular and strong laws and regulations. An area
governed by strong and comprehensive laws and regulations will certainly demonstrate development and
growth. Nowadays, much attention is paid to reforms of public procurement. As this sphere is a highly
demanding field of modern information technologies, it requires development and constant improvement
of normative documents in accordance with the modern requirements [1]. At the current stage of
development of the world economy and deepening of the globalization process, the public procurement
system is at the second stage of development [2, 3]. The main reason for this is the digitalization of the
state procurement system, its exclusion from dependence on the shadow economy [4], and the unhindered
participation of small businesses for which it is difficult to withstand the competition in free trade.
Body
The purpose of the research is to analyse the main stages of digitalization of state procurement system
and to develop directions for its development [5, 6].
The authors widely employed such methods as grouping theories related to research, modelling in
making conclusions made upon research results, statistical analysis, systematic approach, forecasting and
generalization methods in the article [7].
The successive development of small business and private entrepreneurship, providing favourable
conditions for them can be considered a new stage in further liberalization of the economy carried out
by the Government of Uzbekistan [8, 9]. In order to expand the participation of small enterprises in the
public procurement system, the Government established a legal framework for this system and is constantly
improving it. For example, in 2011, the Presidential Decree on optimizing the public procurement system
1
was adopted; based on it, the Law
2
was adopted in 2018; in 2019 the Decree on the Protection of Private
Property
3
was adopted; a draft law on public procurement is currently being developed.
Uzbek Commodity Exchange (UzEx)
is the Commodity Exchange of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the
operator and owner of the electronic trading system of the exchange, which coordinates and manages trading
floors, as well as providing clearing services. UzEx was founded by the Decree
4
of the President of the Republic
of Uzbekistan in 1994 and operates in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the
Law on the Commodity Exchanges and Commodity Exchanges Activity, the procedure for trading at the
Commodity Exchange of the republic of Uzbekistan and internal regulatory documents [10].
In order to create favorable conditions for the further development of small business and private
entrepreneurship, it is planned to carry out a number of tasks and functions on public procurement
1
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of July 00, 2011 No. PQ-1475 “On optimizing the public procurement system and
expanding the participation of small businesses in them”
2
The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 9, 2018 No. ZRU-472 “On Public Procurement”. URL: https://lex.uz/ru/docs/3648311
3
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of August 13, 2019 No. UP-5780 “On additional measures to strengthen the protection
of private property and guarantee the rights of owners, radically improve the organization of work to support entrepreneurial initiatives, as well
as expand the access of business entities to financial resources and production infrastructure”. URL: https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4473205
4
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of February 28, 1994 No. UP-772 “On the abolition of the Uzbek State Joint-Stock
Association for Contracts and Trade “Uzkontrakttorg” and the establishment of the Uzbek Republican Joint-Stock Association of Wholesale and
Exchange Trade “Uzoptbirzhetorg”. URL: https://lex.uz/com/docs/195982
национальным стандартам; увеличение количества операторов информационного портала
государственных закупок и, следовательно, повышение конкурентной среды среди них и т.д.
Ключевые слова:
государственные закупки, цифровизация, биржа, торговая площадка,
брокер, лот, заказчик
Ссылка при цитировании:
Муминов Н.Г., Захирова Г.М. Роль государственных закупок
в цифровизации экономики и внедрении электронной торговли // Научно-технические
ведомости СПбГПУ. Экономические науки. 2020. Т. 13, № 2. С. 30–39. DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
Это статья открытого доступа, распространяемая по лицензии CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://crea-
tivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Economics Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020
32
of UzEx. It organizes electronic bidding for public procurement of goods and services included in the
appendix to the Presidential Decree:
• purchase of educational supplies (except for educational materials);
• paper and other printing products;
• overhaul and average car repair;
• overhaul and maintenance of residential and non-residential premises;
• computer rental, computing and audio-video equipment;
• operation and maintenance of residential and non-residential premises;
• car maintenance and repair;
• maintenance and repair of furniture and office equipment;
• maintenance and repair of computer, computing, audio and video equipment;
• operation, maintenance and repair of other machinery and equipment.
