Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
3.117
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.156
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.716
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
169
QR – Issue
QR – Article
SOI:
DOI:
International Scientific Journal
Theoretical & Applied Science
p-ISSN:
2308-4944 (print)
e-ISSN:
2409-0085 (online)
Year:
2019
Issue:
07
Volume:
75
Published:
18.07.2019
Guli Ibragimovna Toirova
Bukhara State University
senior lecturer of Uzbek Philology Department, PhD.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF UZBEK LINGUISTIC RESEARCH
Abstract: The article deals with the ontological multifunctional (multidimensional) language and is closely
related to its phatic function. It is shown that after the 60s of the twentieth century the phatic function of language,
phatic itself, essence and purpose of phatic communication, phatic speech genres have been comprehensively studied
in the west (especially in Russian) philologies, however, these questions in the Uzbek science are waiting to be
explored.
Key words:
language functions, multidimensional object of study, multifunctionality, the phatic function of
language, communication adjusting function types of phatic communication, phatic speech genres.
Language: English
Citation
:
Toirova, G. I. (2019). Actual problems of Uzbek linguistic research.
ISJ Theoretical & Applied
Science, 07 (75),
169-172.
Soi
http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-07-75-29
Doi
:
https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS
Classifiers:
Philology.
Introduction
One of the absolutely categorical (flat) demands
of the dialectical method of research is the approach
to the subject as a multifaceted, complex, multi-
functional
(multifunctional)
and
objective
investigation. What is this approach? The essence
(main point) of this approach is that during the
examination of the subject from different angles
reveals some even contradictory nature of the source
of the survey. Duty of the investigator is that he or she
should not miss the properties of the object of study,
place, time and circumstances of the fact that the
dynamic changes in the source of the study.
Separation of property changes from a general change
of the object and the equation of property with the
object itself leads to a process of absolute (fetishism)
in science and degradation through a crisis
phenomenon in science. Like everything else in nature
(the objective world) language of mankind is versatile
and multifunctional.
Materials and Methods
Unfortunately, in Soviet times, linguistics is
traced back absolutization of approval of V.I. Lenin
that "the language is the main means of
communication and assimilation into society." Other
features and functions of the language have been
unjustly forgotten. But in addition to the socio -
communicative function the language has several
dozen functional problems in society. The work of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I.A Karimov:
"High spirituality is an invincible force" puts forward
a theory of language: "It is known that the process of
national self-consciousness, self-determination, the
bright minds of the people, and spiritual and moral
bonds between the generations that can be traced
through the language of the people. All the good traits
in the human heart for the first time go through
lullabies of mother invigorating charm of the native
language. Native language is the spirit of the nation.
"Having said that, the President cites the word of
thinker Abdula Avloniy: "Life existence mirror of
every nation in the world is the language and
literature. The loss of the national language is the loss
of the national spirit." This idea shows that:
a) the language is the means (tool) of
understanding themselves;
b) the language is the mirror of national
consciousness and ideas of the people;
c) the language is the means of spiritual and
moral ties between the generations;
d) the language is the spirit of the nation;
e) the language is the means of education of the
younger generation;
Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
3.117
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.156
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.716
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
170
f) the language is visiting card of every nation;
g) native language is the chief controller of
spirituality in every nation, etc.
One thing is clear, it is not all the traits of our
language. There are dozens of functional areas of the
native language.
In modern linguistics, the language is
characterized as a multi-faceted, multi-functional,
social - spiritual - ethnic development. On the basis of
linguistics in Europe there is a different interpretation
of language. In the book "Essays on general
linguistics", Vladimir Zvyagintsev cites three
explanations of Wilhelm von Humboldt. Along with
this there is the thoughts of Friedrich Hegel, August
Schleicher, Hayman Steinthal, Alexander Potebnya,
Philip Fortunatova, Ivan Baudouin de Kurt, Hugo
Shewhart, Otto Jespersen, Benedetto Croce, Edward
Sapir, Anton Marty, Ferdinand de Saussure (two
explanations of the language), Hendry Zbbinghauza,
Friedrich Kaynsa, Karl Vossler, Antoine Maine,
Joseph Manriesa, Vittorio Pisani, Louis Hjelmslev,
Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx and 21 more major experts
and thinkers. Twenty five interpretations of the
language are not all. From ideas mentioned upwards,
we can highlight the following conclusions.
