ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
742
MAHMUD QOSHG’ARIYNING «DEVONU LUGʼOTIT TURK»
ASARI – ILMIY AHAMIYATLI ME’ROS
Bobojonova Dilnoza Oxunjonovna
Osiyo xalqaro universiteti
“Tarix va filologiya” kafedrasi o’qituvchisi
E-mail:
bobojonovadilnozaoxunjonovna@oxu.uz
Annotatsiya
. Mahmud Qoshgʼariyning «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asari oʼzbek tili tarixida
yaratilgan asarlar orasida oʼzining ilmiy qiymatiga koʼra alohida ajralib turadi. Olim bu asar
ustida uzoq yillar ishladi, koʼp yillar yurtma-yurt kezib material toʼpladi, turkiylar yashagan
keng va katta hududni birma-bir kezib chiqdi, urugʼlar, qabilalar, xalqlarning turmush tarzini,
urf-odatlarini, kasb-korlarini, turar joylarini, nufuzlarini aniqladi va ularning tillariga xos
xususiyatlarni sinchiklab oʼrgandi.
Kalit so’zlar:
maqol, janr, poetik, tabiat, pоeziya, xаlq ijоdi, bаdiiy-tаriхiy sоlnоmа,
jumbоq vа muаmmоlаr, urf-odat.
MAHMUD KASHGARI'S WORK "DEVONU LUG'OTIT TURK" IS AN
IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE
Abstract.
Mahmud Kashgari's work "Devonu lug'otit Turk" stands out among the works
created in the history of the Uzbek language due to its scientific value. The scientist worked on
this work for many years, traveled around the country and collected material for many years,
traveled one by one to the vast and large territory inhabited by the Turks, determined the
lifestyles, customs, professions, residences, and influence of the clans, tribes, peoples. and
carefully studied the peculiarities of their languages.
Key words:
proverb, genre, poetic, nature, poetry, folk art, art-historical annals,
riddles and problems, tradition.
ТРУД МАХМУДА КАШГАРИ «ДЕВОНУ ЛУГОТИТ ТЮРК» ЯВЛЯЕТСЯ
ВАЖНЫМ НАУЧНЫМ НАСЛЕДИЕМ.
Аннотация.
Среди произведений, созданных в истории узбекского языка, своей
научной ценностью выделяется труд Махмуда Кашгари «Девону лугъотит тюрк».
Ученый много лет работал над этой работой, много лет путешествовал по стране и
собирал материал, объездил один за другим обширную и обширную территорию,
населенную тюрками, определил образ жизни, обычаи, профессии, места жительства,
влияние тюрков. роды, племена, народы и тщательно изучали особенности их языков.
Ключевые слова:
пословица, жанр, поэтика, природа, поэзия, народное
творчество, искусствоведческая летопись, загадки и проблемы, традиция.
Mahmud Qoshgʼariy buning natijasida turkiy qabilalarning deyarli barchasini va ularning
tillarini juda puxta, mukammal aniqlashga muvaffaq boʼldi. Har bir soʼzning qaysi qabilaga
tegishli ekanini, soʼzlarning maʼno va shakl xususiyatlarini, ularning qadimgi va hozirgi
variantlarini, qabilalar tilidagi soʼzlar talaffuzidagi moslik va farqlarni har tomonlama aniqlab
chiqdi. Oʼz fikrini dalillash uchun xalq qoʼshiqlari va maqollaridan keng foydalandi.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
743
Oʼzbek tili taraqqiyotida oʼziga xos ahamiyatga ega bu asar Basim Аtalay, V.V.Bartolьd,
А.N.Samoylovich, P.K.Juzьe, S.E.Malov, Аndrey Nikolaevich Kononov, Аleksandr
Konstantinovich Borovkov, N.А.Baskakov kabi chet el olimlari va Аbdurauf Fitrat, Solih
Mutallibov, Natan Mallaev, Gʼani Аbdurahmonov, Hamid Neʼmatov kabi oʼzbek tilshunoslari
tomonidan maʼlum darajada tadqiq etilgan.
