HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE AND ITS ADVANTAGES
Numon Niyozov, Mahliyo Ravshanova
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, Uzbekistan, Tashkent, University St. 2A
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10471050
Keywords:
Hydrogen, compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, metal hydride, absorption, desorption, carbon.
Abstract:
This thesis is devoted to the storage of hydrogen energy, in which several different ways of storing hydrogen
and its advantages and disadvantages are presented.
1 INTRODUCTION
It is known that energy resources are finite and
decreasing [1-5]. Based on the analysis of the data of
2022, it can be said that the gas shortage is observed
in many countries, that is, it is 7000 trillion cubic feet.
Although it is difficult to predict the exact year of the
end of oil, it would be appropriate for us to switch to
renewable energy sources. The most efficient of these
is hydrogen energy. Because hydrogen does not emit
harmful pollutants. It is known that the better we store
hydrogen, the more efficient its use will be.
2 Main part: Hydrogen storage
technologies:
1.
Compressed
hydrogen:
Compressing
hydrogen gas at high pressures (typically 350 to 700
or more) reduces its volume and increases its energy
density per volume. Compressed hydrogen is stored
in high strength solid alloy or metal containers. It is a
effective and widely used technology, especially in
fuel cell vehicles. However, this requires sturdy,
heavy containers. It can cause energy loss during
compression and depressurization
[2-10]
.
2. Liquid Hydrogen: Hydrogen can be cooled
and liquefied at very low temperatures (about -253°C
or -423°F). Liquid hydrogen has a much higher
energy density by volume compared to gaseous
hydrogen, but it requires a lot of energy to liquefy and
maintain low temperatures in "cryogenic" storage
vessels, or large metal containers where the gas is
stored. It is commonly used in aerospace applications
and some industrial processes.
Figure 1. Storage of compressed hydrogen in high
strength solid alloy or metal containers
3. Hydrogen storage in metal hydrides is a well-
established technology used to safely and efficiently
store hydrogen gas for a variety of applications,
including hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen-powered
vehicles. Metal hydrides are chemical compounds
formed by the reverse reaction between hydrogen gas
and certain metals or metal alloys. This reaction
allows hydrogen gas to be absorbed and released,
making it a good option for hydrogen storage. Here's
how it works
[11-16]
:
"Assimilation": Metal hydrides can absorb
hydrogen gas under suitable temperature and pressure
conditions. When hydrogen gas comes into contact
with a metal or metal alloy, it diffuses into the lattice
structure of the metal and forms metal hydride
compounds. The absorption process is usually
exothermic, meaning it releases heat.
"Desorption": To release the stored hydrogen, the
metal hydride is heated to a certain temperature,
which causes the hydrogen gas to desorb or escape
from the metal lattice. This process is endothermic,
that is, it requires input of heat energy.
The main advantages of storing hydrogen in metal
hydrides are:
1. High hydrogen density: Metal hydrides can
store large amounts of hydrogen by weight, making
them a compact storage solution
[17]
.
2. Safety: Metal hydrides are generally stable and
safe, reducing the risk of hydrogen leakage or
explosion.
3. Reversibility: The absorption and desorption of
hydrogen in metal hydrides is reversible, allowing
multiple storage cycles and release without
significant degradation.
4. Reliability: Metal hydrides have a long lifetime
and can withstand a large number of cycles of
hydrogen absorption and desorption.
5. Temperature and Pressure Resistance: Metal
hydrides can operate under a wide range of
temperatures and pressures, making them versatile for
a variety of applications.
Figure 2. Expandable H2 Storage System/Metal
Hydride
3.
Carbon-based materials: Some carbon-based
materials, such as activated carbon, or a stronger and
lighter form of carbon, can adsorb hydrogen gas
molecules onto their surfaces. These materials have
high hydrogen storage capabilities at moderate
pressures and ambient temperatures. Research is
ongoing to improve the adsorption capacity and
kinetics of these materials
[18-20]
.
4. Hydrogen storage in glass microspheres is a
technology that contains hydrogen gas inside small,
hollow glass spheres. This storage method has its own
characteristics and potential advantages. Below is an
overview of the concept and its current state of
development:
Microsphere Properties: Glass microspheres are
small, hollow spheres made of borosilicate glass or
other types of glass. Their size can be from a few
micrometers to several hundred micrometers.
How does hydrogen work in microspheres?:
Hydrogen is injected into these spheres under high
pressure, which causes the gas to diffuse into the
walls of the spheres and become trapped in both the
hollow center and the glass matrix itself.
Figure 3. Carbon materials
Release mechanism: To release the stored
hydrogen, the microspheres are usually heated, which
causes the hydrogen to desorb in the medium in the
glass and escape from the sphere.
Advantages: Safety: Glass microspheres can
safely contain hydrogen at high pressures and protect
it from external influences. The risk of catastrophic
failure, which can occur with a large metal vessel
storing a conventional high-pressure liquid or gas, is
reduced because the hydrogen is distributed among
countless tiny spheres.
Thermal insulation: Glass provides some thermal
insulation, which can be useful for controlling the
temperature of the stored hydrogen.
Shape flexibility: Microspheres can be embedded
in a variety of materials, such as foams or other
structures, making them versatile in terms of where
and when to use them.
According to the latest update, hydrogen storage
in glass microspheres is an active area of research and
has yet to be widely commercialized. It has been
considered for a variety of applications, from
hydrogen storage for fuel cells to potential use in
nuclear fusion systems, where it can serve as a fuel
source and radiation shielding material.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the above, it can be said that
hydrogen storage technologies are compressed
hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, hydrogen storage in
metal hydrides, chemical storage, carbon-based
materials, hydrogen storage in glass microspheres,
and compressed hydrogen is the most preferred.
But chemical hydrogen storage technology
involves complex and energy-intensive processes.
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