To accomplish these tasks, UzEx assumes the following functions:
• Exchange
‒
ensures the implementation of new, improved, open and transparent public procurement
mechanisms through electronic trading;
•
Participation of bidders and observers in an open and transparent auction prevents corrupt contacts
and relationships.
• Provides greater participation through the access to the Internet.
The activities of brokers deserve special attention in these tasks. A broker is a member of a stock
exchange that deals on behalf of a client. At the same time, brokers are clients and stock exchange traders,
in addition to the Clearing House.
Brokers have a number of requirements because of their high responsibility. First of all, they must meet
the level of professional training and qualification issued by UzEx and have a professional certificate issued
by the State Property Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The relationship between a client and a broker is carried out on the basis of an assignment agreement
or a commission one. Upon entering into the agreement, the broker is obliged to inform the client about
the procedure of participation in exchange trading, including the rules of exchange trade and commission
fees for brokers and exchange services. After accepting the client’s assignments, the broker must fulfil the
obligations of the contract as soon as possible. During the assignment, the broker may not disclose the
client’s name and account number [11]. The broker is obliged to inform the client of the transactions made
on the client’s behalf in due time. The clients have the right to request information about their personal
account from (sub-account) UzEx.
During the first stage of implementation of the mechanism of state procurement, brokers are tasked
with providing services to their suppliers [12].
Small businesses and business entities on the one hand and budget organizations which implement state
procurement on the other hand work through brokers, and the brokers provide them with all the help they
need under the legislation [13, 14]. The brokers are expected to assist the suppliers with registration and
with acceptance orders to participate in the sale.
A trading floor is very important for trading activity through the exchange. UzEx trading floors are legal
entities that operate on the basis of a contract. They undergo the process of UzEx accreditation and organize
the participation in electronic exchange and exhibition-fair trades and will provide contract registration
services. The main purpose of the trading floor is to organize participation in exchange and exhibition fairs
in order to assist organizations and enterprises in purchasing material and technical resources and goods,
and selling their products.
The main functions of the trading floor are:
• providing exchange and exhibition-fair bidders with the access to UzEx single electronic trading
system through computer terminals of the trading floor;
• providing advisory and consulting services to brokers and clients of the trading floor;
33
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
• registration of domestic, import and export contracts concluded as a result of exchange and
exhibition-fair trades;
• information services to participants of exchange and exhibition-fair bidding;
• providing other bidders with other services.
Trading floors are created by legal entities of various organizational and legal forms and various forms of
ownership at their own initiative. An applicant organization methodically manages the UzEx trading floor
it applied for and bidders while also providing clearing services [15].
The request of the applicant organization and the agreement signed between the it and UzEx
grants
the status of UzEx trading floor
and the related powers, rights and obligations. Applicant organization must
confirm financial and property proportionality of UzEx trading floor, satisfactory material and technical
base and qualification of personnel.
In the first stage of implementation of the mechanism of state procurement, the trading platforms
provide services to customers, that is, public and budget organizations. A customer may address the nearest
trading platform and get assistance from the trading platform registrar on all trading matters.
Figure 1. Relationship Scheme
The ordering process at the first stage of state procurement:
• A “Customer” addresses the nearest Trading Floor or a “Broker” attached to it.
• The “Broker” and the “Customer” sign a standard assignment contract.
• The “Broker” takes authority of an “Agent” and acts on behalf of the “Customer” in the system.
The ordering process at the second stage of state procurement:
• A “Customer” addresses an “Agent” accredited on the Exchange or places a representative on the Exchange.
• The “Agent” acts on behalf of the “Customer” in the system.
At the first stage of public procurement, the supplier in the process of the order:
• A “Supplier” selects an appropriate “Broker” through the web-site www.uzex.com.
• The “Broker” and the “Supplier” sign a standard contract.
• The “Broker” acts as an “Agent” on behalf of the “Supplier” in the system.