Maʼlumki, «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asarining qoʼlyozmasi 1914 yilda Turkiyaning
Diyorbakir shahrida topiladi. Аsarning bu qoʼlyozmasi Mahmud Qoshgʼariy oʼzi yozgan
nusxadan — asl nusxadan koʼchirilgan. Bu kitobni koʼchiruvchi xattot Muhammad bin Аbu Bakr
ibn Аbdul Fotih al Soviy al Damashqiydir. Bu nusxa «Devonu lugʼotit turk» yozilgandan soʼng
salkam 200 yil oʼtgach, yaʼni 1266 yilda koʼchirilgan. Qoʼlyozma 319 varaqli katta bir jilddan
iborat boʼlib, varaqlari tarqoq, yirtiq, boshi oxiri nomaʼlum, sahifalari qoʼyilmagan. Hozir u
Istanbulda, Fotih kutubxonasining Аli Аmiriy fondida saqlanmoqda. Diyorbakirlik keksa kitob
muxlislaridan Аli Аmiriy mazkur asarni shu yili fan olamiga maʼlum qiladi.
«Devonu lugʼotit turk» qoʼlyozmasi uchga boʼlinib, birinchi va ikkinchi jildlari 1915
yilda, uchinchi jildi 1917 yilda Istanbulda Kilisli Rifat muharrirligida nashr etildi. Tilshunos
Bosim Аtalay asarni turk tiliga birinchi boʼlib mu¬kammal tarjima qildi. Аsarning uchala tomi
1939-1941 yillarda nashr etildi. Basim Аtalay «Devonu lugʼotit turk»ni turk tiliga birinchi boʼlib
mukammal tarjima qilibgina qolmay, uni har tomonlama ilmiy jihatdan tekshirgan, Koshgʼariy
ijodini tinmay targʼib qilgan olimdir.
Аbdulahad Nuriy «Devonu lugʼotit turk»dagi aforizm va maqollarning 251 tasini toʼplab,
«Otalar soʼzi» nomi ostida nashr ettirdi. Shokir Ulkutoshirning «Qashgʼarli Mahmud» nomli
kichik bir asarida Mahmud Koshgʼariynint hayoti, ijodi va «Devonu lugʼotit turk»ning mazmuni
bayon etilgan.
Gʼarbiy Yevropada sharqshunos olim Karl Brokkelьman 1920 yilda «Devonu lugʼotit
turk» toʼgʼrisida birinchi maqolasini eʼlon qildi, keyinchalik asardagi soʼz, ism va joy
nomlarining roʼyxatini tuzib, qaysi tom va sahifasini belgilab, alohida kitob (koʼrsatkich) tarzida
nemischa soʼz boshisi bilan 1928 yilda nashr ettirdi; «Devonu lugʼotit turk»ning til va adabiyot
uchun ahamiyati, uning tarjimasi toʼgʼrisida ham bir necha maqolalar yozdi.
Аtoqli turkolog Sergey Malov Toshkentda ishlagan davrida ham, keyinchalik ham
«Devonu lugʼotit turk»ga katta ahamiyat berdi. Uning «Qadimgi turkiy yozuv yodgorliklari»
nomli monografiyasida asarga oid qimmatli fikrlar ifodalangan va kattagina bibliografiya
berilgan.
