In the scientific article is considered formation of methodological base and philosophical categories within the Chinese cultural tradition. The importance of a subject of a research is determined by dynamics of development of the modern global world, integration processes, growth of interaction and cooperation of the different countries and regions, strengthening of the principles of the open world, expansion of dialogue – communicative space. Special value in this situation is got by revival of such methodological approaches as a holism, the hologram, synergetic which ideological sources were put in Ancient Chinese philosophy. Research objective and degree of study of a problem. The purpose consist in system justification of features of formation and development of methodological base, a categorical conceptual framework of the Chinese philosophy, its theoretical and practical importance for formation of outlook and a way of life of society. Correlative and associative thinking found the reflection in works M. Grana, D. Bode, J. Nidem, U.L. Crolles; classification schemes of a methodological fundamentals of the Chinese philosophy are investigated in A.M. Kara-petyants, A.I. Kobzev; fundamental onto-methodological aspects of categories are analyzed in E.N. Torchinov, A.I. Kobzev's scientific works. For achievement of the goal the following tasks were set: in the context of the principles of historicism and continuity to consider formation and development of methodological base of the Chinese philosophy; to carry out the comparative analysis of methodological, world outlook fundamentals of antique and Chinese philosophies; to open a role of correlative thinking and numerology in informative process; to prove commitment of the European culture causal, and China correlation to thinking types to thinking; to disclose the cosmological and ontological nature of categories Wen, Tsi and to show their role in the Chinese culture; to determine anthropological, pan-ethical and esthetic parameters of understanding of Space, to reveal influence reanimated holistic, synergetic, the idea on development of a modern philosophical and methodological thought. For achievement of the scientific purpose and the solution of objectives the analysis, synthesis, the historical and theoretical analysis, comparative-historical, philosophical and hermeneutical and ideographic methods were used. As a result of the conducted research within socio-historical approach evolution of methodological norms, categories and concepts of the Chinese philosophy was tracked. Characteristic of causal, holistic, hologram and correlative approaches is given. Basic categories of the Chinese philosophy in the context of formation of methodology are considered: the numerology, Wen, Qi, Dao, space, influence response is also shown their role in development of modern philosophy and methodology of science. In the context of traditional Chinese representations elements of a synergetic paradigm are revealed, and their importance for formation of new outlook is also shown.
Pedagogical skills play a key role in the activities of a medical university teacher. In this article, the authors consider the definition of pedagogical excellence, its components, as well as the role of pedagogical excellence in the development of the educational process in a medical university. They also describe methods that will help medical university teachers develop their teaching skills and improve the quality of student learning. In the article, the authors come to the conclusion, that pedagogical skill is a necessary condition for the successful activity of a teacher at medical university and should be developed and supported in the process of professional activity.
One of the unique genres of folklore is the proverb. The proverbs are examples of a brief, polished work that is based on the experiences of a nation over many centuries. It would take years for a public opinion to be proverbial, and it would be compact. It is also important that the idea you want to quote is conclusive. Because not every single thought is a proverb. To be proverbial, an event must be judged and summarized. Articles written in large volumes to date have been published in the “Devonu Lughati-t-Turk”, a work of the 11th century linguist and folklore scholar Mahmud Kashgari. In the work proverbs are used to express the meaning and meaning of a Turkic word. The author uses about three hundred proverbs in his work, some of which are repeated and some come in abbreviated form. Ancient Turkic proverbs have their own structure. In their structure, along with fiction, language phenomena and style are different. Especially, the combination of language and art plays an important role in influencing the meaning of the article. The allegory and confusion among such visual aids is found in many of the ancient Turkic proverbs. This article explores the role of these two events in ancient Turkic proverbs and their impact on the meaning of the article.
In the intruductory part of the article the author characterizes value and a role of economic integration. In the basic part of the article the role of economic integration in development of national legislation is comprehensively considered. In the conclusion the author comes to opinion that economic integration plays a greater role in development of the legislation and therefore, the given phenomenon it is necessary to study and realize its positive parties deeply.
