Science and innovation for national and global development

Радиационное излучение - это феномен, с которым человечество сталкивается с самых ранних времен существования нашей планеты. Оно несет в себе как потенциальные блага, так и риски. Однако в последние десятилетия наблюдается тревожная тенденция к росту фонового радиационного излучения, что вызывает серьезные обеспокоенности среди ученых, экологов и общества в целом.
Эта статья посвящена исследованию этой важной проблемы. Мы рассмотрим причины, которые приводят к увеличению уровня фонового радиационного излучения, и проанализируем возможные последствия этой тенденции для здоровья человека и окружающей среды. Важно понимать, что радиационное излучение имеет как положительные, так и негативные аспекты, и нашей задачей является оценка баланса между ними и поиск способов минимизации рисков.

Граждане и юридические лица, обратившиеся в орган конституционного судопроизводства, а также их представители обладают рядом прав и обязанностей, важных в судебном процессе.

Mamlakatimiz ijtimoiy-siyosiy rivojlanishida ayollar tadbirkorligini moliyalashtirish dolzarb masalalardan hisoblanadi. O'zbekiston 2030 strategiyasi doirasida xotin-qizlarni huquq va qonuniy manfaatlarini himoya qilish, iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va siyosiy faolligini oshirish, bandligini ta’minlash, tadbirkorlikka keng jalb etishga qaratilgan keng ko'lamli tadbirlar amalga oshirilmoqda.

В статье рассматривается педагогический инструментарий, используемый для организации виртуального обучения будущих педагогов. Описываются основные цифровые технологии, платформы, методики и подходы, способствующие формированию профессиональных компетенций педагогов в условиях дистанционного обучения.

Мамлакатимиз истиқлолга эришгач давлат ва жамият ҳаётида туб ислоҳотлар рўй берди ва демократии давлат ва фуқаролик жамиятини барпо этиш йўлида амалга оширилаётган ислоҳотлар ўз самарасини кун сайин бермоқда. Шу билан бирга эртанги кун талабларидан келиб чиққан ҳолда, янги Ўзбекистонни барпо этиш йўлидаги изчил ҳаракатларимизни кучайтириш, уларни янги, янада юқори босқичга кўтаришни тақозо этмоқда.

С целью изучения частоты носительства фенотипов гаптоглобина (Hp) у больных туберкулезом легких с нежелательными явлениями на прием противотуберкулезных препаратов комплексно обследовано 226 больных туберкулезом легких.
В процессе лечения у 64,1% больных возникли нежелательные явления ( НЯ) от противотуберкулезных препаратов. Установлено, что при гомозиготных вариантах Hp (1-1 и 2-2) у больных туберкулезом НЯ возникли у 78,3±6,7 и 81,2±3,6 % пациентов. В тоже время при гетерозиготном варианте фенотипа Hp 2-1 только у 32,4±5,3% отмечены НЯ. Рекомендуется определение у пациентов носительство фенотипов гаптоглобина перед началом химиотерапии в целях выделения группы риска по частому развитию НЯ на противотуберкулезные препараты.

This thesis discusses the language barriers and difficulties encountered by young people in the process of learning foreign languages, as well as potential solutions to these challenges. It presents reflections on research theories, opinions, and scientific views of various scholars on this subject. The thesis explores methods for overcoming these obstacles, measures to be taken, and draws conclusions based on these findings. It also provides comprehensive advice and guidelines on what learners should focus on during this period and which factors should be prioritized in language acquisition.

The geostrategic importance of the Central Asian region is associated with its geographical location, the presence of significant reserves of natural resources, as well as its important transit potential. Today, the countries of Central Asia are going through a stage of serious transformations associated with the strengthening of the role of external players in the region. The Central Asian region is becoming the target of major power confrontation and geopolitical confrontation between the world's leading players for resources and political influence. In this context, it is important for the Central Asian countries to assess both emerging opportunities and risks to maintain geopolitical balance and create a belt of security, stability and economic development around the Central Asian region.

This paper examines the role of herbal medicine in the complex treatment of patients with tuberculosis. Particular attention is paid to the use of medicinal plants to improve the general condition of the body, enhance immunity and reduce the side effects of drug therapy. The results of studies confirming the effectiveness of herbal medicine as an auxiliary method in the fight against tuberculosis are presented.

