Том 4 № 6 (2025)

Mazkur tezisda tijorat banklarining kredit siyosatini takomillashtirishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari yoritilgan. Unda banklar tomonidan kredit resurslarini samarali taqsimlash, kredit risklarini boshqarish, mijozlarni baholash va kredit portfelining sifatini oshirishga doir dolzarb masalalar tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, xalqaro amaliyot asosida kredit siyosatini takomillashtirishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Raqamlashtirish jarayonlarining joriy etilishi, kredit skoring tizimlari va risklarni avtomatik tahlil qilish usullarining qo‘llanilishi banklarning barqarorligini oshirishda muhim omil bo‘lib xizmat qilishi ta’kidlangan. Tadqiqot natijalariga asoslanib tijorat banklari uchun amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.

The article analyses archival documents describing the state of the education system in Ferghana province in 1920– 30, issues of illiteracy, creation of new Soviet schools, etc. The article also describes the level of illiteracy in Ferghana province, measures to eliminate it in the archival documents of practical actions to increase the number of literate youth.

This article explores the integration of innovative digital tools designed to boost student engagement in Information Security (InfoSec) courses delivered through e-learning platforms. Given the complexity of security concepts, engagement is often a challenge. The study investigates tools including AI tutors, augmented reality (AR), cybersecurity games, and real-time collaboration platforms. Based on feedback from both students and educators, the article evaluates these tools’ effectiveness and offers recommendations for their strategic implementation.

Tabiiyki, har qanday fanning o‘qitish metodikasi o‘z oldiga qo‘ygan maqsad-vazifasini hal etishda ayrim fanlarga, birinchi, navbatda adabiyotshunoslik, tilshunoslik, pedagogika va psixologiyaga suyanib ish qo‘radi. Maktablarda o‘qitiladigan adabiyot fanining ilmiy-nazariy asosini va mazmunini adabiyot haqidagi fan belgilab beradi. Adabiyotshunoslik fanining asosi esa o‘zbek adabiyoti tarixini davrlashtirishga tayanilgan holda o‘rganiladi. Davrlashtirish esa tarixdan iborat bo‘lib, adabiyot uni badiiylashtirib xalqimizning o‘tmishini ijtimoiy-siyosiy, madaniy hayotini ifodalaydi.

This article is dedicated to analyzing the illegal circulation of pyrotechnic products in the Republic of Uzbekistan from the perspective of criminal liability. It examines the legal foundations of crimes related to the illegal production, storage, transportation, and sale of pyrotechnic devices, the measures of responsibility stipulated by legislation, and practical cases. Additionally, measures to prevent such crimes, their impact on public safety, and proposals for improving legislation are discussed. The study is based on the Criminal Code of Uzbekistan and other regulatory documents, highlighting the relevance and social significance of the topic.

Ushbu tezisda bank faoliyatining raqamlashtirilishi orqali mijozlarga ko‘rsatilayotgan xizmatlar sifatini oshirish masalalari o‘rganilgan. Raqamli texnologiyalarning joriy etilishi banklar tomonidan ko‘rsatilayotgan xizmatlarning tezkorligi, qulayligi va xavfsizligini ta’minlab, mijozlar ehtiyojiga moslashgan yondashuvlarni shakllantirishga imkon bermoqda. Mobil ilovalar, internet-banking, onlayn to‘lov tizimlari, sun’iy intellekt asosidagi xizmatlar va raqamli identifikatsiya kabi innovatsion vositalar xizmat ko‘rsatish darajasini oshirib, bank-mijoz munosabatlarini yangi bosqichga olib chiqmoqda. O‘zbekiston tajribasida raqamlashtirish bank tizimining samaradorligini oshirishda muhim omil sifatida namoyon bo‘lmoqda.

Mazkur maqolada o‘zbekiston respublikasida ta’lim sifatini oshirish borasida “Milliy dastur”ning “Savod o‘rgatish” bo‘limining avvalgi dasturlardan farqi qiyosiylanadi. Bu dastur asosida yaratilgan “Alifbe” darsligi tahlil qilinadi.