Firstly:
a) on his list, the author cites European thinkers
of XX - XXI centuries, beginning with the famous
German researcher and founder of linguistics
Humboldt Wilhelm (1767 - 1835). In Europe, starting
with Aristotle to Humboldt there were dozens of
theories and ideas (Franz Bopp, Jakob Grimm,
Rasmus Rask, etc.), but they are not quoted;
b) in the list there is no thought of the Eastern
sages, encyclopedists, and the writers, because of this
the list is not fully interpreted;
It should be noted that Zvyagintsev could not
pretend to full systematization of theories about
language. By focusing on the diversity of language, he
has just given 25 interpretations on this issue.
Secondly:
All the 25 interpretations is the result of abstract
and impractical approach to the potential of language.
The 60`s years of the last century began to dominate
empirical linguistics - a pragmatic approach
(sociolinguistics,
pragmalinguistics,
speech
linguistics, text linguistics, grammar text and cultural
studies) to language learning. The attention of
specialists was not directed to an abstract object of
study, but in particular to the subject of language and
its effective application in the life of society. On the
basis of pragmatic approaches there have been given
a new explanation to the phenomenon of language in
society. That was not all. Recent changes in society,
the development of a new era and a new information
system in the world is making chances to support the
development of new theories of linguistics.
From the many theories of the language system
any of them is not absolutely right or wrong. Each of
them has its own rationale and the right in certain
circumstances of life. The dialectic methodology
versatility of the subject of research and conclusions
emanating from it, determines the correct direction of
development of linguistics.
In contradiction to the multidimensional
language of the Soviet era, the function of
communication and language assimilation was
absolutized in the form of socio - communicative tool
of society. The very function of the transmission and
receipt of thought has several distinctive areas, and
one of them is phatic communication. Phatic part of
communication (Phatics) is one of the few areas that
are poorly investigated in the Uzbek linguistics.
The term of Phatic or phatic communication
(phatic communion.2) in linguistics was first
introduced by the English scientist of Polish origin,
the founder of functional anthropology Bronislaw
Malinowski (1884 – 1942years) in 1928 (15). Phatic
comes from the Latin "fatuus" – "tasteless,
meaningless" (7). The term of phatic function of
language is associated with the linguapoetic works of
Roman Jakobson. The importance of contacts, in other
words, communicants conversations, sending or
receiving information and further support or prevent
your partner's actions, their influence to each other, all
is primary for exact practical justification Phatic. On
the part of Bronislaw Malinowski, Phatick is
interpreted as usual form. Such conversations are
necessary for the preservation of contact or dialogue
for the sake of communication. It is interpreted like a
smail talk by Bronislaw Malinowski (1). According to
its ethnic option it is suited to the Uzbek word
"Gurung" (guff or chattering), "hangoma" (the hubbub
or murmur of two or three interlocutors).
Roman Jakobson has its own interpretation for
the new term that was applied in linguistics by
Bronislaw Malinowski. According to Jacobson,
Phatic is aimless and is not related to the activities and
conditions of the conversation of the interlocutors,
irresponsible, is served for the sake of verbal
communication of different people. Expanding the
scale of his system, he adds, "function setting of
contact" for phatic words and on that basis alone
distinguishes "phatic function" of language in society.
According to Roman Jakobson, justification of phatic
language features based on the following bases:
- first, in contrast to the traditional functions of
language (transmission and reception of information,
mutual interlocutors) phatic words are used aimlessly
or even in the opposite direction (11);
- second, because of the growing interest in
pragmalinguistics genres and vocabulary;
- third, the prevalence of mechanical information
on the specific decisive words during vocabulary or
conversation.
As a result of the above mentioned reasons, in 60
years of the twentieth century, there is given rise to
sharply increasing interest in phatic and research on it.
Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
3.117
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.156
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.716
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
171
The linguistics and literary studies of the West have
been published not hundreds, but thousands of works
in areas related to Phatic (lexicology, linguistics of
vocabulary, pragmalinguistics, culturology, etc.). If
the justification of Phatic by Roman Jakobson in the
middle of the twentieth century was like a twist to the
traditional world of linguistics, it was a new barrier
(margin) in language studies. And it is not that simple.
It was leaked out that phatic plays no less role in the
contacts between people than any other language
features. The significance of phatic is clearly traced
the example of Albert Einstein. In place of the two
volume edition, he proves his point just in two lists. In
terms of information transfer, two options equalize
presentation by concise exposition of his theory.
Unlike traditional research papers, required system
(introduction, main part, conclusion, appendices and
references) simplifies some sort of final conclusions
of the author. Bypassing multistage requirements and
data transmission to the addresser as a laconic forms
(theses, conclusions, summary) is not a violation of
traditional norms of language contact. Here, the
meaning of the transmitted information is primary. If
this information reflects the views of the author, it is a
vivid example of action Phatic. It is a form of modern
approach to Phatic.
