This study assessed the relationship between farmers and herders, causes of conflict among farmers and cattle rustlers in Bodinga Local Government Area of Sokoto State Nigeria. Also the study determined the prevalence of conflict among cattle rustlers and farmers in Bodinga local government area, and divulged the consequences of conflict between cattle rustlers and farmers in Bodinga local government area using a sample size of 300 respondents drawn using Raosoft sample size calculator. This is done with the margin of error of 5% and 95% degree of confidence. Similarly, a stratified sampling methods applied. Hence questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents and the data were analyzed using tables, frequencies and percentages in an SPSS. Also chi-square was used to test the hypothesis. The study found that persistent economic hardship (53.0%) is the main cause conflict among cattle rustlers and farmers in Bodinga Local government; cattle rustlers conflict prevails in Bodinga Local Government Area (also 73.3% responded yes, that cattle rustlers are always violent). Likewise, the study found that hardship in supply/delivery of basic amenities (45.0%) is a consequence of conflict between the cattle rustlers and farmers in Bodinga local government area. Thus, resultantly, the study recommends among others that government should extensively bring empowerment programs that will create employment for the people in Bodinga Local government area as the causes of the conflict is as a result of persistence economic hardship. Also the community should set up a vigilante groups that will monitor people moving in and out of the local government.
Carbon Nanospheres (CNS) are synthesized by pyrolyzing Maize cob-hair using the CVD method for two hours, at 10000C in presence of Ni, Fe, or Co nanometals as the catalyst. The morphology of carbon nanomaterial was characterized by the HRSEM images. The XRD pattern and the Raman spectrum confirmed the graphitic nature of the carbon. Surface area measurement of CNM was done by the Methylene Blue test method. The impact of catalyst was noted on the surface area of the carbon nanosphere; the maximum being 95.018 m2/g when Fe nanoparticle was used as catalyst, 83.141 m2/g when Ni was used, and a minimum of 21.379 m2/g in presence of Co. These carbon nanospheres were used for Arsenic adsorption from water. Adsorption of Arsenic was assessed by Chand Pasha et al’s method. It was found that after 12 hrs of exposure, CNS with 95 m2/g surface area could adsorb 32% arsenic; CNS (of 23.8m2/g surface area adsorbed 31% whereas CNS (surface area of 21.379m2/g. could adsorb only 16% arsenic. The arsenic adsorption capacity was found to be affected by the available surface area.
Maxillo-facial area phlegmon is a common, serious, costly and deadly disease. Over the last decade, the attention of researches and clinical was focused on the search the optimal methods of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. It is necessary for timely initiation of adequate causal antibiotic therapy and prevention of complications. Gas chro- matography – mass-spectrometry is one of the most powerful analytical methods to obtain data on the exciter. The review highlights the current understanding of the role and potential of the method in the improvement of measures aimed at prevention and treatment of phlegmons and their complications.
Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. One of the actual problems of modern physical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry is the study on the development of the fundamentals of synthesis of functional polymers with ion-exchange and complexing properties.
Anion exchange and complexing compounds based fibrous materials have a high specific surface area, which provides a high possibility of sorption and desorption processes. They arc especially effective in removing toxic substances, even at very low content of the latter from the air and water pollution. Of particular interest is the acrylic fiber "Nitron", which is produced by JSC "Navoiazot" (Uzbekistan).
In the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry conducted research on the development of fibrous ion exchange materials based on acrylic fiber "Nitron" but they have not been brought to its logical end. In addition, when these studies neglected the study of the physicochemical aspects of the preparation of these materials.
In developing the fundamentals of ion exchange materials obtaining a lot of attention paid to the study of physical and chemical aspects of the synthesis and properties of these high-molecular compounds. These studies due to the fact that they allow you to adjust the processes of synthesis and, therefore, necessary to obtain polymers with required composition and with complex specific properties.
As noted above, to date, no attention was paid to the study of the physicochemical foundations of anion exchangers and polycomplcxons, due to applied research conducted to date in this field of research. In this regard, the study of physical and chemical principles of bases of creation, and the properties of anion exchangers and polycomplcxons based on acrylic fiber "Nitron" arc actual both from a theoretical and practical point of view.