This article examines how specialized terms shift in meaning when used in different situational, thematic, and cultural contexts and proposes methodologies for interpreting these variations in terminological work. Building on classical terminology theories (Felber, 1984; Cabré, 1999) and the ISO 704:2009 standard, it incorporates the sociocognitive framework (Temmerman, 2000) and recent corpus-based contextonym analysis (San Martín, 2025). It introduces the notion of semantic potential and its reduction into “premeaning,” surveys methods for extracting and analyzing contextual variants, and offers a typology – modulation, perspectivization, and subconceptualization – to categorize term shifts. Practical guidelines for crafting context-sensitive definitions conclude the study.

Ushbu maqola taqsimlangan tarzda tranzaksiyalarni qayta ishlash modellariga bag‘ishlangan. Unda katta hajmdagi ma’lumotlarni ishonchli va samarali tarzda qayta ishlashni ta’minlovchi tizimlarning asosiy prinsip va usullari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada sinxronizatsiya, muvofiqlik va xatoliklarni aniqlash kabi muammolar hamda ularni hal qilish yo‘llari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ushbu texnologiyaning yirik tashkilotlar va internet-platformalardagi amaliy qo‘llanilishi misollar bilan tushuntiriladi.

Ushbu tezisda iqtidorli xodimlarni tashkilotda saqlab qolish jarayonida ichki va tashqi motivatsiya omillarining roli tizimli ravishda tahlil etilgan. Motivatsiyaning ichki shakllari — xodimning kasbiy o‘sishga intilishi, o‘zini anglash ehtiyoji va mustaqillik hissi orqali shakllanadi. Tashqi motivatsiya esa — moddiy rag‘bat, lavozim o‘sishi va ijtimoiy kafolatlar kabi tashqi vositalar orqali ta’minlanadi. Tezisda ushbu ikki turdagi motivatsiya vositalari o‘rtasidagi muvozanat iqtidorli kadrlarning tashkilotga bo‘lgan sadoqati va uzoq muddatli faoliyatini ta’minlashda hal qiluvchi omil ekani asoslab beriladi. Xorijiy kompaniyalar tajribasi va mahalliy tashkilotlar misolida real tahlillar keltirilib, samarali HR strategiyalari uchun tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.

Mazkur tezisda kichik biznes subyektlarining moliyaviy barqarorligini ta'minlashda moliyaviy resurslardan foydalanishning zamonaviy mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida kichik biznesda uchraydigan asosiy moliyaviy muammolar – kredit resurslariga cheklangan kirish, moliyaviy savodxonlikning past darajasi, davlat yordam dasturlaridan foydalanishdagi kamchiliklar – chuqur o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, moliyaviy rejalashtirish, budjetlashtirish, kredit liniyalari, grant va subsidiyalar, raqamli monitoring tizimlari hamda moliyaviy savodxonlikni oshirish orqali moliyaviy resurslardan foydalanish samaradorligini oshirish bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqiladi. Tezis natijalari kichik biznes subyektlari uchun moliyaviy boshqaruvda strategik yondashuvlarni shakllantirishga ko‘maklashadi.

Рассказ «Крыжовник» (1898) входит в «Маленькую трилогию» А. П. Чехова, куда также включены «Человек в футляре» и «О любви». Произведение поднимает важные социально-философские вопросы: смысл жизни, человеческое счастье, эгоизм и нравственную деградацию личности. Главный герой, Николай Иванович Чимша-Гималайский, воплощает в себе типичного «маленького человека», чьи мечты о собственном имении с крыжовником превращаются в символ ограниченности и духовной пустоты.

Ushbu tezisda O‘zbekistonda Open Banking modelini joriy etish imkoniyatlari texnologik infratuzilmaning tayyorgarlik darajasi nuqtai nazaridan o‘rganiladi. Asosiy e’tibor bank tizimida raqamli platformalar, API integratsiyasi, ma’lumotlar xavfsizligi va fintech ekotizimining rivojlanganlik darajasiga qaratiladi. Tezisda mavjud infratuzilma holati xalqaro standartlar bilan solishtirilgan holda tahlil qilinadi, mavjud to‘siqlar va ularni bartaraf etish bo‘yicha amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari O‘zbekistonda Open Banking modelini bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirish uchun zarur bo‘lgan strategik yo‘nalishlarni aniqlashga xizmat qiladi.

