ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
739
O`ZBEK XALQI TURMUSHI BILAN BOG`LIQ KASB-KOR TURLARI
(Temirchilik kasb-hunari doirasida)
Bobojonova Dilnoza Oxunjonovna
Osiyo xalqaro universiteti
“Tarix va filologiya” kafedrasi o’qituvchisi.
E-mail:
bobojonovadilnozaoxunjonovna@oxu.uz
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10672119
Annotatsiya. IX – X asrlarda Movarounnahr va Xorazm aholisining asosiy qismi
sug`orma dehqonchilik bilan shug`ullanar edi. Sug`orish tarmoqlari vositasida sug`orilib obod
etilgan serunum vohalarda g`allakorlik, sholikorlik, paxtachilik, sabzavotchilik, polizchilik va
bog`dorchilik yuqori darajada rivoj topgan edi. Voha hududlarida paxtachilik katta o`rinni
egallagan. Qolaversa, bog`dorchilik madaniyati yuksak darajada rivojlangan. Xalqimizda
qadimdan sabzavot va poliz ekinlari ham serob bo`lib, qovunlari nihoyatda shirali bo`lgan.
Kalit so’zlar: maqol, temirchilik, tegirmon, to`qimachilik, kulolchilik, chilangarlik,
miskarlik, zargarlik, shishasozlik va duradgorlik.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS RELATED TO THE LIFE OF THE UZBEK PEOPLE
(within the profession of blacksmithing)
Abstract. In the 9th - 10th centuries, the majority of the inhabitants of Movarounnahr
and Khorezm were engaged in irrigated agriculture. In serunum oases, which were irrigated by
means of irrigation networks, grain growing, rice growing, cotton growing, vegetable growing,
policing and horticulture developed at a high level. In the oases, cotton cultivation occupies a
large place. Besides, horticultural culture is highly developed. Vegetables and fruit crops have
been abundant in our nation since ancient times, and melons are extremely juicy.
Key words: proverb, blacksmithing, mill, textile, pottery, blacksmithing, coppersmithing,
jewelry, glassmaking and carpentry.
ВИДЫ ЗАНЯТИЙ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ЖИЗНЬЮ УЗБЕКСКОГО НАРОДА
(в рамках профессии кузнечного дела)
Аннотация. В IX-X веках большая часть жителей Моваруннахра и Хорезма
занималась орошаемым земледелием. В серунных оазисах, орошавшихся с помощью
ирригационных сетей, на высоком уровне развивалось зерноводство, рисоводство,
хлопководство, овощеводство, полицейское дело и садоводство. В оазисах большое
место занимает выращивание хлопка. Кроме того, высоко развита садоводческая
культура. Овощи и плодовые культуры в нашем народе издревле были в изобилии, а дыни
чрезвычайно сочны.
Ключевые слова: пословица, кузнечное дело, мельница, текстильное дело,
гончарное дело, кузнечное дело, медное дело, ювелирное дело, стекольное и столярное
дело.
Kasb
– kishining mehnat faoliyati, doimiy mashg`uloti turi, muayyan ish turini beradigan
bilim, mahorat, tajribani talab etadi. Kasblar, odatda, shaxsning asosiy tirikchilik manbai
hisoblanadi. Xalq xo`jaligining turlicha ishlab chiqarish tarmoqlarida xalqimizning asrlar bo`yi
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
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АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
740
qilib kelgan ijodiy mehnati jarayonida yaratilgan va yaratilayotgan bir qancha kasb-hunar turlari
mavjud. Jumladan:
Qadimdan chorvachilikka alohida e’tibor berilgan. Mamlakatning dasht va tog`oldi
yaylovlarida qo`y va echkilar, yilqilar va tuyalar boqilgan. Qishloqlarda qoramollar behisob
bo`lgan. Chorvachilik mamlakat aholisini ta’minlabgina qolmasdan, xo`jalikning hamma sohalari
uchun ot-ulovlar ham yetkazib bergan
Qadimdan yurtimiz shaharlarida to`qimachilik, kulolchilik, chilangarlik, miskarlik,
zargarlik, shishasozlik va duradgorlik kabi kasb-hunarlar rivoj topgan. Ushbu holat esa, shubhasiz,
shaharning qiyofasini tubdan o`zgartirgan. Savdo-sotiq jonlangan, boshqa mamlakatlar bilan
aloqalar yo`lga qo`yilgan. Turli xil hunarmandchilik tarmoqlarining rivojlanishi natijasida katta-
katta gumbazli toq-u ravoqli va peshtoqli imoratlar, ustaxonalar, masjid, madrasa, maqbara,
xonaqoh va karvonsaroylar qad ko`targan. Shaharlar esa o`nlab hunarmandchilik markaziga
aylanib borgan. Bundan tashqari qog`oz ishlab chiqarish, ko`nchilik mahsulotlari, charm mollari
ishlab chiqarish sohasi, kumush va qo`rg`oshin konlari, zarbxonalar ham faoliyat ko`rsatgan.
