Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion
rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil.
12
Abstract
:
This article provides information about the history of philology, teaching
methodology, what philology is, and its difference from other fields.
Key words
:
Philology, teaching methodology, science, linguistics, literary studies, tex-
tual studies, source studies.
Philology (from ancient Greek: philologia - «love of words», «love of words») is
a general science consisting of the cooperation of humanities - linguistics, literary
studies, textual studies, source studies, paleography, and others; studies the histo-
ry and essence of human spiritual culture by linguistic and stylistic analysis of writ-
ten monuments. The text, which consists of the sum of its internal issues and ex-
ternal relations, is the first basis that determines the existence of philology. By
focusing on the text and creating supporting comments (the most ancient form of
philological works), philology covers human life, first of all, spiritual life with all its
breadth and depth. Philology appeared in the period when the culture of writing
was relatively advanced. The ancient highly developed cultures of the Middle East
were almost unaware of philology, and in the Middle Ages Western Europe did not
pay enough attention to it either; At the same time, philology is the homeland of
philosophy. In India and Greece, thinking about words and speech, in the way of
its analysis, appeared in harmony with philosophy. Despite the conflicts that later
occurred between the pursuit of abstraction in philosophy and the precision and
concreteness of philology, the initial integrity and unity of philosophy and philolo-
gy was not accidental: the periods of the rise and development of philology often
coincided with the great periods of epistemological thought (for example, in the
Hellenistic world - from Aristotle, in Europe in the 17th century - It happened after
R. Descartes, in Germany in the 19th century - I. Kant). Qad. Chinese culture had its
own philological traditions (Liu Se’s works, 5th-6th centuries AD). But Qad. The
philological teachings of India and China, and their achievements in this field, were
not known to Europeans until recent times. The traditions of European philology
relied entirely on Greek sources, and ancient Sunyo philology. During the period
of the Sophists (2nd half of the 5th century - 1st half of the 4th century BC), the
ABDURAKHMONOVA MOKHINUR
BAKHROMJON QIZI
Student of Uzbek State
World Language University
KHODIYEVA SHAKHNOZA
ABDULLAYEVNA
Senior teacher of Uzbek State
World Language University
WHAT IS
PHILOLOGY AND
ITS DIFFERENCE
FROM OTHER
AREAS
https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp12-16
STARS International University
13
field of literature is sufficiently separated from the non-literary environment to
become the object of theoretical poetics and philology. Among the sophists, Pro-
tagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and others made great contributions to the develop-
ment of philological methods; Greek literary theory rises to a higher level with
Aristotle’s Poetics. In the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st centuries BC), philology was
separated from the science of philosophy and passed into the hands of specialists
- the librarians of Alexandria and Pergamum: they were engaged in identifying and
interpreting the corrected texts of ancient authors. Dionysius of Thrace (c. 150-90
BC) developed a theory of word groups that is still in use today. Among the schol-
ars of the early Christian era, Origen and Jerome (the person who first translated
the Bible into Latin) carried out enormous textological works on the original ver-
sion of the Bible and the Greek translation. The tradition of Greek philology was
continued in Byzantium in the Middle Ages, preserving its ancient status (study
and interpretation of classic texts); After the fall of the Roman Empire (1453), Re-
naissance Italy inherited Byzantine philology thanks to the fleeing scholars. Qad.
In Rome, philology was distinguished from phammatics, which studied the gram-
matical aspect of the language, spelling. The next stage of development of philol-
ogy is associated with the treatises of Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Lorenzo
Wall during the Renaissance. In these treatises, the true content of Aristotle’s
works is revealed, p. the written texts of Greek and Roman writers were studied
and interpreted from a critical point of view. During the period when philology
was depressed in Europe in the Middle Ages, during the 8th-14th centuries, Arabic
philology began to develop on a large scale. In Arabic philology, the fields of lin-
guistics and partly literary studies are developed. During this period, Kufa and
Basra grammar schools (currents) emerged. Representatives of the grammar
school of Basra: Khalil ibn Ahmad (8th century) and his student Sibawayhi devel-
oped the standards of the classical Arabic language in their works and compiled
the first explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. Sibawayhi divided the
word groups into 3 main groups (noun, verb, letter) defined the syntactic relations
of word groups. The representatives of the Kufa grammar stream devoted their
works to the syntax of the Arabic language and the dialectal grammatical features
of the Arabic language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, both grammatical streams
rose to the level of an independent school of linguistics. On the basis of Basra and
Kufa fammatic trends, the Baghdad fammatic school was created, and the Bagh-
dad grammatical theory was created. Ibn Jinni (10th century), a representative of
the Baghdad grammar school, paid attention to issues of etymology in his works.