* – Trading Floor
St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Economics Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020
34
Figure 2. The process of entry of the supplier into trading
At the second stage of public procurement, the supplier in the order process:
• A “Supplier” applies to an “Agent” accredited on UzEx, or places a representative on UzEx.
• The “Agent” acts on behalf of the “Supplier” in the system.
Here’s the order to access and use the Trading System Portal. Access it through the State Procurement
Information Portal, then on the portal home page push a large green button with the GZ symbol (in
Russian) or DX (in Uzbek).
Orders are provided in the prescribed manner under the following circumstances:
• Budget organizations are required to make purchases through the e-commerce system, when goods
and orders range from 300 to 100,000 US dollars.
• To participate in the tender, you can contact an agent accredited on UzEx. The agent places an order
or places information on suppliers of public procurement.
• At the first stage, the task of accredited agents is performed by brokers of UzEx.
State procurement is a commercial process, and there is some risk. For example, buyers or sellers of
goods may refuse to perform agreed contracts [16]. In addition, the preparation of contracts, their legal
reconciliation and coordination with various agencies of the exchange require certain actions and costs
from the brokers [17]. If the effectiveness of the time and money is guaranteed to a certain extent by the
seller and the buyer, applying to UzEx is in vain and the costs listed above are salvaged [18]. In order to
guarantee this process, a part of the contract is anticipated to be paid in advance. If the payment is made,
the guarantee amount will be taken into account during the settlement process.
• The budget organization places 0.15% of the amount specified in the agreement as a guarantee, and
when the transaction is complete, this amount is used as the exchange and brokerage commission.
• The supplier places its guarantee in the amount of 3%. Upon conclusion of the agreement, the
commission is 0.15%.
• In the public procurement system, these funds are used as a guarantee for trade. This is reflected in
the sample receipts on the information portal.
Goods purchased by organizations are usually distributed in lots. The way a lot is structured is an important
concept for the organizers and suppliers participating in the trade. Proper allocation of lots allows suppliers to
significantly reduce prices and meet demand [19]. Brokers should explain to clients the procedure for dividing
the goods into lots. If the organization needs repairs, and it is planned to obtain construction, finishing and
other materials from the supplier, it is advisable to divide the material into separate lots and place the repair
service as an individual lot as well. The greater the number of lots, the lower the cost may be.
It is inappropriate to conclude that by breaking bigger lots into lots with the value below $300 they
become unpurchaseable through e-commerce. Electronic bidding for such lots is not prohibited. Of
course, if the purchase price is too low, there is a risk the sale costs will not be covered. In other words, it is
more economically feasible to limit such trade in order to avoid damage to exchanges and brokers.
35
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
Figure 3. Purchasing goods using electronic bidding
It is advisable to consider the share of brokers and exchanges when doing the calculations.
• The commission of the organization of the bidder and the supplier, that is, both parties, is 0.15%,
of which 0.1% goes to the broker and 0.05% to the exchange. Commissions are deducted from the
guarantee amount.
• The broker and the stock exchange receive funds automatically and there is no need to transfer them.
Commission incomes should cover all costs of exchanges and brokers, depreciation charges for buildings
and various fixed assets, utilities, taxes, internet and all other expenses.
Customer and Supplier Organizations must register participants in the list of exchange to carry out state
procurement through the exchange.
• Customers’ data are already in the system, and a broker carries out transactions with them through
the “customer account management” system.
• Suppliers are registered on iPAY.uz and UZBEX.COM systems. Accounts on state procurement
systems are derived from these systems.
Upon completion of the contract, the broker provides the client with an excerpt of the sales record
with a seal of brokers of both parties, the details of the participants of the transaction, with a seal of small
business product sales centre and maculariat of the commodity exchange of the Republic of Uzbekistan
[20]. Then the supplier and the buyer interconnect independently to complete the process and transaction
calculations.
Participation in tenders worth more than 100 thousand US dollars is carried out in a different manner. In
order to participate in tenders, suppliers must familiarize themselves with the list of tendering procedures
on the Public Procurement Information Portal.
