THE ROLE OF CHITOSAN SUCCINATE IN COLIBACILLOSIS OF
CALVES AND THE EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol. 2, Special Issue 2, (2023)
122
THE ROLE OF CHITOSAN SUCCINATE IN COLIBACILLOSIS OF
CALVES AND THE EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Navruzov N.I., Elmurodov B.A.
Veterinary Research Institute.
Samarkand region, Uzbekistan.
141500, Tailak, st. Beruni, 65
Abstract
The paper presents the results of pathological anatomical and histological changes in
the div of calves with colibacillosis under natural conditions, when the polyvalent GOA
against colibacillosis, salmonellosis and pasteurellosis is used in combination with the formol
vaccine and natural chitosan.
Keywords:
colibasillosis,
immunoglobulin,
agglutinabilation,
chitosan,
immunostimulant, vaccine, salmonellas, pasteurellosis, plasmocyte, lymphoblast, fibroblast,
atelectasis, exudate, hemostasis, plasmorrhagia.
Introduction
Agriculture has a special place in our country economy and our state attaches great
importance to this sector development. The development and increase of the livestock
efficiency, which is the main agriculture branch, depends on factors such as increase in the
number of stocks, productivity increase, getting a healthy cubs, proper maintenance,
protection from various infectious and invasive diseases. Infectious diseases of stocks are a
major risk factor in livestock. Colibacillosis, which is especially common among cubs, causes
great economic detriment. According to B.F. Bessarabov, E.S. Voronin (2007), colibacillosis
was highlighted to be 13–50.8 % in cubs in the United States, 11–29 % in Canada, 6 % in the
Netherlands, 58 % in France, 4 % in the UK, 6 % in Australia and 6–47 % in Israel.
Considering the dearth of veterinary drugs in private, subsidiary farms and the influx of
foreign countries, our research focuses on creating competitive biopreparations using local
resources. As long as the biopreparations produced at the Veterinary research institute, it is
possible to save the state currency spent on imports from out of the country.
Presently, the use of natural, organic, pure ecological products is important for the
national economy. Especially, in agriculture, veterinary medicine spheres and pure natural
ecological products are of paramount importance. Enrichment of veterinary drugs with natural
environmentally friendly organic substances increases the natural resistance of animals and
their immune system.
Colibacillosis
is an acute infectious disease of cubs, largely occurring at 2-7 days of life
of newborn calves, piglets, lambs and chickens from the first day to 3-5 months and in fur an-
imals at 1-5 days.
Colibacillosis is characterized by colitis, severe diarrhea, septicemia, and weakness
symptoms.
It is natural that the animal's immune system is weakened, leading to frequent infections
and invasive diseases (respiratory, gastrointestinal). In particular, this condition increases the
economic damage when young calves are infected with colibacillosis. Antibiotics used in the
NAVRUZOV N.I., ELMURODOV B.A.
Uzbekistan Journal of Polymers
123
treatment of this disease adversely affect the div's immune system, morphopathological,
morpho-functional state.
The ecologically pure drug chitosan has been widely studied in fauna,however its
importance in the stocks, the effect degree, the changes in the immune system have not yet
been studied.
Therefore, our study purpose is to investigate colibacillosis immunoprophylaxis and
pathomorphology in calves with the chitosan addition to the mixture "Polyvalent GOA formal
vaccine against stock colibacillosis, salmonellosis and pasteurellosis" (0.03 ml of 4% chitosan
succinate solution per 1 ml of vaccine).
Research object, materials and methods
The studies were conducted by VRI Microbiology laboratory, immunology laboratory
of “Sangzor” diagnostic center in Samarkand, pathanatomy department of Samarkand medical
institute and in the specialized complex for animal breeding "Siyob-Shavkat-Orzu".
The main criterion of our experience is the enrichment of vaccines against
colibacillosis, pasteurellosis and salmonellosis with a natural, ecologically pure compound -
"chitosan".
With the addition of chitosan succinate (4%) solution to the “Polyvalent GOA formal
vaccine against pasteurellosis, colibacillosis and salmonellosis in farm animals” prepared by
VRI Microbiology laboratory in order to study the effectiveness of prophylaxis in the experi-
ment, immunological reactions, pathoanatomical and histological studies in the calves div
vaccinated with chitosan and naturally infected calves were studied in 9 head calves divided
into 3 groups.