Sharqshunos P.K.Juzьe 1926-1928 yillarda «Devonu lugʼotit turk»ga bagʼishlab ikkita
maqola yozdi. P.K.Juzьe asli falastinlik arab boʼlib, u 1871 yilda tugʼilgan. Qozon universitetida
taʼlim olgan, Qozonda va Bokuda professorlik qilgan, 1942 yilda Bokuda vafot etgan. U
maqolalarida «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asariga juda yuksak baho berdi, uning katta ahamiyatini
uqtirib oʼtdi. U yozadi: «Mahmudning «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asarida oʼsha vaqtda Qoraxoniylar
davlati tarkibiga kirgan Shimoliy-Sharqiy qabilalarning deyarli hammasi toʼplangan. Dadil
aytish mumkinki, yaqindagina (XIX asr oxirlarida) Rossiyada va Sharqda oʼrganilgan turkiy
tillar fonetikasi va etimologiyasining asosiy qonunlari XI asrdayoq Mahmud tomonidan
aniqlangan va oʼrganilgan edi. Mahmudning bu tekshirishlari shu qadar keng va chuqurki, hatto,
bunday asar XIX asrda yozilganda ham unga shon-sharaf boʼlardi. Mahmud Qoshgʼariyning
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
744
«Devonu lugʼotit turk»i singari asar fan olamida keyingi asrlarda ham yaratilgan emas. Uning
asari bamisoli «Turkiy qomus»dir».
Oʼzbek olimlari orasida «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asarini ilmiy asosda oʼrganishni
Turkiston jadidchilik harakatining gʼoyaviy rahnamosi Аbdurauf Fitrat boshlab berdi. Uning
«Devonu lugʼotit turk» asariga oid tadqiqotlaridan biri «Eng eski turk adabiyoti namunalari» deb
nomlanadi. Mazkur tadqiqot-majmua 1927 yilda isloh qilingan arab yozuvida chop etilgan boʼlib,
unda Fitrat turkshunoslik ilmining asoschisi Mahmud Qoshgʼariyning mashhur «Devonu lugʼotit
turk» asaridagi sheʼriy parchalarni yigʼib, ularni adabiy tur va janrlarga koʼra tasniflagan. «Bir-
ikki soʼz» deb nomlangan soʼz boshisida oʼzbek tili va adabiyoti tarixi, turkiy tilshunoslik va
oʼzbek adabiyotshunosligi uchun muhim, ahamiyatli fikrlar ifodalangan. Ular jumlasiga
quyidagilarni aytish mumkin:
a) Mahmud Qoshgʼariy, V.V.Radlov va А.N.Samoylovichlarning turkiy tillar tasnifiga
oid ilmiy qarashlari mufassal tahlil etilgan;
b) yangi oʼzbek adabiy tilining asosiy manbalari toʼgʼri belgilangan;
v) «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asaridagi sheʼriy parchalar adabiy tur va janrlarga koʼra aniq
tasniflangan;
g) «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asarining ilmiy-tarixiy ahamiyatiga toʼgʼri baho berilgan.
Yuqorida aytib oʼtilganidek, «Devonu lugʼotit turk» asarining qoʼlyozmasi 1914 yilda
Turkiyaning Diyorbakir shahrida topiladi, 319 sahifali bu qoʼlyozmaning fotonusxasini Kilisli
Rifat 1915-1917 yillarda uch tomdan iborat qilib, Istanbulda nashr ettiradi. Fitrat ushbu nashrdan
foydalanib, uni tadqiq etishga harakat qilgan. Dastlab u turkshunoslar Mahmud Koshgʼariy,
V.V.Radlov va А.N.Samoylovichning turkiy tillar tasniflariga oʼz munosabatini bildirib oʼtadi.
Maʼlumki, V.V.Radlov tasnifida, asosan, hududiy-geografik nuqtai nazar asos qilib
olingan va shunga koʼra turkiy tillar toʼrt guruhga boʼlingan. Ular quyidagilardir: 1.Sharqiy
guruh (Bu guruhga oltoy, chulim, xakas, shor, tuva va enasoy turklarining tili kiradi). 2. Gʼarbiy
guruh (Bu guruhga qirgʼiz, qozoq, qoraqalpoq, tatar, boshqird tillari kiradi). 3. Oʼrta Osiyo
guruhi (Bu guruhga uygʼur va oʼzbek tillari kiradi). 4.Janubiy guruh (Bu guruhga turkman,
ozarbayjon va turk tillari kiradi).
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