Mаъмурий жазо ҳуқуқбузарлик содир этилган кундан бошлаб, давом этаётган ҳуқуқбузарликлар учун эса, ҳуқуқбузарлик аниқланган кундан бошлаб бир йилдан кечиктирмай қўлланилиши мумкин. Жиноят ишини қўзғатиш рад этилган ёки жиноят иши тугатилган бўлса-ю, лекин ҳуқуқбузарнинг ҳаракатларида маъмурий ҳуқуқбузарлик аломатлари мавжуд бўлса, маъмурий жазо чораси жиноят иши қўзғатишни рад этиш ёки жиноят ишини тугатиш тўғрисида (агар бир йиллик муддат ўтмаган бўлса) қарор қабул қилинган кундан эътиборан бир ойдан кечиктирмай қўлланилиши мумкин.

Ushbu maqolada Termiz va Winchester shaharlari toponimlarining leksiko-semantik xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada, avvalo, har ikki shahar nomining kelib chiqishi, ma'nosi va tarixiy konteksti o'rganilgan. Termiz toponimi O'zbekistonning janubiy qismidagi tabiiy va geografik sharoitlar bilan bog'liq bo'lib, "issiq"yoki “quyoshli" degan ma'nolarni anglatadi. Winchester toponimi esa, Angliyaning tarixiy va siyosiy markazi sifatida, “fort"yoki "qurilish" ma"nolarini o’z ichiga oladi, bu esa shaharning mudofaa va xavfsizlik maqsadida qurilganligini ko'rsatadi. Maqolada shuningdek, har ikki shahar toponimlarining madaniy va tarixiy rivojlanishdagi o’rni va ularning semantik xususiyatlari ta'kidlangan. Tahlil natijasida, Termiz va Winchester shaharlari o'rtasidagifarqlar va ularning nomlaridagi ma'nolarni aks ettiruvchi tarixiy, madaniy va geografik faktorlar haqida chuqur tushuncha berilgan.

Маънавий зарар тушунчаси ва уни ундириш хуқуқига эга бўлган шахслар таркиби ҳамда маънавий зарарнинг миқдорини белгилаш билан боғлиқ масалалар ҳали ўзининг тўлиқ ечимини топмаган муаммолардан бири ҳисобланади. Бунинг асосий сабабларидан бири маънавий зарар тушунчаси турли олимлар томонидан турлича талқин қилинишида ва уни миқдорини белгилашда эса умумий бўлган мезонларнинг мавжуд эмаслигида намоён бўлади. Ўзбекистонда маънавий зарарга оид қонун хужжатлари истиқлол туфайли қабул қилинган қонун хужжатларида ўз ифодасини топа бошлади.

As a result of floods and floods, a deterioration in sanitation can occur, and as a result, the risk of an epidemiological emergency in the population can increase and develop. In such conditions, there are specific peculiarities of organizing the conduct of measures to protect the population and territories from epidemiological emergencies, in the article these peculiarities, the creation of a specific system when occurring in epidemic situations, the organization of sanitary and epidemiological service in areas in emergency situations associated with foods and foods, including measures to increase the efficiency, recommendations have been made to eliminate the failure of services according to their functional function in the eventofan accident.

The article examines the role of small businesses in reducing poverty levels, creating new jobs, and ensuring employment for the population, as well as analyzes the factors contributing to their development.

The article analyzes the impact of entry fees on the accessibility of the legal profession in Uzbekistan, identifying them as a financial barrier for young lawyers. It examines international experiences in financing Advocate associations and alternative mechanisms for collecting payments from advocates, such as increasing membership fees in the initial months, exam fees, and registration fees. The author concludes that the abolition of entry fees may contribute to an increase in the number of advocates, an improvement in the quality of legal services, and greater access to justice. The Chamber of Advocate can compensate for the losses by increasing the number of advocates paying membership fees and by developing educational programs and courses for advocates.

Сўнгги йилларда Ўзбекистон тобора янгича ривожланиш босқичига шиддат билан қадам қўймоқда. Мамлакатнинг демократии қиёфаси ўзгармокда. Иқтисодий, сиёсий, ижтимоий янгиланишлар юз бермоқда.
Асосийси, юртимизда ҳар бир шахснинг фундаментал ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларини таъминлашга жиддий киришилди. Хусусан, давлат органлари фаолиятининг мазмунини инсон ҳуқуқларини таъминлаш ташкил этиши, хусусий мулк даҳлсизлигини таъминлаш, сўз эркинлигини кафолатлаш каби умуминсоний қадриятлар шулар жумласидандир.