3 head of calves in experimental group I were injected subcutaneously with a natural
organic, environmentally friendly chitosan succinate (4% solution) added to the “Polyvalent
GOA formal vaccine for colibacillosis, salmonellosis, and pasteurellosis in farm animals”.
Experimental group II was vaccinated only with the "Polyvalent GOA formol vaccine
against colibacillosis, salmonellosis, and pasteurellosis of stocks."
Group III was the control group and no biopreparations were applied to them.
Research results
The div's fight against germs and viruses is determined by the immunoglobulins
activity.Immunoglobulins E and D are almost non-existent in the stocks div. (F.J. Bourne
and etc. 1978).
IgM are macroglobulins that are formed in the early stages of immune reactions.IgG is
the major immunoglobulin in the serum, of which there are two types, IgG1 and IgG2.In
addition to immunoglobulins, the main cellular elements of the div are macrophages
(monocytes), as well as vital T- and V-lymphocytes. The results of pre-and post-agglutination
reactions and immunological (IgM and ImG) analysis before the vaccines introduction with
“naturally activated” chitosan solution in calves during the study are presented in Table 1.
Immunological and agglutination reaction analysis was performed on serum obtained from
calves in the experimental and control group on days 15, 30, and 90 of the experiment(Table
№1).
The Table shows that the average antidiv titer to colibacillosis pathogens in experi-
mental group I calves was 1: 1333, in group II - 1: 533, in control group III, the titer was 1:67,
the immunoglobulins level in the blood was 0.5 mg/l higher than normal in this group, normal
in group II, calves in group III were 1.03 less than normal.
THE ROLE OF CHITOSAN SUCCINATE IN COLIBACILLOSIS OF
CALVES AND THE EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol. 2, Special Issue 2, (2023)
124
In particular, it was found that these indicators had higher levels of IgM and IgG in the
first group, a slight difference compared to group II, and a much higher effect than in group
III.
Table 1.
Immunological analysis of chitosan succinate preparation and vaccine association.
Groups
Animal
number
Typesofanalysis
AR titer (be-
fore the
experiment)
AR titer
(after the
experiment)
C reactive
protein is
normally
0.1-0.3 mg/l
IgM norm
0.4-2.3 mg/l
IgG norm
7 - 16 mg/l
I group
experience
1
1 : 50
1 : 1600
0,31
2,6
20
2
1 : 50
1 : 800
0,34
2,5
16
3
1: 100
1 : 1600
0,36
2,8
18
II com-
parative
group
4
1 : 50
1 : 400
0,3
2
17
5
1 : 50
1 : 800
0,26
2,4
16
6
1 : 100
1 : 400
0,24
2,2
17
control
group
7
1 : 100
1 : 50
0,12
0,9
9
8
1 : 50
1 : 100
0,16
1,2
12
9
1 : 50
1 : 50
0,13
1,0
8
In particular, it was found that these indicators had higher levels of IgM and IgG in the
first group, a slight difference compared to group II, and a much higher effect than in group
III.
At the “Siyob-Shavkat-Orzu” farm, the internal organs of calves with natural
colibacillosis were studied using pathological and histological methods.
Pathological changes in calves with colibacillosis were observed mainly in the presence
of inflammation in the stomach and intestines. The causative agent of Escherichia coli is
localized in stromal tissue, connective tissue layers, and perivascular spaces in the abdomen,
intestines, lungs, and liver. The pathogen glomerulocyte accumulates and is located in the
right tubules of the kidneys. An uneven distribution of the pathological process according to
the course of the infectious process was revealed. The active agent is released from the blood,
urine, manure, parenchymal organs, accompanied by inflammation of the gastrointestinal
mucosa, digestive disorders, the degenerative processes development, the microflora
penetration through the damaged wall, the blood introduction and lymph into other organs.
The waste products of the microflora were absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, causing
the div poisoning. They, in turn, irritated the nerve nodes of the intestine and exacerbated
the intestinal system contraction, leading to diarrhea. The div examination from the outside
revealed the presence of the mucous membranes anemia. After an abortion, the skin surface is
covered with manure. Examination of the internal organs revealed bleeding in the mucous
membranes of the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen and intestines.
The spleen is slightly enlarged. Abomasum contains colostrum.Its mucous layer is
swollen, hyperemic, covered with mucus. Gas bubbles in the intestine have an unpleasant
odor, blood traces are observed.The mucous layer is swollen, covered with mucus, there are
spotted and twisted hemorrhages. The mesenteric lymph nodes in the department are
enlarged.In the description of pathological changes, bleeding indicates the septicotoxic nature
of the infectious process. Changes in the internal organs continue depending on the exudative,
productive type.In this case, the spleen enlarges or remains at normal size.Growths appeared
NAVRUZOV N.I., ELMURODOV B.A.