This article presents a comparative analysis of visual cognitive verbs in Uzbek and English. The visual cognitive function of verbs reflects similarities and differences in how people perceive the world and their mental representations of it. The article examines commonly used sight-related verbs in both languages, focusing on their semantic characteristics, contextual usage, and cultural aspects.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston tijorat banklarida xalqaro hisob-kitob operatsiyalarini amalga oshirish jarayonida yuzaga keladigan asosiy xatarlar tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, valyuta kurslarining beqarorligi, xalqaro regulyatorlar talablariga moslashishdagi muammolar, operatsion xatolar, kiberxavfsizlik tahdidlari hamda pul yuvishga qarshi kurash (AML/CFT) talablari doirasidagi xatarlar keng yoritiladi. Shu bilan birga, ushbu xatarlarning oldini olishga qaratilgan zamonaviy texnologik yechimlar, risklarni boshqarish strategiyalari va institutsional chora-tadbirlar muhokama etiladi. “O‘zsanoatqurilishbank” misolida xalqaro hisob-kitob operatsiyalarining xavfsizligini oshirishga doir amaliy yondashuvlar keltirilib, ularning bank amaliyotida qo‘llanilishi tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari xalqaro hisob-kitob tizimining barqarorligini ta’minlashda O‘zbekiston bank sektori uchun dolzarb takliflarni ishlab chiqishda muhim ilmiy-amaliy asos bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

В статье анализируется современный этап стратегического соперничества между США и Китайской Народной Республикой, выражающийся в форме нарастающего геоэкономического раскола. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию технологических санкций (в том числе в отношении полупроводников, телекоммуникационного оборудования и искусственного интеллекта) на глобальные цепочки поставок и торгово-экономические отношения. Рассматриваются ключевые направления политики декуплинга, предпринимаемые Вашингтоном и Пекином, а также ответные меры третьих стран и международных организаций. Делается вывод о формировании новой архитектуры мировой торговли, где технологическое доминирование становится стратегическим ресурсом политического давления. Анализ опирается на данные последних отчетов WTO, OECD, а также решений APEC, G7 и BRICS+ за 2023–2024 гг.

В современном мире культурная дипломатия стала важнейшим инструментом внешней политики, способствующим укреплению дипломатических связей между государствами и содействию миру. Через культурные обмены, образовательные инициативы и культурные проекты страны могут не только повысить свой имидж, но и наладить доверительные отношения, снизить международную напряженность и создать условия для мирного сосуществования. В статье рассматриваются ключевые аспекты культурной дипломатии, включая ее роль в процессе миротворчества, укреплении двухсторонних и многосторонних отношений, а также примеры успешного применения культурных инициатив в международных отношениях.

Ushbu ilmiy tezisda bankrotlik xavfi ostida turgan tashkilotlarda inqirozga qarshi moliyaviy boshqaruvning samarali yoʻllari yoritiladi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi bankrotlik xavfini aniqlash va uni kamaytirish uchun samarali boshqaruv strategiyalarini ishlab chiqishdan iborat. Moliyaviy tahlil, qarzlarni restrukturizatsiya qilish, likvidlikni oshirish va korporativ boshqaruvni takomillashtirish kabi chora-tadbirlar batafsil tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, tashkilotlarning barqarorligini ta’minlash uchun inqirozga qarshi rejalashtirish va strategik boshqaruv yondashuvlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari moliyaviy qiyinchilikka duch kelgan tashkilotlarga moliyaviy barqarorlikni qayta tiklash va inqirozdan chiqish imkoniyatini beradi.

This article is devoted to the study of axiological lexicon – the expression of values in language. The study analyzes the semantic and stylistic features of lexical units, as well as the implicit and explicit evaluation processes, highlighting their role in reflecting the values and norms of society. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the conceptual model of value expression in language.

В условиях стремительной цифровизации международных отношений модернизация системы цифровой дипломатии приобретает особую актуальность. Настоящая статья посвящена анализу необходимости и перспектив модернизации цифровой дипломатии как одного из ключевых направлений внешнеполитической деятельности современного государства. В работе рассматриваются ключевые аспекты развития цифровой дипломатии, включая использование информационно-коммуникационных технологий (ИКТ) для повышения эффективности внешнеполитических коммуникаций, обеспечение открытости и доверия между государствами, а также вовлечение гражданского общества в процессы публичной дипломатии. Кроме того, анализируются основные вызовы, связанные с цифровым неравенством, угрозами кибербезопасности и отсутствием единых международных стандартов регулирования в данной сфере. Статья направлена на выявление стратегических направлений развития и совершенствования цифровой дипломатии в контексте глобальной цифровой трансформации.