В условиях реформирования правовой системы Узбекистана особое внимание уделяется повышению квалификации адвокатов. Эффективная адвокатура является неотъемлемой частью обеспечения верховенства закона, защиты прав и свобод граждан, а также укрепления демократических институтов. В связи с этим, совершенствование профессиональной подготовки адвокатов приобретает стратегическое значение.

Олий Мажлис Қонунчилик палатаси томонидан назорат-тахдил фаолиятини ташкил этишда, энг аввало, 2022 - 2026 йилларга мўлжалланган Янги Ўзбекистоннинг тараққиёт стратегиясини «Инсонга эътибор ва сифатли таълим йили»да амалга оширишга оид давлат дастури, "Ўзбекистон - 2030" стратегиясини "Ёшлар ва бизнесни қўллаб-қувватлаш йили"да амалга оширишга оид давлат дастурида белгиланган мақсадларнинг бажарилиши устидан таъсирчан парламент мониторингини олиб боришга алоҳида эътибор қаратди.

Qurilish materiallari sanoatida ekologik boshqaruv innovatsiyalari muhim rol o'ynaydi, chunki sanoatning ekologik ta'siri va energiya sarfi ortib bormoqda. Ushbu maqolada qurilish materiallari sanoatida ekologik boshqaruvning innovatsion usullari, ularni joriy etishning afzalliklari va salbiy oqibatlari ko'rib chiqiladi. Maqolada, shuningdek, ekologik boshqaruvning asosiy yo'nalishlari, shu jumladan energiya samaradorligini oshirish, chiqindilarni kamaytirish va qayta tiklanadigan resurslardan foydalanish kabi masalalar tahlil qilinadi. Maqsad - ekologik boshqaruvni takomillashtirish va innovatsion texnologiyalarni qurilish sanoatiga muvaffaqiyatli joriy etishning iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va ekologik ahamiyatini baholashdir.

Статья посвящена исследованию возможностей и вызовов внедрения принципов ESG (экологического, социального и корпоративного управления) в акционерных обществах Узбекистана с использованием современных цифровых технологий. В работе рассматривается роль инновационных цифровых решений (IоТ, искусственного интеллекта, блокчейн-технологий, цифровых двойников) в оптимизации процессов мониторинга, управления и отчетности, что способствует повышению инвестиционной привлекательности и устойчивого развития компаний. Особое внимание уделяется адаптации международных стандартов ESG к национальному контексту, нормативноправовой базе и специфике узбекского бизнеса. На основе проведенного анализа предлагается интегрированная модель цифровой ESG-трансформации, способная обеспечить эффективное управление корпоративными рисками и содействовать формированию прозрачной системы корпоративного управления.

The immune reactivity of the body plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Immunological changes are primarily associated with increased neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Key inflammatory mediators involved in COPD include interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Cytokines are protein mediators secreted by various immune cells in response to pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins, influencing the immune and inflammatory responses. This imbalance is a predictor of disease progression and severity. Furthermore, research has linked elevated levels of IL-1 fl, IL-6, and TNF-a in COPD patients to pulmonary hypertension, correlating with the severity of the disease and an increased risk of mortality. This review highlights the critical role of cytokines in the inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying COPD pathogenesis. Understanding these molecular pathways may contribute to developing targeted therapeutic strategies to modulate cytokine activity to improve disease outcomes.

Кредитный портфель — это совокупность выданных кредитов, классифицированных на основе критериев, связанных с различными факторами кредитного риска или методами хеджирования.

An analysis of the main ecological and hygienic environmental factors affecting the incidence rates among the population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan in 2009-2023 found that between the indicators of the primary incidence of the entire population and non-normative chemical composition of water samples from open reservoirs, average direct correlations were established in the Republic of Karakalpakstan (rxy=0.66), in the Northern (rxy=0.54) zone, in Kanlykul (rxy=0.34f Chimbay (rxy=0.42), Ellikkala (rxy=0,38), Turtkul (rxy=0.61) districts and in Nukus (rxy=0.47). The dynamics of primary morbidity with medium strength depended on the chemical contamination of water in wells in the Western zone (rxy=0.39), Kegeyli (rxy=0.55), Chimbay (rxy=0.34), Khodjeyli (rxy=0.61) and Turtkul (rxy=0.40) districts. The level of primary morbidity depended on the chemical contamination of tap water in Kanlykul (rxy=0.57), Shumanay (rxy=0,37), Kegeyli (rxy=0.44), Nukus (rxy=0.51), Khodjeyli (rxy=0.48) and Beruni (rxy=0.41) areas, in the Republic of Karakalpakstan (rxy=0.33). Primary morbidity of the entire population for 2009-2021. had an average dependence on the chemical pollution of atmospheric air in the Republic of Karakalpakstan (rxy=0.66f in Khodjeyli (rxy=0.65) Kanlykul (rxy=0.39j, Beruni (rxy=0.59) districts, in the Northern zone (rxy=0.46), strong dependence - in Takhtakupyr (rxy=0.86) district.