As the rule of the Arab caliphate spread to Syria, Egypt, Iran, Spain, and Central
Asia, philologists developed in these regions under the influence of the philologi-
cal currents of Kufa, Basra, and Baghdad. representatives also participated. En-
glish orientalist Ye. According to Brown, 30 of the 45 most influential representa-
tives of Arab science and culture were representatives of non-Arab peoples. The
emergence of the science of Turkic philology is also connected with the scientific
activities of these scientists. Although philology was not considered a special sci-
ence among the Turkic peoples in ancient times, there are many works related to
it - dictionaries, grammars, treatises on literary studies, reviews, books on the his-
tory and ethnography of the Turkic peoples. written Mahmud Koshgari (11th cen-
tury) occupies a special place in the history of culture and science of Turkic peo-
Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion
rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil.
14
ples. He is one of the scientists and the first to create the science of Turkic philol-
ogy. His work «Devonu Lugotit Turk» covers almost all areas of this science: lexi-
con, phonetics and morphology of Turkic languages, classification of Turkic lan-
guages, oral creativity of Turkic peoples, etc. The work also contains valuable in-
formation on ethnography, toponymy, and geographical location of Turkic peo-
ples. M. Koshgari also founded the comparative study of languages. Mahmoud
Zamakhshari (11th-12th centuries), nicknamed «Jorullah» («Neighbor of God») by
the scholars of his time, made a great contribution to the development of Eastern
science and culture. He created more than 50 works related to philosophy, history,
literary studies, folklore studies, linguistics. His work «Mukaddimat uladab» is im-
portant not only in terms of studying the history of the Arabic language and lin-
guistics, but also in terms of studying the history of the languages of the Turkic
peoples. In the dictionary part of the work, Persian and Mongolian translations of
Arabic words as well as Turkish translations are given. In addition to these, more
than 10 monolingual or bilingual explanatory dictionaries created by well-known
or unknown authors in the 13th-19th centuries made a certain contribution to the
development of the science of philology in Turkic languages. Also, Alisher Navoi’s
works «Muhokamat ullugatayn», «Mezon ulavzon», «Majolis unnafois», «Tarihi mu-
luki Ajam», Babur’s «Mukhtasar» («Risolai aruz») and «Boburnoma», Abul g hozi
Bahadirkhan’s «Shajarai turk» and « «Shajarai tarokima» books, historical works of
authors such as Munis, Ogahi, Bayani, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi’s book «Funun ulbalo-
ga» on literary studies and other scientific works enriched the science of philology
in a broad sense. In the 18th century in Germany, the philologist I.I. A new era of
philology begins due to the emergence of Winckelmann’s theory of «neohuman-
ism» (new humanism). The question of the whole, whole image of the an c ient
world is raised with the same scientific rigor as it was during the Renaissance.
German philologist philology A. Wolf uses the term «philology» as the name of the
science of antiquity, the ancient world. During this period, philology was under-
stood in a very broad sense and included not only the study of a specific national
language and literature, but also history, philosophy, art, and even material cul-
ture. Philology. the department that studies cultural monuments and i nterprets
the works of Greek and Roman authors was later called «classical philology». In
the 19th century, the process of separation of philology from other disciplines in-
tensified. As a result of the work of German philologists G. Uzener, E. Rode, U. von
Wilamowitz Möllendorf and others, world history is separated from philology as an
independent branch of science; at the same time, under the influence of romanti-
cism and other Goya trends, along with «classical philology», «new philology» was
born: Germanic studies (such as Ya. and V. Grimm), Slavic studies (A. Vostokov, V.
Ganka), Oriental studies. At the same time, the Grimms, philologist Dietz, I. Do-
brovsky, A. Vostokov and other philologists developed the comparative-historical
method of language study. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the science of Turkic
studies appeared as a branch of philology.
During the period when special departments of philology as above appeared
and the comparative historical method began to be used, the concept of philology
narrowed and became equal to linguistics. At the end of the 19th and the begin-
ning of the 20th century, the concept of philology became clearer and included
the study of languages and literature; such disciplines as textology, source stud-
STARS International University
15
ies, paleography appear as auxiliary fields of philology, especially the formation
and development of textology played an important role in publishing manuscripts
and works of classic poets (for example, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Atoi, Navoi, Babur;
Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.). Linguistics and literary studies that make up philology,
in turn, are divided into special fields: general linguistics, language history, the
study of modern languages; folklore studies are also included in the scope of liter-
ary theory, literary history, literary criticism and other philology because folklore
is also an art of speech. Modern philology reveals new problems of language and
literature study and develops new methods; developing a continuous connection
with written sources typical of all periods of social life; philological research is
being conducted with a deep scientific and critical approach to existing sourc-
es. The most important characteristic of modern philology is to limit its tasks to
the tasks of such subjects as history, philosophy, art history, and cultural history,
which were separated from the bosom of philology, which was once considered a
single, integrated science, and at the same time, creative cooperation with them.