Hunarmandchilik sohasining taraqqiyoti natijasida boshqa davlatlarga diplomatik vakillar
yuborilib, narsa-buyumlar ayriboshlangan. Yurtimizda yetishtirilgan bo`z, kiyim-kechak, qilich,
egar-jabduq, idishlar, zargarlik buyumlari, dori-darmon, quruq meva kabi mollar olib borilgan.
Shaharlar kengayib, hunarmandchilik, tijorat, ma’rifat, ilm-fan hamda madaniyatning
markaziga aylandi. Hunarmandchilikning turli tarmoqlari rivoj topib, qo`li gul mohir
hunarmandlarning nozik did va ijodiy mahorati bilan yasagan buyum-u asboblari hamda zeb-
ziynatlari o`ziga xos yuksak san’at asari darajasiga yetgan. Sug`orma dehqonchilik, chorvachilik
va hunarmandchilikning taraqqiyoti o`z navbatida ichki va tashqi tijoratning kengayishiga, tashqi
bozor bilan olib borilgan aloqalarning mustahkamlanishiga olib kelgan. Mashaqqatli mehnat,
dehqonchilikning barokati, rohat-u uqubati, yerga egalik qilish munosabatlari xalqimizning
turmush tarziga kuchli ta’sir ko`rsatib, insonlarda pok vijdon, sabr-qanoat qilish odobini
shakllantirgan. Qadimdan o`zbek milliy hunarmandchiligi sayqallanib, yanada rivoj topib
kelmoqda. Xonlik, amirlik davrida ham hunarmandlarning alohida mahallalari bo`lgan.
Kulolchilik, dehqonchilikdan tortib bo`yoqchilik-bo`zchilikkacha mavjud bo`lgan kasblar
hozir avlodlar tomonidan foydalanib kelinmoqda.
T
emirchi
– temirni bolg`alab, undan turli buyumlar yasaydigan usta.
Temirchilik – 1. Kasb oti. Temirchilik bilan ro`zg`or tebratmoq. 2. Temirchilarning do`kon
yoki ishxonalari o`rnashgan rasta.
Tegirmonchi
– tegirmon egasi, xo`jayini yoki tegirmonda ishlaydigan kishi
Yuqorida nomlari tilga olingan kasblar bilan bog`liq quyidagi maqollar mavjud:
1. Temirchi boltaga yolchimas,
To`quvchi – xaltaga.
2. Etikdo`zning etigi yirtiq,
1
O’zbekiston tarixi: 7- sinf uchun darslik. Qayta ishlangan ikkinchi nashr / Muallif A.Muhammadjonov. – Toshkent.
“Sharq”, 2013. – 160 b.
2
O`zbеk tilining izоhli lug`аti. Ikki jildlik. 2-jild. А-R. Mоskvа: Rus tili. 1981, 717 b.
ISSN:
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«MODERN
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VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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Temirchining teshasi kemtik.
3.
Yakanchin
ing ming urgani – temirchining bir urgani.
4. Zargarning ming urgani –
chilangar
ning bir urgani.
5. Ignachining ming urgani – temirchining bir urgani.
6. Temirchining qo`lida temir erib suv bo`lar.
7.
So`zangarning
ming urgani – chilangarning bir urgani.
8. Temirchidan temir so`rama.
9. Tegirmonchi deb ko`sani uyg`otma.
10. Usta to`shakka yolchimas,
Temirchi to`qaga yolchimas.
11. Temirchining bir urgani –
bosqonchi
ning ming urgani.