This article explores the concept of a land plot, its distinctive features and characteristics as a real estate object, the doctrine of titular ownership, the status of land categories as objects of absolute state property rights, land plots as primary real estate objects, and issues related to the legal status of land plots.

Ўзбекистон Республикаси прокуратура органларида қонун хужжатлари ижроси устидан прокурор назорати ишларини ташкил этиш Ўзбекистон Республикаси Конституцияси ваЎзбекистон Республикасининг "Прокуратура тўғрисида"ги Қонуни ва бошқа қонунлари, қонун ости хужжатларида белгиланган вазифа ва ваколатларидан келиб чиқиб белгиланади.

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the terms of user agreements of leading social platforms—Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok—in the context of regulating rights to user-generated content. The study shows that modern user agreements generally imply the granting of a non-exclusive, royalty-free, transferable, and sublicensable license to the platforms for the use of published materials. Despite the formal retention of authorship rights by users, the scope of rights transferred allows platforms to commercially and promotionally exploit the content without the author’s consent or remuneration. Special attention is given to the problems of legal opacity of terms, the complexity of legal wording, and the lack of effective user control mechanisms over the use of their content. Significant differences are identified in the legal regimes governing license termination and the treatment of the author’s moral rights. The conclusion formulates recommendations for improving the legal regulation of relationships arising from the use of user-generated content, with an emphasis on ensuring legal certainty, predictability of terms, and the balance of interests between authors and digital platforms.

Scientific innovation serves as a crucial engine for national development, yet its progress can be severely hampered by administrative inefficiencies and systemic obstacles, often termed "bureaucracy of deterrence." This article examines the concept of bureaucracy of deterrence within the realm of scientific activities, defining it as administrative processes and cultural norms that create disincentives, barriers, or perceived threats, thereby actively hindering research, innovation, and collaboration. Based on the experiences of France and Germany the report then explores their respective reforms aimed at reducing administrative burdens and fostering scientific innovation. Finally, it synthesizes these comparative lessons to propose a multi-pronged reform strategy for Uzbekistan, encompassing detection, prevention, and remediation measures.

This study investigates how orthodontic treatment influences the psychosocial well-being of adolescents (13-18years) with severe anterior dental crowding. Using a modified Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), researchers surveyed 60 patients with Classi malocclusion before appliance placement and again six months later. Paired-sample analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in social discomfort and appearance-related self-consciousness (p<0.01). Participants reported greater confidence in peer interactions and higher satisfaction with their dental aesthetics. The findings demonstrate that early orthodontic intervention delivers measurable psychosocial benefits alongside functional improvements, underscoring the importance of timely treatment for fostering healthier self-esteem and social development during adolescence.

This article analyzes the sharp increase in crimes committed using information technologies and their socio-economic consequences. It explores types of cybercrime, emerging threats, and government responses, including legal, institutional, and preventive measures. The thesis emphasizes enhancing cooperation between the population and state bodies to ensure digital security.

This quantitative study examines how orthodontic treatment alters patients’self-esteem from both aesthetic and psychosocial perspectives. A cohort of 120 individuals aged 14-35years with moderate to severe malocclusion completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale immediately before appliance placement and again upon treatment completion (mean duration = 18 months). Paired-sample analyses revealed a statistically significant increase in overall self-esteem scores (p < 0.001), with the greatest gains observed in participants presenting the most pronounced initial irregularities. Post-treatment, patients reported higher satisfaction with facial appearance and greater social confidence, indicating that the psychosocial benefits of orthodontic care extend beyond functional and aesthetic improvements. These findings underscore the value of integrating psychological considerations into treatment planning and support a holistic, patient-centred approach in contemporary orthodontics.

This article examines the psychoemotional characteristics of pregnant women, identifies the main risk factors affecting their emotional state, and describes manifestations and possible correction approaches. A survey was conducted among 120 pregnant women in Bukhara, and the results were analyzed using charts and diagrams. The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to mental health protection during pregnancy.