An application for participation in a tender can be submitted in accordance with the tender procedures.
In addition, in case the applicant is previously registered it is possible to get relevant documents for
participation in tenders online. It is possible to get necessary information providing the login and password.
Given that public procurement is an area that needs continuous improvement [21], in order to ensure the
convenience of participants in public procurement, the page of the online store of the special information
portal now leads to a page of the national store (for budget customers milliydokon.uzex.uz, for corporate
customers emilliydokon.uzex.uz), where local customers can make purchases from local manufacturers
(manufacturers of products, provision of services).
St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Economics Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020
36
In order to improve the mechanism of payments in the public procurement and create amenities for
participating in electronic bidding, a mechanism for early transfer of funds for the operator’s service to the
clearing house was introduced.
The Government strives to ensure transparency and further improve the public procurement system.
Aiming to ensure and increase targeted and efficient use of funds of business entities and enterprises of
strategic importance, as well as widespread involvement of business entities in the public procurement
process from January 1, 2020 in accordance with the Decree of the President
5
, business entities and
enterprises of strategic importance place announcements on a special information portal on public
procurement
not later than fifteen days
from the date of receipt of proposals by the selection committee
before bidding
by selecting the best offers
. The
protocol
of the
procurement commission
on the selection of the
best offers must be placed on the day of its official adoption on a special public procurement portal and
remain there
for two business days for public discussion
.
To prevent the participation of enterprises that were declared bankrupt, liquidated or in provisional
liquidation, and whose activities were prohibited, the integration of software systems of the special portal
of public procurement with tax and other relevant bodies was ensured.
To further improve public procurement, it is advisable to carry out reforms in the following areas:
1. Development of standard forms for public procurement plans, announcements, tenders, contracts,
and minutes of procurement committee meetings to ensure uniformity of public procurement documents.
2. Development and implementation and continuous improvement of the national classifier, which
combines all the characteristics of goods (services) in accordance with international and national standards;
adoption of guidelines for the development, maintenance and continuous improvement of the classifier;
creation and implementation of a catalogue of goods (works, services) for public procurement based on
the classifier.
3. Digitalisation of tender procedures in order to improve the system of application of modern
information technologies in public procurement processes, as well as to increase transparency and
transparency in the sector; adoption of guidelines for electronic tenders, the introduction of amendments
and additions to the relevant regulations.
4. Encouragement of competition among operators of a special information portal on public
procurement, resulting in a further improvement in the quality of services provided by the portal to the
public procurement participants.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the gradual introduction of the state procurement system in order to ensure the
efficient use of public funds in the conditions of modernization of the economy is beginning to yield
positive results.
At present, ensuring competition between the government procurement trading platforms that operate
in accordance with regulations and have equal opportunities is important in digitizing the economy.
Ensuring the integration of public procurement trading platforms with the relevant software
packages (Public Finance Management Information System, Information Program of the State Tax
and Statistical Committees of the Republic of Uzbekistan, etc.) is a strategic task that should be
undertaken in the near future.
We believe that developments involving experts in this field, scientists, researchers, practitioners,
consumers of the national classifier of products and services, which includes all the characteristics
of products and services in accordance with international standards, should be defined as one of the
important tasks.
5
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of January 22, 2018 No. PP-3487 “On measures to support the activities of business
entities and enterprises of strategic importance”. URL: https://lex.uz/ru/docs/3515545
37
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
It is necessary to effectively use the capabilities of the Training Centre under the Ministry of Finance to
organize training for specialists in the field of public procurement, as well as attract lecturers from leading
countries and national universities for distance education.
To convey the essence of public procurement to business and the public, it is important to encourage
various meetings and workshops, as well as promote their widespread media coverage.
It should be noted that this study has several limitations.
Firstly, the data on public procurement in terms of expenditures of the budget recipients are not always
in the public domain and such a situation could create some distortion in the studied dependencies.