At the current stage of development in modern organic chemistry, the synthesis of low-molecular-weight aliphatic alcohols—particularly isopropyl and isoamyl alcohols—and the in-depth investigation of their molecular structures are of great significance. The synthesis of such compounds via telomerization reactions is considered technologically efficient, environmentally safe, and economically viable. In this study, the charge distribution in the molecules of isopropyl (C3) and isoamyl (C5) alcohols synthesized through the telomerization reaction involving ethylene and methanol was calculated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method.

In conditions of financial instability, companies are faced with the need to maintain staff efficiency with limited resources. Revenue reduction, salary freezes, reduction of bonuses and social benefits have a negative impact on employee morale, which entails a drop in productivity and an increase in staff turnover. However, it is precisely during a crisis that the role of non-material motivation increases, and management is obliged to seek flexible and non-standard approaches to stimulating the team.

Berilganlarning chiziqli tuzilmalari (Ro‘yxat , Stek, Navbat, Dek) kompyuter fanlarida keng qo‘llaniladigan, ma’lumotlarni samarali tarzda saqlash va boshqarish uchun zarur bo‘lgan ma’lumotlar tuzilmalaridan hisoblanadi. Bu strukturalar ma’lumotlar oqimini boshqarish va algoritmlar samaradorligini oshirishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ushbu maqolada ma’lumotlar tuzilmasining har bir turi haqida batafsil yoritilib, ularning xususiyatlari, qo‘llanilish sohalari, afzalliklari va kamchiliklari, shuningdek, real dunyodagi amaliyotda qanday qo‘llanilishi tushuntiriladi. Bu maqola dasturchilar va ilmiy-tadqiqotchilar uchun foydali bo‘lishi mumkin, chunki ular dasturlarni yozish va algoritmlar yaratishda chiziqli tuzilmalarni qanday tanlashni o‘rganadilar.

Ushbu maqolada taniqli adabiyotshunos olim Xabar Sultonov ijodida ijodiy tilning ijodiy ijodi – metafora, metonimiya, sinekdoxa, antonomiya kabi ishlab chiqarish semantik ishlab chiqarishning, hujjat poetik matndagi estetik hamda kon yuklamasi tahlili. Sultonovning asarlarida bu mahsulotning badiiy tafakkur, obrazli tilning ifodadagi o'rni va til madaniyatini boyitishdagi ahamiyati yoritiladi.

Глагольные наклонения являются важнейшим элементом грамматической системы любого языка, отражая отношение говорящего к действию или состоянию, выражаемому глаголом. В русском языке выделяются три основных наклонения: изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное. В узбекском языке система наклонений представлена более разнообразно, включая формы, аналогичные русским, а также уникальные конструкции, отражающие особенности грамматической структуры. Целью данного исследования является сопоставительный анализ форм и функций глагольных наклонений в русском и узбекском языках, выявление сходств и различий, а также определение специфики их функционирования в контексте каждого языка.

Ushbu maqola o‘zbek badiiy kinosida ovoz va akustik pauza kontrasti orqali yaratilgan akustik makonning estetik-falsafiy ahamiyatini tahlil qiladi. Ovoz rejissyoraligining dramaturgik vosita sifatidagi roli, ayniqsa, pauza orqali hosil bo‘ladigan ichki sukunat, tomoshabin tafakkurini faollashtiruvchi unsur sifatida qaraladi. Maqolada ovoz va sukunat o‘rtasidagi dialektik munosabat orqali insonning emotsional qabulini ongli idrokka yo‘naltirish, shuningdek, film mazmunidagi falsafiy qatlamlarni yoritish usullari yoritiladi. Bu yondashuv kinoakustikaning nafaqat texnik, balki semantik va estetik jihatlarini ham chuqur o‘rganishni taqozo etadi.

