Хорижий филология
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LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY AND AIR- GROUND
COMMUNICATION
Temirova Shoxsanam Komilovna,
Master student of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Key words:
Language for Specific Purposes (LSP), Phraseology in air-ground
communications, Linguistic Comprative Analysis, lingua franca.
In most professional fields exchanging
information between collagues based on
verbal commmunication. In a field every
workers has their own resonsibility. Being
able to communicate for these experts is a
necessity
for
sharing
and
transferring
knowladge
required
fulfil
their
job.
Institutions
and
authorities
can
create
linguistic norms if these communication-
dependent situation are recurent enough. The
aim of this linguistic norms is to create easer
communication at syntactic, lexical and
semantic level. By the help of simplified rule
members of communication can understand
the task and can do the given task. Using a
language according to it‘s syntactic, lexical
and semantic rules can be difficult to learn or
understand the given tasks. There are some
misunderstandings for the people who do not
work in this field. There are six official
language of civil aviation. They are: 1.
English 2. French 3. Spanish 4. Russian 5.
Arabic 6. Chinese.
So they conduct the special language
that can be understandable for all pilots and
controlled. In this case, it does not matter
pilots‘ and controllers‘ first languages.
Nowadays, English is considered as a lingua
franca
(international
language).
Thus
spesialized
language
for
Air-ground
communication
based
on
English
phraseology. The English
language is
considered an an available language for all
aircraft stations. There are many researches
on this theme. The most important one is
Stéphanie Lopez‘s doctoral research project.
She started her project in French Civil
Aviation University ( ENAC). At the same
time she worked in the linguistic institute
CLLE- ERSS at the aim of trying and
learning ENAC‘s spesific needs in terms of
English
radiotelephony
teaching.
She
investigated French controlers and pilots
special language usages made of English
language. She chose a comparative study as
the method of analysis. She tried to show
differences and simmilarities between two
corpora. They are:1. The prescribed norm.
2. Real usage made of prescribed norm.
In this article I am giong to show how English
is used by pilots and controllers in real air-
ground communication and what kinds of
differences can be seen between natural
language and spesialized English for air-
ground communication.
The communication that can be seen in
air traffic control is based on spesialized
language. Such kind of language known as
phraseology. The creater of this term is
considered
International
Civil
Aviation
Organisation and has been used by members
of air-ground communication. It is said by
this authority that the purpose of phraseology
is to provide clear, concise, unambiguous
langiage to communicate messages of
abrotine nature. Nevertheless, the rules of this
spesializedlangiage is very strict at lexical,
syntactic, santic and fonetic levels. Here are
some examples of short conversiation
between
members
of
air-ground
communication.
Before giving examples I am going to
give definition of some phreses that are used
in air -ground communication. To minimize
the risk for misunderstandings a well defined
set of words are used in mostly the same
sequence when clearances are given by ATC
and read back by pilots.
"Cleared for/to"
- normally followed
by a takeoff/landing clearance or a clearance
limit, such as a fix, navigational aid or airport.
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"Expedite"
- execute given instructions
immediately without delay. If the Pilots are
not able to comply they must inform ATC. An
example for the use of this phrase could be
when ATC wants to allow an aircraft to
depart, but it has to happen quickly because
there is an arriving aircraft that will land
shortly.
"Flight level"
- depending on where
you are flying, there will always be a
transition level at a given altitude. When
climbing through this altitude the Pilots will
change the barometric setting in their
altimeters from the local value to the
International Standard Atmosphere value of
1013,25hPa. This ensures that all aircraft
above this altitude operate with the same
altimeter setting, ensuring that the appropriate
altitude separation between
aircraft is
maintained.
"Squawk XXXX"
- used by ATC to
inform the Pilots of which code they should
program into the transponder of the aircraft.