Secondly, the unstable supply of electricity and poor Internet connection in some remote areas of the
country does not allow the full-fledged operation of the electronic exchange trading system, which in the
end can significantly affect the practical significance of this study.
Directions for further research
In the near future, deepening of digitization of the economy and coverage of all sectors of the economy
will allow to link state procurement e-commerce system for budget organizations to the information
system, while informatization of the cost and revenue system of the budgetary organizations will establish
electronic links with the state finance system. However, the coherence and adaptation of these systems to
each other has not been theoretically analysed. This will encourage further research in this area.
REFERENCES
1.
J.C. Bertot, P.T. Jaeger, J.M. Grimes
, Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency:
E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government
Information Quarterly, 2010, no. 27, pp. 264–271.
2.
A.I. Aleksandrova, E.A. Ostapovets, A.V. Klochkova
, Directions of improving the public
procurement system in the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal.
Economics, 2017, no. 10–2, pp. 21–32. (rus). DOI: 10.18721/JE.10202
3.
E. Shadrina, I. Romodina
, Sustainable public procurement: International experience. Public
Administration Issues, 2017, no. 1, pp. 149–172. (rus)
4.
P. Detkova, E. Podkolzina, A. Tkachenko
, Corruption, Centralization and Competition:
Evidence from Russian Public Procurement. International Journal of Public Administration, 2018, no.
41–5–6, pp. 414–434. DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2018.1426014
5.
I.I. Smirnitskaya
(Ed.). Upravlenie zakupkami v informatsionnoi ekonomike: voprosy teorii
i praktiki [Procurement management in the information economy: issues of theory and practice].
Moscow, Institut ekonomiki RAN, 2014. 242 p. (rus)
6.
A. Borowiec
, The impact of public procurement system on the development of competition in
the economy in the light of empirical research. Oeconomia Copernicana, 2017, no. 8–1, pp. 37–50.
DOI: 10.24136/oc.v8i1.3
7.
A. Flynn, D. Paul
, Theory in public procurement research. Journal of Public Procurement, 2014,
no. 14–2, pp. 139–180. DOI: 10.1108/JOPP-14-02-2014-B001
8.
P. Guarnieri, R.C. Gomes
, Can public procurement be strategic? A future agenda proposition.
Journal of Public Procurement, 2019, no. 19–4, pp. 295–321. DOI: 10.1108/JOPP-09-2018-0032
9.
O.V. Ponomareva
, Gosudarstvennye zakupki kak instrument torgovoi politiki v razvivayushchikhsya
stranakh [Public procurement as an instrument of trade policy in developing countries], Rossiyskiy
vneshneekonomicheskiy vestnik, 2014, no. 9, pp. 101–119. (rus)
10.
I.V. Izvorski, E. Trushin, A. Appiah-Koranteng
et al, Uzbekistan – Public Expenditure Review
(English). Washington, D.C., World Bank Group, 2019. 124 p. URL: http://documents.worldbank.org/
curated/en/471601582557360839/Uzbekistan-Public-Expenditure-Review (accessed February 01, 2020).
11.
M. Pla
č
ek, M. Schmidt, F. Ochrana
et al. Repeated selection of supplier, factors and results:
The Czech Republic. Journal of Public Procurement, 2019, no. 19–4, pp. 322–344. DOI: 10.1108/
JOPP-12-2018-0049
12.
A.I. Kutyukova
, Goszakupki. Prakticheskoe posobie po osushchestvleniyu zakupok dlya
gosudarstvennykh i munitsipalnykh nuzhd [Government procurement. Practical guide for pocurement
St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Economics Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020
38
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1.
Bertot J.C., Jaeger P.T., Grimes J.M.
Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government
and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government Information Quarterly,
2010, no. 27, pp. 264–271.
2.
Александрова А.И., Остаповец Е.А., Клочкова А.В
. Направления совершенствования
системы государственных закупок в Российской Федерации. Научно-технические ведомости
Санкт-Петербургского государственного политехнического университета. Экономические нау-
ки. 2017. № 10–2. С. 21–32. DOI: 10.18721/JE.10202
3.