Цель обзора – систематизировать современные биологические и технологические основы регенерации пульпы зуба с применением мезенхимальных стволовых клеток. Рассматриваются основные клеточные кандидаты (DPSC, SHED) и их одонтобластический потенциал; ключевые сигнальные пути SDF-1/CXCR4 и BMP/VEGF, а также стимулирующее действие экстрацеллюлярных везикул Schwann-клеток на миграцию и пролиферацию стволовых клеток. Проанализированы клинические данные: у 70 % пациентов после трансплантации SHED восстанавливается кровоток в пульпе, тогда как гиперкальцификация выявляется в 30 % случаев.

Endangered languages represent a critical cultural crisis, as each lost language means the disappearance of unique worldviews, traditions, and indigenous knowledge. This article examines the causes of language endangerment—such as globalization and marginalization—and its impact on cultural identity. It also highlights global and community efforts to preserve linguistic diversity. The study calls for urgent action to protect these languages as essential parts of humanity’s cultural heritage.

Toxic liver damage can manifest itself in acute and chronic forms. Acute liver injury is characterized by necrosis and fatty degeneration of liver cells, hemodynamic disorders, edema and protein cell degeneration. It develops 2-3 days after exposure to the damaging agent and is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, weakness, loss of appetite, pain in the right hypochondrium, intense urine staining, jaundice of the sclera and skin. Hemorrhagic and hepatorenal syndromes may develop. In contrast to acute TG, the clinical picture of chronic toxic liver lesions is unexpressed, characterized by a relatively benign course without a tendency to progression [5; 6]. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine synthesized mainly by activated T-lymphocytes and plays a key role in regulating the immune response. In the context of alcoholic liver damage, IL-2 is involved in a complex cascade of immuno-inflammatory reactions accompanying damage to hepatocytes.

Bugungi kunda axborot texnologiyalari inson hayotining deyarli barcha jabhalariga kirib kelgan va uning ajralmas qismiga aylangan.Raqamli texnologiyalar hayotimizga chuqur kirib kelar ekan, insonlar uchun turli qulayliklar yaratilmoqda. Elektron to‘lovlar, onlayn ta’lim, masofaviy ish, internet bank xizmatlari — bularning barchasi zamonaviy inson faoliyatining ajralmas qismiga aylangan.Internet tarmoqlarining keng tarqalishi, raqamli xizmatlarning rivojlanishi va ulardan foydalanish hajmining ortib bormoqda ammo bu qulayliklar bilan bir qatorda, kiberxavfsizlik deb ataluvchi jiddiy muammolar ham yuzaga kelmoqda.  Kiberxavfsizlik — bu axborot tizimlari, kompyuter tarmoqlari va foydalanuvchi ma’lumotlarini ruxsatsiz kirish, o‘g‘rilik, zararli dasturlar va boshqa tahdidlardan himoya qilish tizimidir. Bugungi kunda bu sohaga e’tibor qaratmaslik katta xavflarga olib kelishi mumkin.

Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқий тизимини хусусан, жиноят қонунчилигини либераллаштириш ва такомиллаштириш борасида кенг қамровли ислоҳотлар олиб борилмоқда. Шундай бўлса-да, ҳанузгача жиноят қонунида ўз ечимини кутаётган муаммолар ҳам йўқ эмас. Улардан бири, таносил ёки ОИВ касаллиги/ОИТСни тарқатиш учун жиноий жавобгарлик белгиланган нормаларни амалда қўллашда юзага келаётган муаммолардир. Зеро, ушбу норманинг такомиллаштирилиши келгусида таносил ёки ОИВ касаллиги/ОИТСни тарқатишга қарши курашишнинг жиноят-ҳуқуқий чораларини такомиллаштиришга хизмат қилади.

Ushbu ilmiy tezisda sanoat korxonalarining raqobatbardoshligini oshirishda innovatsion modellarni qo‘llash zarurati va samaradorligi o‘rganiladi. Bugungi globallashuv va texnologik taraqqiyot sharoitida korxonalar faqat ishlab chiqarish hajmi bilan emas, balki innovatsion yondashuvlar bilan ham ajralib turishi zarur. Tezisda texnoparklar, innovatsion markazlar, startap inkubatorlar va ilmiy-tadqiqot institutlari bilan hamkorlik asosida shakllangan model va amaliyotlar tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, innovatsion faoliyatni rag‘batlantirish, kadrlar salohiyatini oshirish, raqamli texnologiyalarni joriy etish va moliyaviy barqarorlikni ta’minlash orqali raqobat ustunligiga erishish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Natijada, innovatsion infratuzilmalarni samarali boshqarish orqali sanoat korxonalari iqtisodiy o‘sishning barqaror manbalariga ega bo‘lishi mumkinligi asoslanadi.

