Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious health issue which infected 3.3% of world’s population. The major transmission route of this virus is blood and blood products. Thalaseemic patients are dependent upon blood transfusions throughout their life and are at high risk of getting HCV infections.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the presence of hepatitis C virus in multitransfused thalaseemic population of capital twin cities of Pakistan.
Patients and Methods: The study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 and 262 multitransfused beta thalaseemic from the capital twin cities of Pakistan were enrolled for analysis. The presence of hepatitis C virus, alanine amino transferase (ALT) level, serum creatinine, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and splenectomy were analyzed.
Results: The overall prevalence of Hepatitis C virus was 55.73% observed with 100% of patients greater than 20 years of age have HCV infection. The average ALT in HCV positive thalaseemic patients was observed 98U/L and average creatinine values were 0.39 mg/dl. 82.20% of HCV positive thalaseemic patients have hepatomegaly with average increase of 4.33 cm in liver size. Splenomegaly was observed in 67.12% of HCV positive thalaseemic patients with average increase of 4.46 cm in spleen size. Splenectomy was observed in 15.75% of cases.
Conclusion: The presence of HCV is very high in thalaseemic population of Pakistan. The chance of getting HCV infections also increases with the increase in age of thalaseemic patient. Raised ALT and hepatomegaly was observed in majority of HCV positive thalaseemic patients. There is a strong need to properly screen the blood before transfusions to decrease the future load of HCV from Pakistan.
Viral hepatitis (VH) belongs to the category of infectious diseases of the human body that develop under the influence of viruses, which are diverse in nature, in the ways of their spread and transmission from a patient to a healthy person and have one identical attribute - liver damage. VG is an atroponous infection, which means that their pathogens in natural conditions can only be present in the human body.
In hepatitis of viral origin, pathogens have a selective similarity (tropism) to liver cells. For this reason, the early location of viruses and their replication (reproduction) are manifested mainly in the liver tissue, primarily in liver cells (hepatocytes).
According to the nature and duration of development, hepatitis of viral origin is divided into acute and chronic. The threshold among these two types of disease is relatively taken into account 6 months from the onset of the disease or in certain patients from the onset of infection (if the disease does not develop) and up to 6 months - acute hepatitis B or acute virus carrier, after 6 months - chronic hepatitis or chronic virus carrier. [4; 8].
According to WHO, in different countries of the world more than 2 billion people are infected with viral hepatitis (VH), while about 350 million are carriers of hepatitis B and 500 million of hepatitis C [3; 5].
All known hepatitis viruses are present in the CIS countries. In relation to parenteral infections of viral hepatitis, the CIS countries belong to the region with a moderate incidence rate (35.2 cases per 100,000 people). In Tatarstan, the share of viral hepatitis "B" and "C" in the total number of viral hepatitis is 80%. According to some authors [1], the number of so-called "virus carriers" of infection is growing in our republic, more than 10,000-12,000 primary carriers of hepatitis B and C viruses are registered annually. However, the registered incidence is only a part of the true incidence and only the visible part of the "iceberg". This is due to the fact that most cases of hepatitis B occur outside the scope of medical diagnosis, without jaundice and with minor clinical symptoms. However, the anicteric form of parenteral hepatitis is less dangerous than the icteric form in terms of infection and consequences [10].
Viral hepatitis B and C belong to the group of viral hepatitis with a parenteral transmission mechanism. These pathogenic viruses are taxonomically distinct. Common features are the parenteral transmission mechanism and the obligatory circulation of the virus in the blood [7].
Viral hepatitis B is a strictly parenteral infection caused by the IIBV virus, including CMV; IIBV is highly resistant to cold, heat, chemical and physical attack. It persists for 3 months at room temperature and 25 years in dried plasma; a direct correlation has been demonstrated between IIBV duration and blood levels. [6].
The source of transmission of the virus (HBV) can be all forms of acute and chronic HBV, as well as virus carriers. More important as the main source of infection for the epidemic potential are chronic forms of HBV infection than acute ones. An important role is played by chronic carriers of HbsAg and patients with clinically icteric form of IIBV; the ability of IIBV to persist for a long time, often for life, in the human body is considered as an ecological form of its existence [3; 5].
The most fully studied artificial (artifacial) ways of HBV infection as a result of various parenteral therapeutic, diagnostic, therapeutic and non-medical manipulations, leading to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin. The source of infection can be contaminated blood products, medical equipment and instruments, transplanted organs and tissues; transfusion of blood or blood products containing HBV can also cause infection (post-transfusion hepatitis) [8; 11].
In addition to medical procedures, non-medical parenteral injections are of paramount importance in the transmission of IIBV infections. This is especially true of intravenous administration of drugs, which has become widespread in recent years. According to a number of authors [2], it has been shown that in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients with acute viral hepatitis "B", which is associated with the use of intravenous drugs, and a quantitative increase in the incidence is observed among young men aged 15 to 30 years. . Below is a list of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis B.