Шадрина Е.В., Ромодина И.В.
Государственные закупки для устойчивого развития: Между-
народный опыт // Вопросы государственного и муниципального управления. 2017. № 1. С. 149–172.
4.
Detkova P., Podkolzina E., Tkachenko A.
Corruption, Centralization and Competition: Evidence
from Russian Public Procurement. International Journal of Public Administration, 2018, no. 41–5–6,
pp. 414–434. DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2018.1426014
5. Управление закупками в информационной экономике: вопросы теории и практики / Под.
ред. И.И. Смотрицкой. М.: Институт экономики РАН, 2014. 242 с.
6.
Borowiec A.
The impact of public procurement system on the development of competition in
the economy in the light of empirical research. Oeconomia Copernicana, 2017, no. 8–1, pp. 37–50.
DOI: 10.24136/oc.v8i1.3
7.
Flynn A., Paul D.
Theory in public procurement research. Journal of Public Procurement, 2014,
no. 14–2, pp. 139–180. DOI: 10.1108/JOPP-14-02-2014-B001
8.
Guarnieri P., Gomes R.C.
Can public procurement be strategic? A future agenda proposition.
Journal of Public Procurement, 2019, no. 19–4, pp. 295–321. DOI: 10.1108/JOPP-09-2018-0032
9.
Пономарева О.В.
Государственные закупки как инструмент торговой политики в развиваю-
щихся странах // Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2014. № 9. C. 101–119.
10.
Izvorski I.V., Trushin E., Appiah-Koranteng A.
et al. Uzbekistan – Public Expenditure Review
(English). Washington, D.C., World Bank Group, 2019. 124 p. URL: http://documents.worldbank.
for state and municipal needs]. 2019. URL: https://avidreaders.ru/book/goszakupki-prakticheskoe-
posobie-po-osuschestvleniyu-zakupok.html (assecced February 01, 2020). (rus)
13.
K. Ahsan, S. Rahman
, Green public procurement implementation challenges in Australian
public healthcare sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, no. 152, pp. 181–197, DOI: 10.1016/j.
jclepro.2017.03.055
14.
O.K. Yastrebova
, Razvitie normativnogo biudzhetnogo finansirovaniya vysshego obrazovaniya
[The development of normative budget financing of higher education]. Nauchno-issledovatelskiy
finansovyy institut. Finansovyy zhurnal, 2015, no. 1, pp. 41–51. (rus)
15.
M.T. Khaydarov, N.G. Muminov
, Davlat kharidlari bў
ĭ
icha akhborot portalini amal
қ
ilishini
tashkil
ė
tish tamo
ĭ
illari.
Ė
konomika i finansy (Uzbekistan), no. 2–3, pp. 89–95. (uzb)
16.
N. Muminov, P. Hoshimov, N. Muxitdinova, O. Umarov
, Cooperation in the conditions
of globalization: Problems and prospects for the development. International Journal of Psychosocial
Rehabilitation, 2020, no. 24–1, pp. 1950–1953. DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I1/PR200301
17.
V.V. Melnikov, O.A. Lukashenko
, Evolution of public procurement auctions in Russia. Terra
Economicus, 2019, no. 17–1, pp. 150–173. DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2019-17-1-150-173
18.
A. Balsevich, S. Pivovarova, E. Podkolzina
, Information transparency in public procurement:
How it works in Russian regions. HSE Working Papers. Series: Economics. WP BRP 01/EC/2011. 2011.
33 p. URL: https://publications.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/folder/islf6b0sfk/direct/59052137 (accessed
December 01, 2019).
19.
J. Alcalde, M. Dahm
, Competition for procurement shares. Games and Economic Behavior,
2013, no. 80, pp. 193–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.geb.2013.03.007
20. O problemakh upravleniya gosudarstvennymi zakupkami v Respublike Uzbekistan i napravleniyakh
sovershenstvovaniya. Analiticheskaiya zapiska. Proekt PROON "Reforma gosudarstvennykh finansov v
Uzbekistane" [On the problems of public procurement management in the Republic of Uzbekistan and
areas for improvement. Analytic note. Project “Public Finance Reform in Uzbekistan”], 2008. (rus)
21.
