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ISMOIL SOMONIY MAQBARASI
Rasulova Mohichehra Maston qizi
Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti
“Tarix va filologiya” kafedrasi o’qituvchisi.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14919041
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada Markaziy Osiyodagi eng qadimiy va me’moriy jihatdan
eng go’zal inshootlardan biri bo’lgan Ismoil Somoniy maqbarasi tahlil qilingan.
Kalit so’zlar: Somoniylar, maqbara, nekropol, chor, Movarounnahr, Xuroson, Ismoil
Somoniy.
ISMAIL SOMONI MAUSOLEUM
Abstract. This article analyzes the Ismail Somoni Mausoleum, one of the oldest and most
architecturally beautiful structures in Central Asia.
Keywords: Samanids, mausoleum, necropolis, tsar, Maveronnahr, Khorasan, Ismail
Somoni.
МАВЗОЛЕЙ ИСМАИЛА СОМОНИ
Аннотация. В статье анализируется мавзолей Исмаила Сомони, одно из
древнейших и красивейших в архитектурном отношении сооружений в Средней Азии.
Ключевые слова: Саманиды, мавзолей, некрополь, царь, Моваруннахр, Хорасан,
Исмаил Саманид.
Yurtimiz tarixiga nazar tashlarkanmiz o’zining ko’p asrlik boy madaniyati bilan
hanuzgacha kishini lol qoldirib kelmoqda. Chunonchi, moddiy madaniyat namunalaridan biri
bo’lgan me’morchilik durdonalarini bunga misol tariqasida keltirsak bo’ladi. Jumladan, O’rta
Osyo arxitekturasi va me’morchiligida o’ziga xos o’ringa ega bo’lgan tarixiy
yodgorliklarimizdan biri bo’lgan Ismoil Sominiy maqbarasini fikrimizni dalili desak mubolag’a
qilmagan bo’lamiz. Bu tarixiy obida nafaqat Buxoro, balki O’rta Osiyo me’morchiligi va san’ati
tarixida dastlabki maqbaralardan biri bo’lgan. Maqbaraning bunyod etilishi Somoniylar davlati
hukmdori, yirik siyosiy arbob Ismoil Somoniy nomi bilan bog’liq.
Ismoil Somoniy shaxsi haqida gapiradigan bo‘lsak, u 848-yil Buxoro shahrida tug‘ilgan,
874-yilda somoniylarning Buxorodagi noibi, 888-yildan esa butun Movarounnahrga o’z
hukmronligini o’rnatadi. 900-yilda esa Movarounnahr va Xurosonni birlashtirgan. Buxoro
shahrini mamlakat poytaxti deb e’lon qiladi. Ismoil Somoniy markaziy hokimiyatni
mustahkamlash maqsadida, turli hududlardan ulamolar, adiblar, usta va hunarmandlarni
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Buxoroga to‘plagan
1
. Mamlakatda obodonlashtirish, shaharsozlikni yuksaltirib, madaniyat
rivojiga katta hissa qo‘shadi. Bag‘dod xalifalaridan ibrat olib, o‘ziga ulkan maqbara qurdiradi.
Ismoil Somoniy maqbarasi o‘rta asrlarning rivojlangan davrida (IX-X asr),taxminan 892-
907-yillarda, hozirgi Buxoroning eski shahar qismida qurilgan
2
.
Ismoil Somoniy maqbarasi IX asrda Buxoroda me’morchilik san’ati, binokorlik
texnikasining naqadar yuksalganligini va rivojlanganligini ko‘rsatadi. Bu me’moriy obidaning
qurilishida qadimiy soʻgʻd meʼmorchiligi anʼanalaridan ham foydalanilganligi ushbu nodir
obidani tiklashgacha bo‘lgan davrda Buxoroda me’morchilik, arxitektura rivojlangini bildiradi.