12. Uchqundan qo`rqqan temirchi bo`lmas.
13.
Yo`lchi
yo`lini bilar, tegirmonchi do`lini.
14. Misgarning ming urgani – bosqonchining bir urgani.
15. Ko`mirni o`g`irlagan temirchi,
Baloga qolgan ko`mirchi.
16. Temirchining bir urgani.
Ko`mirchining ming urgani.
17. Omadning shishasi temirchining
dandonini
sindirar.
18. Temirchi taqaga yolchimas,
Bo`zchi – belboqqa.
19. Temirchiga ko`mirchi hokim.
20. Temirchidan ko`mir so`rama.
21.
Ninachining
ming urgani
Temirchining bir urgani.
22. Podachiga yordamchi,
Temirchiga - bosqonchi.
23. Temirchining ming urgani,
Bosqonchining bir urgani.
24. Temirchi to`qaga yolchimas.
Temirchilik kishilik jamiyatining eng qadimgi davrlarida paydo bo`lgan. Mil.avv. 3-4 ming
yillik Eron, Mesopotamiya, Misrda temirni sovuqlayin va qizdirib bolg`alab, turli xil aslahalar,
mehnat qurollari va boshqa buyumlar yasalgani ma’lum. O`zbekiston hududida temirchilik ishi
maxsus do`konda amalga oshirilgan. Temirchi temirni otashxonadagi o`tga qo`yib qizdiradi,
metall tobiga kelib, oq tusga kirgach, uni sandonga qo`yib zarur shaklga kirguncha bolg`alaydi.
Bu ishlar usta, bozg`onchi va damgir tomonidan bajarilgan. Temirchilik hozir ham keng
ko`lamda saqlanib qolgan.
Temirchilik do`konida - o`choq, qo`ra, supa, o`ra, cho`pkunda, ish
qurollaridan: sandon, bosqon, bolg`a, ombur, egov, charx, dam va hokazolar bo`lgan.
Uchqundan qo`rqqan temirchi bo`lmas.
Temirchilik o`ziga yarasha mashaqqatli kasb
hisoblanadi. Temirchining kundalik mehnati, albatta, otashxona bilan bog`liq bo`ladi. Shu sababli
3
O’zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi.
ISSN:
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2024
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«MODERN
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VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
742
ushbu kasbni tanlashdan oldin mashaqqatlarini hisobga olgan holda qolgan barcha vazifalarni
zimmaga olish kerak.
Temirchidan ko`mir so`rama.
Temirchilik kasbining asosiy ozuqasi ko`mir hisoblanadi.
Cho`g`da erigan temirni temirchilar istagan shaklga solib mehnat qurollari yasashadi. Hozirda
zamonaviy texnika va texnologiya taraqqiy etgan sharoitda turli xil asbob-uskunalar ishlab
chiqilgan. Ammo qadimda esa asosiy ish faqatgina ko`mir orqali bo`lgan. Ko`mir bo`lmasa ish
to`xtab qolgan.
Yo`lchi yo`lini bilar, tegirmonchi do`lini.
Do`l
–
tegirmon toshi tepasiga o`rnatilgan
piramida shaklidagi idish xampa (tortiladigan don do`lga solinib, undan kosa orqali toshga
tushadi)
. Har bir ishni uning mohir ustasigina biladi. Yo`lchi ketayotgan manzilini, qaysi yo`l
qisqa va xavfsiz ekanligini biladi. Tegirmonchi esa kasbining sir-asrorini chetdagi insonlardan
mukammalroq biladi. Har kim o`z ishining ustasi hisoblanadi.
Ignachining ming urgani – temirchining bir urgani.
Temirchilik og`ir va mashaqqatli
kasb hisoblanadi. Og`ir sharoitda bo`lganligi sababli umri olov jizillab turgan o`choq yonida
kechadi. Ignachi va temirchi kasbini taqqoslaganda yoki oddiy bir nina va temirdan tayyorlangan
biror ish qurolini taqqoslaganda ikkala kasb o`rtasidagi tafovut bilinadi. Ignachi nozik harakatlar
bilan mehnat qurolini yasaydi, temirchi esa zahmat bilan. Ignachining mingta harakat qilgani
temirchining bir harakati bilan tengdir.
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