O. Zamanov
, Davlat kharidlari: talablar va amalga oshirish tartibi belgilandi. URL: https://www.
norma.uz/uz/qonunchilikda_yangi/ davlat_haridlari_talablar_va_amalga_oshirish_tartibi_belgilandi
(accessed September 15, 2019). (uzb)
39
N.G. Muminov, G.M. Zakhirova DOI: 10.18721/JE.13203
org/curated/en/471601582557360839/Uzbekistan-Public-Expenditure-Review
(дата
обращения:
01.02.2020).
11.
Pl
ač
ek M., Schmidt M., Ochrana F.
et al. Repeated selection of supplier, factors and results:
The Czech Republic. Journal of Public Procurement, 2019, no. 19–4, pp. 322–344. DOI: 10.1108/
JOPP-12-2018-0049
12.
Кутюкова А.И.
Госзакупки. Практическое пособие по осуществлению закупок для го-
сударственных и муниципальных нужд. 2019. URL: https://avidreaders.ru/book/goszakupki-
prakticheskoe-posobie-po-osuschestvleniyu-zakupok.html (дата обращения: 01.02.2020).
13.
Ahsan K., Rahman S.
Green public procurement implementation challenges in Australian
public healthcare sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, no. 152, pp. 181–197, DOI: 10.1016/j.
jclepro.2017.03.055
14.
Ястребова О.К.
Развитие нормативного бюджетного финансирования высшего образо-
вания // Научно-исследовательский финансовый институт. Финансовый журнал. 2015. № 1.
С. 41–51.
15.
Хайдаров М.Т., Муминов Н.Г.
Давлат харидлари бўйича ахборот порталини амал
қ
или-
шини ташкил этиш тамойиллари // Экономика и финансы (Узбекистан). 2011. № 2–3. С. 89–95.
16.
Muminov N., Hoshimov P., Muxitdinova N., Umarov O.
Cooperation in the conditions of
globalization: Problems and prospects for the development. International Journal of Psychosocial
Rehabilitation, 2020, no. 24–1, pp. 1950–1953. DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I1/PR200301
17.
Melnikov V.V., Lukashenko O.A.
Evolution of public procurement auctions in Russia. Terra
Economicus, 2019, no. 17–1, pp. 150–173. DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2019-17-1-150-173
18.
Balsevich A., Pivovarova S., Podkolzina E.
Information transparency in public procurement:
How it works in Russian regions. HSE Working Papers. Series: Economics. WP BRP 01/EC/2011. 2011.
33 p. URL: https://publications.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/folder/islf6b0sfk/direct/59052137 (дата об-
ращения: 01.12.2019).
19.
Alcalde J., Dahm M.
Competition for procurement shares. Games and Economic Behavior, 2013,
no. 80, pp. 193–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.geb.2013.03.007
20. О проблемах управления государственными закупками в Республике Узбекистан и направ-
лениях совершенствования. Аналитическая записка. Проект ПРООН «Реформа государственных
финансов в Узбекистане», 2008.
21.
Заманов O.
Давлат харидлари: талаблар ва амалга ошириш тартиби белгиланди.
URL: https://www.norma.uz/uz/qonunchilikda_yangi/davlat_haridlari_talablar_va_amalga_oshirish_
tartibi_belgilandi (дата обращения: 15.09.2019).
THE AUTHORS / СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
MUMINOV NOZIM G.
E-mail: nozim.muminov@mail.ru
МУМИНОВ Нозим Гаффарович
E-mail: nozim.muminov@mail.ru
ZAKHIROVA Gulnora M.
E-mail: zakhirova.gulnora@yandex.ru
ЗАХИРОВА Гулнора Мухамадиевна
E-mail: zakhirova.gulnora@yandex.ru
©
Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого, 2020
Статья поступила в редакцию 12.03.2020.