Somoniylar maqbarasi loyihasidan tortib, hajmiy tuzilishigacha geometrik tartib va qoida asosida
yaratilganligi yuksak professional darajaga ega bo’lgan tajribali quruvchilar va malakali
me’morlarning loyihalash va qurilish texnikasiga oid bilim va malakalarga nechog’lik boy
bo’lishganini ko’rsatadi.
Maqbara Movarounnahr va Xuroson me’morchiligining o’ziga xos 4 tomoni bir xil
“chor“ uslubida qurilgan. Maqbaraning dizayni esa jimjima gʻishtin bezaklari chiviqli toʻsiq yoki
qamish, bo’yra toʻqimasini eslatadi. Binoning yuqori qismi gumbaz bilan qoplangan bo’lib, bu
islom me’morchiligida keng tarqalgan uslubdir. To’rt burchagi ustunsimon shaklda ishlangan,
gumbaz atrofiga 4 qubba oʻrnatilgan. Devor tepasida kungirasimon 40 ta darcha bilan bilan
ziynatlangan. Qurilishda o‘ymakorlik naqshlaridan ham foydalanilgan bo’lib, har bir g’isht
o’ziga xos geometrik shakllar va bezaklar bilan ishlangan
3
.
Ismoil Somoniy arxitekturaviy yodgorligi XI asrdan ortiq vaqt ichida tabiiy ofatlar va
inson omillariga qaramay yaxshi holda saqlanib qolgan. Yodgorlik nafaqat Buxoroda, balki
Markaziy Osiyo o’rta asr me’morchiligida ham yangi uslublarning shakllanishiga ta’sir
ko’rsatgan va keyinchalik boshqa ko’plab maqbara va masjidlarning qurilishida ilhom manbai
bo’lgan desak adashmagan bo’lamiz.
Maqbara birinchi marta 1924-yilda Moisei Ginzburg ekspeditsiya guruhi tomonidan
tekshirilgan. 1925-yilda Buxoro tarixiy va sanʼat yodgorliklarini muhofaza qilish
komissiyasining ilmiy kotibi Muso Saidjonov bino gumbazining astarlarini tiklashni tashkil
qilgan. Vasiliy Vyatkin boshchiligida arxeologik tadqiqotlarda 1926—1928-yillarda olib
borilgan qazishmalar davomida nekropol ichida bir nechta qabrlar, jumladan Ismoil
Somoniyning oʻligi saqlanib qolganligi aniqlangan
4
.
1
https://meros.uz/object/ismoil-somoniy-maqbarasi
2
Булатов М. С. “Мавзолей Саманидов — жемчужина архитектуры Средней Азии” M. 1978
3
Булатов М. С. “Геометрическая гармонизация в архитектуре Средней Азии IX–XV веков” T. 1976
4
Ремпель Л. И.“Далёкое и близкое: страницы жизни, быта, строительного дела, ремесла и искусства Старой
Бухары” T. 1981
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Hozirgi kunda me’moriy inshoot atroflari bog‘ga aylantirilgan. U arxiologik qazishmalar
orqali topilganligi uchun 60-50 sm pastda joylashgan. Bugungi kunda bu inshoot islom dunyosi
ma’rifatparvarlari va allomalarining diqqat-markazida hamda turistlarning sayohatgohiga
aylangan.
1993-yilda bu maqbara “Butunjahon madaniy meroslari ro‘yxati”ga kiritilgan.1997-yilda
Buxoro shahrining 2500 yilligi munosabati bilan Buxorodagi barcha obidalar qatorida Ismoil
Somoniy maqbarasi ham qayta ta’mirdan chiqdi. 2000-yil 30-avgustda “Madaniy meros
obyektlarini muhofaza qilish va ulardan foydalanish to‘g‘risi”dagi qonun qabul qilindi
5
.
Davlatimiz tomonidan qabul qilingan ushbu qonunlar me’moriy inshoot muhofazasining
huquqiy kafolatidir.
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