Each number in the four number sequence can
range from 0 to 7, each unique code then
allows ATC to discriminate between all of the
different aircraft on their radar screen. For
example ATC could say: "Scavac 20, squawk
4670", which the pilot(s) would then program
into their transponder in the cockpit to allow
for identification. Since there are four digits
in the transponder with eight different options
for each digit, there is a total of 4096 unique
codes available (8^4=4096).
"Wilco"
- Short for "will comply",
normally used by the Pilot to inform ATC that
he/she will comply with their instructions. It
can only be used when the specific
instructions don't need to be read back. If the
crew is cleared to a new altitude or given a
new heading for example, they will have to
read back the specific altitude and/or heading.
A "wilco" will not suffice in such a case.
There are many other standard phrases
commonly used in aviation. Now, we can pass
ecamples. In the conversiation
P-
pilot,
ATC-
air-traffic controller.
1. P:
juliett mike papa, request right
turn when airborne.
ATC:
juliet mike papa, right turn
approved, runway 0 8 cleared for
take-off
P
: runway 0 8 cleared for take- off,
right turn, juliett mike papa.
2. ATC
: Citron Air 5 3 2 4,
multidirectional departure runway 3 7, at
500 feet turn right heading 2 3 1, climb
4000 feet QNH
P:
multidirectional depature runway 3
5, at 500 feet turning Right
heading 2 3 1, climb 4000 feet QNH,
Citron Air 5 3 2 4.
3. P
: The Red Battle- flyer, good
morning, victor yankeezulu.
ATC
: victor yankeezulu, good morning,
pass your massage.
P
: victor yankee tango yankeezulu,
PA28, VFR from Albi to
the red battle- flyer for touch-and -go,
Agent next, 1500 feet
echo time 1 0 6 2, with information
Romeo. Requesting joining
instructions.
ATC
: victor yankeezulu, roger, report
echo.
P
: will report echo, victor yankeezulu.
While reading this conversiation the
reader who has not any information about air
-traffic communication come accros some
misunderstandings.
In
air-traffic
conversiations controller and pilots do not
name each others‘ with their real names. Each
members of communication has their own
spesialized names that were given by
authorities.
The
letters
that
used
in
radiotelephony is based on NATO‘s
phonetical rules. There is a table of letters and
their pronunciations below:
Number
Laters
Telephony
Pronunciation
1
A
Alfa
Alfah
2
B
Bravo
Brahvon
3
C
Charlie
Charleeorsharlee
4
D
Delta
Delltah
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5
E
Echo
Eckoh
6
F
Foxtrot
Fokstrot
7
G
Golf
Golf
8
H
Hotel
Hohtel
9
I
India
Indeeah
10
J
Juliett
Jeuleett
11
K
Kilo
Keylon
12
L
Lima
Leeman
13
M
Mike
Mike
14
N
November
November
15
O
Oscar
Osscan
16
P
Papa
Pahpah
17
Q
Quebec
Kenbeck
18
R
Romeo
Rowmeoh
19
S
Sierra
Seeairrah
20
T
Tango
Tanggo
21
U
Uniform
Youneeformoroonee
form
22
V
Victor
Viktah
23
W
Whiskey
Wisskey
24
X
Xray
ecksray
25
Y
Yankee
Yankey
26
Z
Zulu
Zooloo
As you see above there are some numbers. Reading these numbers also has its own rule. The table
is given below shows numbers, their written forms and their pronunciation.
0
Zero
Zeero
1
One
Wun
2
Two
Too
3
Three
Tree
4
Four
Fower
5
Five
Fife
6
Six
Six
7
Seven
Seven
8
Eight
Ait
9
Nine
Niner
Now, the unknown words in the
conversiation have became understandable,
but there are some structures that are not used
in natural language. They are followings:
1. Controller should always
use
imparative form when he or she gives an
order. For illustration, instead of
―we would
like to turn right‖
they use
―turnright‖
,
instead of
― you should climb‖
they use ―
climb‖
, instead of ―
couldyou report‖
they
say
―report‖
and so on.
2. Interrogative and negative forms are
not used in air-ground communication.