This article examines the role of innovation in increasing the profit of joint-stock companies, as well as highlights the ways to use the “product-market” matrix and the advantages of using the scoring model in the development of company innovation.
In the introductory part of the article the author characterizes concept of the term the international private law and its functions. In the basic part of the article the place of the international private law in modern legal system are considered. In the conclusion the author comes to opinion, that the international private law plays a high role in national systems of the right which should be developed on the basis of the international norms.
XVII century became a period of emergence of the Korean middle-aged novel, whose founder was Kim Mandjun. The Korean novel is a multiple planned gist based work in which the heroes moving through the series of adventures and sufferings reach the happy end. According to the opinion of the Korean researcher Cho Don’il, created by Kim Mandjun became as a new stage in the literature of Korea, they bought with themselves something new, and played a great role in the Korean literature in the whole. The novel «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the South» of Kim Mandjun may serve as a sample of the «family novels». The idea of the author goes through the family and state affairs , the things which are connected with each other, due to the fact that the state is a large family, and the chaos in the family leads to a mess in the state. The novel deeply analyzes the history of the family Lu, when the concubine comes to their home. The loss of the equality-harmony causes a contradiction, the hero and the surroundings, in which he constantly deals with the sufferings. The denial of the struggle with the enemy is seen as a primary characteristics, the virtue creators go through the difficulties, their deeds are fair and nice, their attitude is harmonious, regarding the principles of «yan» (light) and «in» (dark). Therefore, the most important thing for the novel «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the South» the most important thing lies in the contradiction of the «hero-enemy», and the cosmic notion «of the harmony and disharmony». Kim Mandjun raises a problem in the novel, the solution of which is necessary on a national scale. This explains the justified method of revealing the actions of hostile characters not as personal enemies of virtuous heroes. Adhering to Confucian dogmas regarding the establishment of harmony in everything, the writer depicts virtuous heroes striving for exemplariness, and not for finding true violators of order in the country and not for fighting these hostile forces. The novel «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the south» (with its social problematic shape) caused a great influence on the further development of the Korean prose, Kim Mandjun for the first time in this genre could reveal the connection between the private family conflict and the state problems. The author persuaded the importance of the undertaken steps of the human-being and the necessity of considering of the devastating consequences from them to the state and in the whole, considering in the whole its people. The novel of Kim Mandjun «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the south» takes a special place in the history of development of the middle aged history of Korea, due to the fact that the topic of family in the literary works took for the first time its primary meaning. The merit of the author lied in the fact that he depicted the private, family conflict with the connection of the misunderstandings demonstrating the fact that a human-being cannot have private issues.
The article analyzes the role of the principle of the closest connection principle in the regulation of relations of international private law character, the nature of this principle as both a collision principle and a collision binding. The scope of application of the closest connection principle is highlighted as a collision binding and as a trend observed today. The value of this principle in improving international private law and its role in law-making is revealed
Relevance of the problem. The difficulties of diagnostics of orbital diseases are well known. Especially difficult is intraspecies differentiation among the multitude of tumour, pseudotumour, inflammatory, vascular, endocrine and other diseases occurring here, manifested by the symptom complex of unilateral exophthalmos [Beradze I.N., 1978; Brovkina A.F., 1993].
Malignant intraocular neoplasms are the main cause of death of patients with diseases of the organ of vision, with 45-48% of patients dying from metastases in the first 5 years after enucleation [Alekseeva I.B., 1990, Barkhash S.A.1978, Brovkina A.F..1991, 1997; Keizer R.W.. Viclvoyc G.L.,1986],
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in children. According to different authors, the frequency of its occurrence is 1 case per 14000 - 35000 newborns. [Bobrova N.F. and Vit V.V., 1993; Brovkina A.F., 1997; Provenzale J.M., et al., 1995; Skulski M., et al., 1997; Weber A.L., Mafee M.F, 1992; Wilms G., et al., 1989]. The frequency of patients with the most malignant intraocular tumour in adults - uveal melanoma has recently reached 7-9 people per 1 million population [Brovkina A.F., 1997; Kotslyansky E.O., 1989; Yushko N.A., Peskova L.I., Kalenich L.A., 1989; Peyster R.G., Augsburger J..I., Shields J.A., 1988; Romani A.. Baldeschi L., ct al 1998; Scott I.U., 1998].
