Sign language recognition has gained significant attention due to its potential to bridge communication gaps between the deaf and hearing communities. This article presents a comprehensive review of machine learning methods employed for the recognition of Uzbek Sign Language (UzSL). The unique visual and spatial nature of sign languages poses challenges that necessitate specialized techniques for accurate recognition. This review surveys various approaches, ranging from traditional techniques to modern deep learning methods, used to recognize UzSL gestures. The article begins by introducing the significance of UzSL recognition and its impact on facilitating effective communication for the Uzbek deaf community. It outlines the complexities involved in sign language recognition, including variations in hand shapes, movements, and facial expressions. The challenges of limited training data, real-time recognition, and capturing dynamic features are discussed in depth. A survey of traditional machine learning methods such as Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) is presented, along with their applications and limitations in UzSL recognition. The evolution of these methods into more sophisticated approaches like Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) is also explored.
В данной статье класифицируются переводы произведений индийского писателя Премчанда на узбекский язык. В статье исследованны проблемы перевода с хинди на узбекский язык. В частности анализируется передача фразеологизмов на примере узбекского перевода произведения Премчанда “Дар” (“Вардан”)
Статья посвящена истории узбекского национального искусства маком и генезису термина «маком».
The article is scientifically substantiated by the need to create a national corpus of the Uzbek language. Suggestions are given on the structure of the corpus, the program interface, the algorithm of the program, the technology for obtaining the results. Based on the experience of world scientists, the requirements for the data encoding format for the national corpus of the Uzbek language are described. The article says that the interface of the national corpus and the author's corpus has a different design, structure, its improvement is the responsibility of the author of the corpus, and the interface should evoke the first impression of the corpus, an attractive appearance. The interface should take into account decorations that reflect the national color, as well as symbols reflecting the classics or modernity, the interface should reflect the life and work of the artist, the works created by him should open in separate windows, partly in photo galleries. The types of internal and external interface are also discussed. The article analyzes the linguistic module and algorithm and its types from independent components of linguistic programs. The need for an algorithm for phonological, morphological and spelling rules for the formation of the lexical and grammatical code is scientifically substantiated. The importance of language modules, such as phonology, morphology and spelling, in the formation of the linguistic base of the national corpus of the Uzbek language is emphasized.
This article analyzes the linguistic and pragmatic features of a journalistic text. It is known that in the mass process of modern communicative society, publicistic communication takes an increasingly important place. A single center of knowledge and periphery comes to replace a multifaceted world with diverse knowledge and culture. This center has its own industries, which it provides with the necessary knowledge. The characterization of the modern communication society by such a clash will radically change our life. These changes will manifest themselves through the formation of public opinion. Scientific research carried out in the fields of linguistics and journalism in recent years is devoted to the problems of society, culture and other issues. It is generally accepted that factors such as economics, politics, cultural and national customs and traditions have a direct impact on the language. It is impossible to deny the fact that this list of sociocultural criteria needs to be clarified and supplemented. Therefore, the consideration of the specific communicative speech activity of journalism in a pragmatic aspect requires a modern approach.
Данная статья посвящена преподаванию в узбекской аудитории турецкого языка, принадлежащего с узбекским одной семье, грамматически и разговорно похожего на него, а также проблемам, возникающим в процессе изучения языка. В статье анализированы явление и важность сингармонизма в турецком языке. Вопрос в изучаемом языке показывает, что суффиксы во множественном числе почти идентичны узбекским суффиксам. Однако у них нет феномена сингармонизма, поэтому порядок добавления слов показан на примерах. Имеются также существенные различия в турецких суффиксах, которые подробно описаны. В сататье освещены некоторые аспекты разговорной речи, различия в схожих выражениях на узбекском и турецком языках. Даны примеры, показывающие некоторые стереотипы, которые существуют и в узбекском языке.
The article analyzes information about word formation and its history. This article analyzes the linguistic module and algorithm, as well as its types from independent components of linguistic programs. The need for an algorithm based on the rules of compound word formation for the formation of a lexico-grammatical code is scientifically substantiated. The importance of language modules of a complex word in the formation of the linguistic base of the national corpus of the Uzbek language is emphasized.
As it is known, the social status of occupation in the communication is determined, compared to the
participants-curry, relationship status, position and role in the family. Speech communication is an important tool for providing information about the social status of the participants. For example, the speech units selected by the owner, the speech etiquette forms can transport information about the social status of the speaker. In particular, the participants' concluding remarks in the life of society are received great attention in the communication culture of Uzbekistan. In this article deixis theory in linguistics, deixis of the social condition, its representatives are discussed. In communication gestural units they are mainly used to express participants' social condition. The social status of linguistics in the speech of the participants of the dialogue is pointed as social deixis, we used terminology of social condition deixis. After all, the social status (social further status) of speech participants is provided in terms of social deixis. The speech units that
express social status deixis not only explain speaker and social condition of other participants, but also inform about its subjective evaluation. Linguistic and also extralinguistic units are used to make deixis of social status in the Uzbek language. Language units of deixis of social status language include pronouns, contact units, social lexic units and some supplements. Personal pronoun organize complicated deictic character as a tool to form of social status and person's deixis. They indicate participants of the speech which makes clear individual's deixis and determine social status deixis via showing their relations and
social factors in the same time. Supplement -s which indicates grammar meaning of possession, personal
suffixes, respect does a task of clarifying social status deixis too. Also, one of active language units that could explain speech participants' social status is reference units. Reference units' have a special duty of not only grabbing attention of listener in the speech, but also defining social relationship between speech participants. Communication units are actively used as a tool of indicating speech participants' social status in our speech. Even spelling name incorrectly to the listener indicates disrespectfulness, lowness of listener's social status or using words that mean relativity with strangers’ services as a respect. In speech deictic points which have social symbol are used in lexical field too. This include socially specialized lexic units. In
the conversion of speech participants practicing certain field's representatives' special words, slangs indicate that they are in a one group and they are socially equal. Character (right) which was formed by human's job, position, adorenes identifies not only that person's duty (responsibility), but also his position along communicative act. Overall, in Uzbek language expression units of the social condition deixis are various, therefore when each of them are analysed deeply they could obviously give intriguing informations about not only pragmalinguistics, but also sociolinguistics of Uzbek linguistics' researches