Uzbekistan Journal of Polymers
125
at the internal organs edges, they were slightly rounded, and the consistency became
gelatinous. The capsule was smooth, bleeding was observed under it. The cross-sectional
surface is dry, reddish-brown, covered with white streaks.
Histological examination revealed the following: Under the microscope, pulmonary
alveoli, aerogematic barrier, and visceral pleura were seen. Alveoli vary in size and shape,
with serous fluid accumulated in the cavity, some with fibrinous exudate. Most alveoli are in
a state of distelectasis and atelectasis. There are also foci of emphysematous changes.
Hemostasis in the lung tissue capillaries, around which the cells dystrophy was seen (Fig. 1).
The aerogematic barrier is thickened. Infiltrated with dead cells during inflammation.
Infiltrates are composed mainly of lymphocytes, plasmoblasts, plasmocytes, fibroblasts,
fibrocytes, and macrophages.(Fig.2)
Figure 1
Granular myocardial dystrophies
Figure 2.
Necrosis as a result of hemorrhage in the lungs
Microscopic cardiomyocytes were found to be symplastically located when the heart
was stained with myocardial layer, hematoxylin, and eosin stain. Muscle tissue, a
homogeneous fluid accumulated between myofibrils.The muscles are fibrous, disorganized in
some places, hemostasis is observed in the capillaries (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Modifications to hepatocytes' dystrophy
Under the microscope, fullness in the liver tissue veins, stasis in the sinusoidal
capillaries is formed. The central vein integrity is preserved, around it appear edema,
plasmorrhagia, dystrophic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes.Dystrophy and fatty
dystrophies are detected in many hepatocytes.In the perivascular spaces, the cells appeared to
be swollen, filled with plasma. Lymphohistiocytic, infiltrates (lymphocytes, macrophages,
fibroblasts, fibrocytes) were detected in the periportal tract. Hemorrhages, hemosiderin cells
(old blood transfusions) and cholestasis appear around the hepatocytes. (Figure 4.5)
THE ROLE OF CHITOSAN SUCCINATE IN COLIBACILLOSIS OF
CALVES AND THE EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol. 2, Special Issue 2, (2023)
126
Figure 4.
Kidney granular dystrophies
Figure 5.
Liver granular dystrophic changes
Conclusion:
-Young calves are given a “Polyvalent GOA formal vaccine against colibacillosis,
salmonellosis and pasteurellosis” high prophylactic effect when injected with a solution of
natural organic, environmentally friendly, pure chitosan succinate (4%).
-specific typical pathoanatomical changes were detected in calves with colibacillosis
under natural conditions.
-AR titer and the div's immune system stability were ensured when a mixture of GOA
formal vaccine enriched with a natural chitosan solution was used to prevent colibacillosis,
salmonellosis and pasteurellosis in calves.
-antibodies in group I calves vaccinated with the vaccine+chitosan were found to have a
titer of 1: 1333, only in vaccinated group II with a titer of 1: 533.
-high immunogenicity was detected in the animals’ div in the vaccine+chitosan vac-
cine group compared to the GOA formal vaccine.
References
[1].
Kean T., Roth S., Thanou M. (2005). "Trimethylatedchitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: cyto-
toxicity and transfixion efficiency". JControlRelease 103 (3): 643–53.
[2].
Salimov Kh.S.. Epizootology. Tashkent -2016. p.445-451.
[3].
Kudryashov A.A. Infectious diseases of animals/A.A. Kudryashov.М.: Lan, 2007. – p.624.
[4].
Kislenko V.N. Veterinary microbiology and immunology.V. 3. Private microbiology/V.N.Kislenko,
Kolychev N.M., Suvorina O.S.. -М.:Kolos, 2007. p. 215.
[5].
Elmurodov B.A., Abdalimov S.Kh., Navruzov N.I., Sheraliyeva I.D.. Diseases of cubs. Samarkand 2016.
“Zarafshan” publishing house.p.100-113.
[6].
Ibodullaev F. Pathological anatomy of stocks. “Uzbekistan” publishing house.Tashkent -2000. p.288.
[7].
Publication ethics: The authors are collectively responsible for all the data provided
in the article (facts, results, conclusions, theories, hypotheses, etc.)