The fundamental difference in treatment tactics, depending on the stage of development, size and topography of the tumour, as well as the seriousness of the prognosis in retinoblastomas and melanomas sharply increase the requirements for the accuracy of their differential diagnosis. At the same time, the number of diagnostic errors in ocular tumours continues to be 10-30% even when complex clinical and instrumental examination is applied in specialised ophthalmological centres [Ternovoy S.K., Panfilova G.V., Rogozhin V.A., 1979; Friedman F.E., Malyuta G.D., Kodzov M.V., 1995; Song G.X., 1991].
Widely used in ophthalmological practice traditional diagnostic methods (ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, diaphanoscopy, fluorescence angiography, laboratory tests) are insufficient to obtain comprehensive information about the localisation, nature of growth and prevalence of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and orbit. This circumstance and not quite satisfactory results of surgical treatment are the causes of high mortality of patients [Muratova T.T., Nigmanova N.H., Kozlovskaya G.M.. 1989, Naches A.I., 1980; Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., Kholin A.V., 1991]. Untimely or erroneous recognition of pathological processes of the orbit leads to a sharp deterioration of visual functions, up to blindness, and in some cases to the death of the patient [Yuzhakov A.M., Travkin A.G., Kiseleva O.A., 1991]. All this determines the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis of diseases of the orbit, on the one hand, and the difficulty of such diagnosis - on the other [Gabunia R.I., Kolesnikova E.K., Tumanov L.B., 1982].
The fact that the orbit is closed from direct inspection and palpation by bone walls and the eyeball, indicates the advantage of radial diagnostics in comparison with other methods of examination. In the arsenal of clinicians there is a great variety of methods of clinical-radial diagnostics of orbital pathology, however, at present the information in the literature about their resolving capabilities and significance in comparative aspect is incomplete and not fully studied. The priority of using one or another instrumental investigation, their sequence and expedient combination have not been determined yet. This makes it difficult to choose the optimal standardised approach for diagnosis and adequate treatment [Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., 1993, Weber A.L., Sabates N.R., 1996; Wenig V.M., Mafee M.F., 1998].
Thus, the study of these and other questions, contributing to the improvement of diagnostics and treatment of patients with neoplasms of the eye and ocular cavity, should be recognised as urgent urgent.
Purpose of the study. Comparative evaluation of magnetic resonance tomography capabilities and development of algorithms for complex radial diagnostics of volumetric formations of the visual organ. To solve this goal we set the following tasks.
1. To study the normal picture of the magnetic resonance image of the visual organ in comparison with other methods of visualisation.
2. To find out the possibilities of magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound and computed tomography in detection and evaluation of intraocular neoplasms.
3. To determine the role and place of magnetic resonance tomography in differential diagnostics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye cavity in comparison with other radial methods of research.
4. To determine the indications and to develop an algorithm for the complex application of radiography, ultrasound, computer and magnetic resonance tomography for diagnostics of volumetric formations of the eye organ.
Scientific novelty.
The present work is the first to give a detailed and detailed description of the complex clinical and radiation examination, with generalisation and standardisation of magnetic resonance, computer and ultrasound semiotics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity. The conducted clinical and instrumental investigations allowed to determine the diagnostic value and resolving capabilities of each of the applied methods. The ultrasound, CT and MRI signs of volumetric formations of the eye organ were studied, clarified and supplemented taking into account the use of low-field magnetic field and general-purpose ultrasound apparatus. The developed standardised diagnostic algorithm of examination of patients with this pathology is new, thanks to which the pre-oppositional diagnosis of tumour and other diseases of the visual organ is improved and the total radiation load on the patient is reduced.