Demand perform of the dissertation is characterized by the fact that modern worldwide technology for extraction of non-ferrous and precious metals can not be realized without the use of ion-exchange materials. These techniques use mostly granular sorbents, while fibrous sorbents comprise just 2-3 % of the ion exchange materials used . Using technology employing ion exchange material from algae and natural brine deposits of oil and gas recovered to 90% of iodine and bromine, lodinc-containing sorbents arc used for disinfection of drinking water from microorganisms and extraction of mercury from wastewater and gas emissions. They can be used for concentrating the processing solutions and biologically active substances in the preparation of catalyst systems nanoparticles metals. It should also be noted that Uzbekistan hitherto not been established as industrial manufacture granular and fibrous sorbents, although such polymers arc widely used in industry.
The purpose of this study is to identify the physico- chemical characteristics of the formation and properties of anion exchangers polycomplcxons based on acrylic fiber " Nitron ".
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
in the first time studied the kinetics of the interaction of acrylic fiber "Nitron" with nitrogen-containing bases in aqueous and organic media;
shown that due to the high surface area fibers arc modifiable , the reaction rate depends on the concentration of the nitrile groups of the polymer being in the solid surface;
proved previously identified mechanism of the catalytic action of small amounts of hydroxylaminc on the process of modifying of fiber " Nitron " with nitrogen-containing bases;
in the first lime developed a method for producing anion exchangers branched structure by sequential treatment of acrylic fiber " Nitron " with cthylcncdiaminc and dichlorocthanc;
found that the interaction of PAN - fibers with hcxamcthylcnc- and ethylene diamines formed anion exchange fibrous materials having in its composition as a weakly basic and strongly basic functional groups ;
in the first time obtained new polycomplcxons with ampholytic properties by reacting maleic anhydride with amine -modified polyacrylonitrile fiber " Nitron " or by hydrolysis of residual of the nitrile groups modified with diamines of acrylic fiber "Nitron";
established values of the thermodynamic equilibrium constants of adsorption of ions Cr (VI), Си (II), halogens, Arsenazo (III) by synthesized anion exchangers and polycomplcxons and alteration in thermodynamic functions of the process testify to high sorption capacity of these ion-exchange materials with respect to the sorption ions;
Conclusion
1. Values degree reaction of the nitrile group and a nitrogenous base, the activation energy of the process shows that the process of modifying fiber " Nitron " nitrogen-containing bases subject to the usual regularities observed in homogeneous reactions. This effect is due to a high fiber surface area to be modified, allowing the reactants to facilitate access to the nitrile groups of the polymer. (Physical chemistry, High molecular compounds).
2. Kinetic studies of the reaction of acrylic fiber " Nitron " with diamine (hexamethylene and ethylenediamine) showed that the change of physical and chemical parameters of the modification process can be controlled sorption properties, chemical resistance and the strength of the anion exchangers due to network structure of the polymer. It has been established that this modification "Nitron" produces strongly basic anion character especially in organic media. Strongly basic anion exchangers possibility of obtaining a high sorption capacity with graft polycthylcnpolyaminc chain reactions revealed in fiber modification "Nitron " ethylenediamine in the presence of dichloroethane. (High molecular compounds, Physical chemistry ).
3. IR - spectroscopic and analytical determination of the formation of intermediate amidoxime groups in the polymer chains and free hydroxylaminc after substitution reaction proved previously proposed mechanism of the catalytic action of hydroxylaminc on the process of chemical modification of acrylic fiber " Nitron " nitrogen-containing bases . ( Physical Chemistry).
4. Developed conditions of synthesis polycomplcxons reacting maleic anhydride with modified by hcxamcthylcncdiaminc acrylic fiber "Nitron" and with of hydrolysis of residual nitrile groups modified by hcxamcthylcnc- and cthylcncdiamin of acrylic fibers . (High molecular compounds, Physical Chemistry).
5. Alkalinity obtained anion exchange resins depends on the nature of their functional groups. Strongly basic anion exchangers have in their composition cyclic amidine groups and they arc formed by the reaction of polyacrylonitrile fiber with a diamine. The specific surface area obtained fibrous sorbents exceeds by two orders of known surface area granular ion exchange resins, and their crosslinking rate is up to 100 nodes per macromolecule polymer. ( Physical Chemistry )
6. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the sorption of various inorganic and organic ions obtained polycomplcxons sorbents showed that ions of Cr (VI), Arsenazo (111) can be sorbed strongly basic anion exchangers only, and the process of sorption of copper (II) with polycomplcxons occurs not only due to the ion exchange, but also due to chelation. ( Physical Chemistry ).