The purpose of this study is to substantiate the functional features of periodontal tissues in chronic hepatitis B, C and mixed infection B + C.
Herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV)) after primary infection in childhood, they persist in the body throughout life and are reactivated under the influence of various exogenous and endogenous triggers. Persistent herpesvirus infection causes pronounced clinical and immunological changes in many somatic and dental diseases. However, few and contradictory studies have studied the effect of herpesvirus infection on the development and clinical course of lichenoid lesions of the oral mucosa (LSO), especially in relation to various types of herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EB) and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
The article deals with study microbiologic and immunologic indices of 61 children with Virus Hepatitis C. All children were divided into 3 groups: 1-group had 18 healthy children (control group); 2-group had 31 children with Virus Hepatitis C; 3-group were patients with Virus Hepatitis C who were undergone to special treatment.
The effect of biological products “Microzyme-2” and “Fosstim-3”, developed at the
Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, on the
alfalfa mosaic virus by the lysimetric method was studied. Chemical preparations
“Khimvaks” and “Pharmayod” (0.02%) were used as a control. The results showed that
the treatment of "Mikrozim-2" (enzyme composition) revealed an average of 19.7% of
plant diseases compared to control. The chemical preparation “Khimvaks” fell on average
68.9% more than the control. Consequently, the use of biological drugs to control plant
viruses leads to a decrease in the incidence of the virus while increasing plantimmunity
Rabies, caused by the neurotropic rabies virus, presents a unique challenge to the immune system, employing sophisticated strategies for evasion and subversion. This paper delves into the intricate mechanisms by which the rabies virus avoids detection and neutralization by the host immune system. From exploiting the blood-brain barrier to manipulating immune response pathways, the virus employs a repertoire of tactics to establish and propagate infection within the central nervous system. Understanding these evasion strategies is crucial for developing effective antiviral interventions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the immunoevasive tactics of the rabies virus, shedding light on potential targets for therapeutic intervention and advancing our ability to combat this deadly viral infection.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that infects domestic cats and other feline species, leading to an immunodeficiency syndrome similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The management and treatment of FIV are essential to improve the quality of life and longevity of infected cats. Antiviral drugs have been investigated as potential treatment options for FIV, aiming to inhibit viral replication and disease progression. This study aims to assess the efficacy of antiviral drugs against FIV through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro studies involved testing the antiviral activity of various drugs against FIV-infected feline cell cultures. In vivo evaluations were performed using FIV-infected cats, administering the selected antiviral drugs and monitoring viral load, clinical symptoms, and immunological parameters. The results offer critical insights into the effectiveness of different antiviral drugs and their potential for managing FIV in domestic cats.
Currently, a wide range of antiviral drugs with antiherpetic activity is being developed. The experience of their clinical use has shown that all drugs have a number of disadvantages. In order to increase the effectiveness of the combined treatment of patients with herpes simplex labialis, a new pharmacological composition based on sialativit plus triazavirin has been developed. The results of the study showed that the use of a new pharmacological composition increased the effectiveness of combined treatment of patients with herpes simplex labialis up to 1.4 times compared with the traditional scheme of combined treatment, which is expressed in contributing to the epithelization of pathological elements.
Viral hepatitis C (HCV) is one of the most important problems of modern medicine. According to WHO statistics, there are between 500 and 700 million HCV carriers worldwide. The aim of the study was to study the clinical and immunological features of the course of chronic viral hepatitis C, depending on the genotype of the virus, and to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of immunological disorders. The clinical and laboratory features of the course of chronic viral hepatitis C depending on the genotype of the virus, the immunological features of the course of chronic viral hepatitis C depending on the genotype of the virus were studied, the diagnostic and prognostic value of immunological indicators as objective criteria for assessing the severity of the disease and the prognosis of the disease was determined. We examined 83 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 35-50 years old with chronic viral hepatitis C, and 20 practically healthy individuals of the same age and gender.
Article is devoted to the definition of civil legal regime of computer viruses. The article studied the characteristics of a computer virus from other objects of civil rights and a detailed analysis of the following aspects: 1) an intangible object of civil turnover; 2) the transaction, the content of which does not comply with the legislation, as well as perfect for a purpose known to the opposing principles of public order or morality; 3) the source of increased danger; 4) force majeure; 5) occurrence basis of tort liability; 6) the ratio of the legal regime of computer viruses and computer programs.
Current evidence suggests that the virus spreads mainly between people who are in close contact with each other, for example at a conversational distance. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. Another person can then contract the virus when infectious particles that pass through the air are inhaled at short range (this is often called short-range aerosol or short-range airborne transmission) or if infectious particles come into direct contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth (droplet transmission).