Conclusions
1. MPT will provide an opportunity to study the weight of the soft tissue and anatomical components of the ocular cavity, up to the optic nerve sheath and perineural liquor space, the orbital apex and chiasmal-sellar region, as well as to assess the condition of adjacent structures of the brain and facial skull. The method is limited in the evaluation of changes in the bony walls of the orbital cavity.
2. MRI is inferior in detecting characteristic signs of retinoblastoma (presence of calcification). The sensitivity of MRI was 66.6%, while for ultrasound and CT these values were 96.1 and 100%, respectively. But when the tumour spreads rstrobulbarly outside the eyeball (at 3-4 stages) the informativeness of MRI increases significantly. In uveal melanoma the sensitivity and specificity of MRI reaches 100%.
3. Both MRI and CT have a high detection rate (98.1% and 95.8% respectively) of benign orbital tumours of both primary and secondary origin. However, MRI is the preferred method of investigation. MRI is especially informative when a cranioorbital tumour and pseudotumour are suspected. The sensitivity of the method is 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively
4. In some cases ultrasound can be used to differentiate between encapsulated and diffuse neoplasms, which facilitates the diagnosis. However, when the pathological process is localised near the orbital apex, the diagnostic value of ultrasound decreases. In such cases it is advisable to use MRI.
5. In detection of primary and secondary malignant tumours of the orbital cavity both MRI and CT are quite informative (sensitivity 97,2% and 95,4% respectively), but the most comprehensive information about the state of bone walls will be provided by CT. When the process spreads intracranially, the value of MRI increases significantly, especially with the use of contrast enhancement.
6. The developed algorithm of complex clinical and radiation examination of patients with the use of ultrasound, CT and MRI is the most effective in the diagnosis of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity, allowing to reduce to an adequate minimum the total radiation load on the patient and diagnostic period, excluding duplication of research techniques and choosing the most informative in each case, which in turn allows to develop appropriate treatment tactics and reduce the level of disability of the patient.
Тучные клетки или лаброциты, впервые описанные Ehrlich в 1877, в последние годы стали объектом детальных исследований учеными медиками разных специальностей. Оказалось, что среди клеток соединительной ткани тучные клетки отличаются способностью вырабатывать, хранить и выделять биологически высокоактивные вещества: гепарин, серотонин, гистамин, дофамин и др. Установлено, что тучные клетки играют важную роль в регуляции гомеостаза, микроциркуляции, воспалительных процессах, реакциях иммунитета и аллергии. Существует тесная двусторонняя функциональная связь между тучными клетками и другими клетками крови (эозинофилами, базофилами, нейтрофилами), а также с остальными клетками соединительной ткани. Тучные клетки найдены у всех млекопитающих, но существуют большие видовые различия в содержании их количества. Они локализованы во всех органах и системах, однако их больше всего там, где имеется рыхлая соединительная ткань (UR.Gordon et all, 1990). Несмотря на обилие литературы, посвященной различным аспектам морфологии, функции, биохимии тучных клеток, многие вопросы остаются малоизученными и нерешенными. В этом отношении роль тучных клеток при аллергии не является исключением. Более 30 лет тому назад (1968) проф. М.М. Хакбердиевым с соавт. было установлено, что тучные клетки брыжейки половозрелых морских свинок и собак активно реагируют при сенсибилизации и общем анафилактическом и гистаминовом шоке.
In this article, based on the provisions of Civil law and
economic science in the field of credit, the features of credit as an economic category are analyzed, conclusions are made about the legal nature of credit through the disclosure of the content of the credit relationship
This article highlights the role of thermal insulation materials in the field of construction, the principle of operation, information about materials that minimize heat loss through the use of existing effective thermal insulation.