7. Developed the conditions obtaining bromide complexes of polymers and kinetics, thermodynamics of the sorption halogen anion in synthesized materials was studied. It is shown that the lower the stability of the ion [Bn]’ for ion [J3]'than the ability to form such molecular chlorine ions leads to the fact that almost no molecular chlorine is adsorption, and molecular bromine is absorbed to a lesser extent than the molecular iodine. (Physical Chemistry ).
8. Combined developed iodinated anion exchange materials based on acrylic fiber " Nitron " and chitosan. Insertion of the iodinc-containing chitosan materials, leads to an increase of absorbent capacity. Combined antibacterial dressings have a pronounced anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect, arc effective for the treatment of necrotic soft tissue diseases. (High molecular compounds, Physical Chemistry).
The Hydrochemistry, quality and suitability of the groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes in Okoma Community, Ahoada East Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria have been assessed. A total of ten (10) samples of water were collected from hand dug wells in the area and analyzed to determine the physico-chemical parameters. The range values for the parameters are: pH (4.54–5.74), Temperature (28.6–29.80C), EC (20-150µS/cm), Salinity (0.00–0.05ppt), DO (6.22-15.31ppm), TDS (70–180mg/l), Ca2+ (0.003–0.360mg/l), Mg2+ (0.048–0.305mg/l), K+ (0.405-4.370mg/l), Na+ (1.450–10.900mg/l), Fe2+ (0.001–0.079mg/l), PO43- (0.001– 0.033mg/l), SO42- (11.30 –29.70mg/l), NO3- (0.455–2.380mg/l), Cl- (1.00–24.00mg/l). All parameters analyzed fall within the maximum and permissible limits of both WHO (2011) and NSDWQ (2007) regulatory guidelines except the pH which indicates acidity and therefore unsafe for drinking and industrial purposes. The Water Quality Index (WQI) values which ranges from (201.943–269.780) suggests that the water in the area is 100% of very poor quality and unsuitable for drinking. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values ranging from (1.005–4.787Meq/l) suggests that the groundwater is good to excellent for the purpose of irrigation. More and frequent hydro-chemical studies should be carried out in the area to detect any further deterioration of the groundwater quality.
This article presents the reasons and conditions for introducing the width of the designated area for public highways in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the methods of justifying the width of the designated area, as well as the analysis of the definition of the width of the designated area in regulatory documents and its practical implementation.
Rust infection is a major concern in wheat cultivation, as it can significantly reduce yield and quality of the crop. This study aimed to compare rust infection and disease area on different wheat varieties in Sialkot District. The prevalence and severity of rust infection were assessed in multiple wheat varieties grown in the region. The disease area on each variety was quantified, and statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the differences among the varieties. The findings provide valuable insights into the susceptibility of different wheat varieties to rust infection in the specific agro-climatic conditions of Sialkot District, aiding farmers and agronomists in selecting resistant varieties for improved disease management.
This article focuses on the Kesh toponym and its localization by researchers, with particular emphasis on the location and localization of the Nautaka area, which is cited in written sources. In particular, recent archeological excavations have focused on the localization of the Nautaka area, which has caused controversy among researchers as to whether it corresponds to the present-day Shakhrisabz and Karshi regions. The Nautaka area mentioned in the written sources can be localized today with the Kesh (Shahrisabz) area.
The drainage pattern phenomenon in the sandy area is rare in the world and has very high yields with excellent quality groundwater. It was recorded and tested in the Qattara Delta to the west of the River Nile. The study is based on data sets of remote sensing, groundwater wells, chemical analyses, pumping tests, stable isotope, and field measurements. The drainage is trillic to dendritic, structurally controlled by NW, NE, and E-W fault systems, and has reduced flooding ability and a good chance for groundwater recharge. There are two main aquifers, Samalut karst and Nubian clastic. Samault is confined to semi-confined, and has huge thickness reaching 395 m and groundwater flow from SSE to NNW. The structural elements and multiple sources of recharge much effect on the distribution of the salinity of groundwater which is less than 1000 in the south and increases northward to 2727 ppm owing to the decline the rate of recharge from the River Nile, and dominant upward leakage from deep Nubian. The maximum drawdown exceeded 6 meters, transmissivity ranges from 6,200 to 45,900 m2/day, the storativity values vary from 8.2x10-6 to 8.6x10-4, and the overall static water level will decline ~15 meters over the first 10 years and then an additional 3 meters through a total of 50 years of continuous pumping. Samalut is less depleted in the south owing to the imparting of the River Nile changed to moderately deplete in the center and depleted in the north part that means that upward leakage from paleo-water of deep Nubian aquifer. A Nubian confined aquifer is tapped by one flowing well with salinity 1614 ppm, and the transmissivity is 720 m2/day. We can conclude that the productivity and hydrogeochemical properties of the aquifer of drainage pattern in the sandy area are highly potential and low salinity. This concept can be replicable in similar terrain elsewhere.