The phenomenon phatic is not separately
investigated in the Uzbek linguistics. Because of these
questions of historiography of phatic, phatic
communication, types and genres of Phatic on the
basis of Western interpretations, are given to the
Uzbek linguists and literary critics.
In the history of the study of Phatic, general work
can be called a work of V.V. Dementieva and E.
Klyuyev (5,6,9,10). The history of Phatic were
analyzed, organized, and determined according to the
development of Bronislaw Malinowski in subsequent
years in these works. Based on these data, we can
distinguish three periods of Phatic problems study:
The first period. Definition of “smail talk” by
Bronislaw Malinowski and Phatic justification as
"Communication for communion" in 1928 and in the
six functions of language selection feature separate
Phatic (for installing and maintaining the contact)
Roman Jakobson in 1970. This is a period of weak
attention to the problems of Phatic.
The second period. From the study as a separate
function which establishes contact of phatic by Roman
Jakobson (1970), to the unification of the two
interpretations of the writings of the Tatyana Vinokur
(1924 - 1992 years) in 1990 (2.3).
The third period. The period after the Tatyana
Winokur (from 1990 to the present day). It is
dedicated to more than a thousand works on Phatic. At
this time, there were two directions in research Phatic.
Mostly in Russian linguistics two areas of Phatic are
highlighted:
a) the nature and value of Phatic in the lexicon;
b) lexical genres of Phatic and their application.
In addition to the first direction T. Vinokur, it
can be noted works of N. Arutunova, E.V.Duskaeva,
V.G. Gaka, V.I. Karasika, E.K. Kdyueva, K.F.
Sedova, T.V. Smelyova and others. Works on this
direction are not numerous. In these works, the Phatic
is
justified
as
mechanical,
informative
and
complementary part of the conversation, or simply
hanging out empty means of different people.
The second direction of studying of the Phatic
problem was developed in the writings of V.V.
Demeteva, M.E. Fedosyuk, V.V. Goldin, A.
Karabikovoy, N.A. Kornilova, T.N. Kozlovsky,
T.V.Matveeva, N.G. Nesterova, Fedotov, V.K
Prokhorov, A.D. Stepanova and other linguists,
scholars. In the thesis of V. Fodotov lexical genres of
phatic were divided into two groups (and dissonant
unison), and in these groups are allocated into 17 sub-
groups operating in various forms in Phatic of French
and Russian languages.
Conclusion
The roots of interest Phatic in Russian language
goes to X century AD, when the nobility began to
form. In the X - XIX century, they were the "Flowers
of society". Usually in parties, while resting and
visiting there were "small flowerish talk." These talks
without demanding anything were to define and
develop the lexical level of each speaker. Whiling
away the time, people have learned a lot from his
friends. This has led to a proliferation of phatic in the
works of Russian classics. Therefore, in the Russian
language, the level of interest to Phatic is very high.
In the Uzbek language, communicative dialogue
has also elements of Phatic. Usually during the
greeting, a simple exchange of information and
farewell often traced application of Phatic words. In
addition to communicating Phatic lexical factor,
operates extra-linguistic and cultural factors of
language. With the help of them, the language takes
on a new challenge, a kind of cultural preservation
standards in communication between people. Units of
Phatic communication, the need for transmission is
not informative and concise, transmission of the
necessary information, in general, "the mechanisms of
Phatic action" in Uzbek language is "uncharted
outside linguistics" in our era of informative-
communicative technologies.
Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
3.117
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.156
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.716
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
172
References:
1.
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English-Russian dictionary. Compiler
prof. V.K.Muller. Fourteenth edition.
(p.711).
Moscow.
2.
Vinokur, T. G. (1993).
Govoryashchiy i
slushayushchiy. Varianty rechevogo povedeniya
.
(p.172). Moscow: Nauka.
3.
Vinokur, T. G. (1993).
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faticheskaya rech' kak obnaruzhenie raznykh
kommunikativnykh namereniy govoryashchego i
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Gak, V. G. (1982). Pragmatika, uzus i
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classes.ru/grammar/146.Lyons/so/
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Klyuev, E. V. (1996).
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Klyuev, E. V. (2004).
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Norman, B. (n.d.).
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from rus.jf.spbu.ru/upload/files/file
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Murzin, L. N. (1998).
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Safarov, S. (2008).
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