3. They do not use determiners. For
example, they say
―request right turn‖
not
―request a right turn‖
4.
Pronouns
are
not
used
in
thisconversiations. For illumination, they
say
―request right turn‖
not
―I request a
right turn‖
5. Prepositions also are not used. For
example, they say
―departure runway 34‖
rather than
―depature from runway‖
, they
say
―climb 4000 feet‖
rather than
―climb to
4000 feet‖.
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6. Auxiliaries be and have are not used.
For example,
―Right turn approved‖
rather
than
―Right turn is approved‖, ‖cleared
for take- off‖
rather than
― you are cleared
for take- off‖
,
―turning right‖
rather than
―we are turning right‖
and so on.
7. In air - ground communication highly
spesialized, univocal and finite lexicon are
used. There are less than1000 different words
are imcleded in this group.
QNH, VFR,
touch-and -go
are considered as members of
this group.
8. Letters and numbers are read written
according to given tables. For illustration,
―juliett mike papa‖
not‖
JMP
.
3
is
pronounced as
―tree‖
not
―three‖
.
0
is
not
read.
So, we can analyze a dialogue like this:
1. P:
JMP I request a right turn when
there is airborne
ATC
: JMP right turn is approved, you
areleared for take-off
P:
runway 8 is cleared for take- off
JMP.
Now, the meaning of the conversiation
is understandable for enyone who does not
work in airports. All conversiations that are
used in air-ground communication can be
analyze according to given tables and and rule
above. English as a international language
create relationship among people from other
point of view English for Spesific Purposes
functions in this field. Phraseological units
that are used in this sphere considered an
apart of plain language. Above analyzed
language unitsclearifiesspesific features of
air-traffic communication.
References:
1. Bowker L, Pearson J. Working with Specialised Language, a Practical Guide to using
Corpora. London, New York: Routladge. 2002.-PP. 24-28.
2. Cristal D. English as a Global Language. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 2003.
4. Nübold P, Turney J. Linguistic Redundency in English Aeronautical Radiotelephony. A
case study. BraunschweigerAnglitischeArbeiten. Braunschweig: TechnischeUniversitätCarolo-
wilhelmina. 1983.
5. Philips D. Linguistic Security in the Syntactic Structure of Air Traffic Control English.
English World-Wide. No.12, December(1991)-PP. 103-124.
6. Seidlhofer B. Englush as a Lingua Franca. ELT Journal, No.59. April (2005)-PP. 339-341.
Темирова Ш. Лингвистический анализ английской фразеологии и воздушно-
наземной связи.
В этой статье основное внимание уделяется взаимосвязи между языком
для определенных целей, с одной стороны, и фразеологией, с другой. Тем не менее, трудно
дать все фразы для каждого региона. Поэтому в этой статье мы пытаемся дать и
объяснить группу фраз, относящихся к воздушно-наземному общению. Прежде всего, мы
должны определить объект статьи. Объект является языком, который используется
диспетчерами и международными пилотами. Целью данной статьи является описание
использования английской фразеологии и простого языка в общении диспетчер-пилот.
Temirova Sh. Ingliz tili frazeologiyasining lingvistic tahlili va havo yo`llaridagi muloqot.
Ushbu maqola praseologiya va kasbga yo`naltirilgan til o`rtasidagi aloqaga bag`ishlanadi.
Jamiyatda sohalar ko`p. har bir sohaga tegishli bo`lgan iboralarni bir vaqtning o`zida keltirish
mushkul. Shu sabab bu maqolada muallif havo yo`llarida foydalaniladigan iboralarni beradi va
ularni tushuntiradi. Ishning obyekti boshqaruvchi va uchuvchilar o`rtasidagi muloqottilidir. Ishning
maqsadi boshqaruvchi uchuvchi o`rtasidagi muloqotdagi ingliz tiliga oid bo`lgan iboralarning
ishlatilishini ko`rsatib berish va ularni tahlil qilish
.