Exploration of groundwater with good quality and quantity, the governorate must identify drainage patterns in this area for selection the site of drainage lines to drilling highly potential wells.
The study intends to find out the significant of the economic activities around lake Alou area of Borno State. The research work shows that, there is a great significant economic difference between the economic potentials of Lake Alou and the present economic growth and development in the area, because all the economic potentials along the lake had not been fully utilized. Various reason why many farmers around the Lake Alou do not produce in a large quantity especially during the dry season. It is due to the lack of modern implements like tractors, harvesters, and planters.
One of the motives for the subjugation of Central Asia was the desire of tsarism to turn it into a colonization area for the resettlement of peasants from the central provinces of Russia. However, Uzbekistan did little to justify the calculations of the tsarist government, since there was no free irrigated land. Peasant colonization became widespread only on the territory of Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. The resettlement of Russian peasants was often accompanied by a violent seizure of the lands of the indigenous population. The kulak settlers exploited both the local population and the Russian poor. The tsarist government attached great importance to the resettlement of part of the peasants of Russian villages to Central Asia in order to mitigate the social contradictions in Russia caused by the lack of land in connection with the development of capitalist relations in Russian agriculture. Already in 1869, rules on peasant settlements in Semirechye were developed, which created favorable conditions for the influx of Russian settlers. During the period from 1888 to 1916, the sowing of cotton increased by almost 10 times (from 68.5 thousand dessiatins to 680 thousand 911 dessiatins), and the gross cotton harvest increased by almost 7 times (from 2.27 million poods per year). 1879 to 14.9 million poods – in 1916) The area of irrigated land and the production of agricultural products increased significantly, the range of agricultural sectors expanded. Cotton attracted Russian capital to Central Asia. At least 30 of the largest trading companies were engaged in its production and purchase. The main creditors were the largest banks in Russia
The concept of a "SMART" tourist area model for forming a cluster of pilgrimage sites has gained significant attention in recent years. This abstract presents an overview of a comprehensive model that combines the principles of SMART (Sustainable, Manageable, Adaptable, Resilient, and Technology-driven) tourism with the unique characteristics of pilgrimage sites. The model aims to enhance the overall visitor experience, ensure the sustainable development of pilgrimage destinations, and foster economic growth in the surrounding regions.
The proposed model incorporates various elements, including infrastructure development, smart technology integration, community engagement, and environmental preservation. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in pilgrimage site management, such as efficient waste management systems, renewable energy utilization, and the promotion of eco-friendly transportation options. Additionally, the model integrates advanced technologies, such as mobile applications, augmented reality, and data analytics, to enhance visitor services, provide real-time information, and optimize resource allocation.
Community engagement plays a vital role in the model, involving the local population in decision-making processes, cultural preservation, and tourism development. By actively involving the community, the model aims to create a sense of ownership and responsibility among local stakeholders, leading to the preservation of cultural heritage and the empowerment of local economies.
Furthermore, the model emphasizes the importance of resilience, considering the potential challenges posed by natural disasters, overcrowding, and changing visitor demands. It incorporates strategies for disaster preparedness, crowd management, and diversification of tourism offerings to mitigate risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of the pilgrimage sites.
The proposed "SMART" tourist area model of forming a cluster of pilgrimage sites presents a holistic approach to pilgrimage tourism development. By integrating sustainability, technology, community engagement, and resilience, the model aims to create a harmonious balance between visitor satisfaction, environmental conservation, and socio-economic benefits. It serves as a guide for policymakers, destination managers, and stakeholders involved in the development and management of pilgrimage sites, contributing to the establishment of thriving and future-ready tourist areas.