Although the foundations of Uzbek philology go back to the times and works of
M. Koshgari, M. Zamakhshari, it has developed in a unique way over the years! how-
ever, Uzbek philology in the current sense began to form at the beginning of the
20th century: Uzbek linguistics, literary studies, source studies, and textual studies
developed as branches of philological science. Current Uzbek philology is devel-
oping in every way as a component of world philology. M. Behbudi, Fitrat, Chol-
pon, Avloni, Elbek, Ghozi Olim Yunusov, A. Zahiri, Otajon Hashim, Hodi Zaripov,
S. Ibrohimov, P. Shamsiyev, Sh. Khurshid, Olim Sharafiddinov, S. Mutallibov, Izzat
Sultan, O. Usmanov, S. Usmanov, U. Tursunov, philology Kamal, V. Abdullayev, V.
Zohidov, G‘. Karimov, philology Abdullayev, A. Gulomov, H. Sulaymanov, Russian
scientists Ye. Polivanov, K. Yudakhin, A. Borovkov, V. Reshetov, A. Kononov, A.
Shcherbak, and others have significant contributions. Also Sh. Shoabdurahman-
ov, G. Abdurahmonov, A. Hayitmetov, A. Kayumov, A. Rustamov, Q. Mahmudov,
M. Askarova, HI. Rahmatullayev, A. Hajiyev, A. Abdugafurov, B. Valikhojhayev, N.
Karimov, T. Mirzayev, B. Nazarov, E. Fozilov, E. Begmatov, H. Nematov, A. Nur-
monov, N. Makhmudov, and other contemporary Uzbeks have been participating
in the development of philology with their scientific research. Philology has faced
difficulties in the English-speaking world. Many Americans who studied in college
do not know this word, and those who often repeat texts written by ancient Greek
or Roman classics. Philology is a science of science. the king, the pride of the
first great modern universities - grew up in Germany in the eighteenth and nine-
teenth centuries. In the twelve years before 1850, the most advanced humanistic
research in the United States and Great Britain and its generative currents were
sent through the intellectual life of Europe and America. philosophy of text (liter-
ature such as classical and biblical studies, «Sanskrit and Arabic», «Medieval and
modern European writers»); 2) the theory of the origin and nature of language and
(3) the comparative structure and historical evolution of languages and language
families study ».»The events that happened since 1800 were the origin of «compar-
ative philology», events that happened by Darwinists, such as «the common origin
of humans», was based on the widest horizons and new knowledge. By the 18th
century, English colonial leaders who were covering botany and Greek at school,
realized that they had to do their work properly in classical Persian and even San-
Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion
rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil.
16
skrit, they could not help noticing similarities between the oriental languages and
their classical counterparts, but what was their meaning, and what was the origin
of the distinction of language rather than of species?» The comparative philology
of the study and development of true Indo-European languages quickly gained
great respect in Germany.»
Answer Grimm, true expressions of philologists and rare collectors, «There is
no punishment, or so cruel to error. As mathematics or physics, in every sense
a hard science, serious details have a cruel morality.» Popular English Philology
to all kinds of questions about, etymology, different types of pronunciation and
grammatical usage, sources of Cockney vocabulary, words, original place and per-
sonal names, and pronunciation, it is very interesting to hear things discussed
in railway stations and smoking rooms you can read long letters about them in
the press, sometimes decorated with random, misunderstood, misinterpreted and
used interesting information No, the subject of English philology is street has a
strange fascination for the man within, but almost everything that is thought and
said about it is wonderfully and hopelessly mistaken. English Philology attracts
a greater number of cranks and defects than the giyas, which is the knowledge
of people who are probably less educated on any subject. the general ignorance
about it is so profound that it is very difficult to convince people that it is really a
well-known fact and a definite doctrine on linguistic matters.» «If the nineteenth
language of language is the century of discovery, the twentieth century is the
century of language attachment. The nineteenth-century distinguished language
in several ways: it learned to see language as an amalgam of sounds, and therefore
how to study sounds, to understand the diversity of language, and to understand
the history or studied not as a piece of literature, but as a separate language.
«Philology» was considered the best. «Other studies, especially innovations such
as anthropology, began at the same time that philology helped the emergence of
linguistics ... New studies were different from the century: in the century, linguis-
tics once again united language. words and so He developed an interest in the
study of the sounds that combine to form words, understood universals in other
languages, and he reintegrated other languages with other languages, particularly
philosophy and psychology.»
References:
1. Warschauer, M., & Kern, K. (2000). Network-based Language Teaching: Con-
cepts and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[1]
2. Boswood, T. (1997). New Ways of Using Computers in Language Teaching
(New Ways in Tesol Series II), California: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other
Languages.[2]
3. Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English, Harlow, Essex: Pearson-Longman.
[3]
4.www.ziyonet.uz.[4]
5.Jeyms Tyorner, Filologiya: Zamonaviy gumanitar fanlarning unutilgan man-
balari, Princeton University Press, 2014[5]
2.Genri Vild, «Angliyadagi ingliz filologiyasi: Oksford universitetidagi imtihon
maktablarida nutq so‘zlagan birinchi dars», 21 fevral 1921.[6]