В статье рассматривается порядок оценки поступления товаров на производственных предприятиях. Процесс приема, регистрации, оценки и документирования товаров оказывает прямое влияние на достоверность бухгалтерского учета и финансовой отчетности. Представлены предложения по совершенствованию порядка учета поступления товаров на основе теоретических стандартов и практических наблюдений.

Бугунги кунда Ўзбекистон Республикасида вояга етмаганларга нисбатан жуда катта эътибор қаратиб келинмоқда. Ўзбекистон Республикасида олиб борилаётган барча ислоҳотлар юртимиз равнақи, инсон қадри ва манфаатлари учун амалга оширилаётганлигининг гувоҳимиз. Албатта юртимизда амалга оширилаётган кенг кўламли ислоҳотларнинг барчаси инсон қадри учун қилинмоқда, бундан кўзланган мақсад фуқароларнинг тинч ва осойишта ҳаёт кечиришни таминлаш  ва юртимизда қонун устуворлигини ўрнатишга хар бир соҳада алоҳида эътибор қаратилмоқда.

This article explores the position of refugee rights within the European legal system, analyzing how core human rights principles are integrated into laws and policies governing asylum and migration. It examines international legal obligations, particularly the 1951 Refugee Convention and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and their influence on European Union (EU) legislation and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The article also considers the impact of recent refugee crises on the evolution of legal norms and assesses whether the European legal framework sufficiently protects the rights of refugees, especially in the context of border controls, detention, non-refoulement, and socio-economic rights. Through doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, the paper argues for a more cohesive and rights-based approach to refugee protection in Europe.

This article presents the author's views on the processes of social adaptation of the population relocated from the Nurota oasis to the newly developed lands.

This study aims to investigate the genetic characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains responsible for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and to propose optimized treatment algorithms. A total of 280 clinical isolates from XDR-TB patients across Uzbekistan were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Mutations in key resistance-associated genes (katG, rpoB, gyrA, rrl, Rv0678) were identified. High-resolution genotyping revealed the predominance of the Beijing lineage. Correlation analysis between genotypic profiles and clinical response enabled the development of individualized treatment algorithms. The findings highlight the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics into national TB control strategies to improve treatment outcomes and limit the spread of XDR-TB.

Cybercrime has emerged as one of the most dangerous forms of transnational crime in the modern era. This article explores the complexities involved in preventing, detecting, and investigating cybercrime, with particular attention to the challenges arising from transboundary offenses, lack of unified investigative approaches, and technological sophistication. The paper examines current methods of combating cybercrime in Uzbekistan's national legislation and highlights the importance of interagency and international cooperation. It also outlines criminological, criminal procedural, and legal approaches as the three main pillars of effective cybercrime prevention and emphasizes the need for a multi-tiered institutional cybersecurity framework to ensure legal protection and reduce cyber threats.

В данной статье будет проанализирована история, этапы развития и современное состояние норм права, регулирующих ответственность за преступление лжесвидетельства. В частности, речь идет о формировании, изменении и современных тенденциях этой нормы в системе уголовного права Узбекистана. Также приводятся аналитические выводы, основанные на сравнении с практикой развития в зарубежных странах.

During the reign of the Khiva Khanate, there were many madrasahs in Khiva, one of the largest and most famous of which was the madrasah built by the Khiva Khan Muhammad Rahimkhan. The founder of the madrasah, Muhammad Rahimkhan II, was an enlightened ruler and wrote poems under the pseudonym "Feruz". The khan became famous as an enlightened ruler who patronized science and poets. During the heyday of the khanate, Muhammad Rahimkhan carried out a lot of work on the improvement of cities, various political and economic reforms, but the most important were reforms in the field of education. All this led to the opening of several new schools in Khiva with new teaching methods - not only traditional religious subjects were taught, but also secular ones: mathematics, literature, astronomy, geography. Kamil Khorezmi and other poets wrote several poetic dedications to the date of the construction of the madrasa and palace of this ruler.