Today, global research on the impact of smoking on human health and the problem of creating methods necessary for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by this harmful habit are among the main directions for improving public health in Russia and in the world as a whole. Despite the fact that for many years the main harmful effects of tobacco smoke components on human health have been well known, smoking remains one of the most important public health problems in many countries of the world [1]. In many previous studies, scientists have presented a strict relationship between tobacco smoking and various human diseases. Smoking is often the cause of cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system. Not only smokers, but also non-smokers are under the influence of tobacco smoke substances [1]. Inhalation of air contaminated with tobacco smoke, or "secondhand smoke", undoubtedly causes diseases in non-smokers that are characteristic of those who smoke standard medium-strength cigarettes. [This is why quitting smoking is an important medical and social issue.
Дети в возрасте от 10 до 14 лет - это особый контингент в составе населения, состояние здоровья которого является барометром социального благополучия и предвестником изменений в здоровье нации в последующие годы
Hereditary coagulopathies characterized by reduced blood clotting occupy a special place among diseases of the blood system. The most common of these are hemophilia and Willebrand's disease. Hemophilia-the disease of "royals" - is an old, but still relevant disease.
Hereditary coagulopathies, characterized by reduced blood clotting, occupy a special place among diseases of the blood system. Based on who data and the likely frequency of research on these diseases, the prevalence of hemophilia ranges from 3 to 25 patients per 10,000 population.
Few studies of the oral cavity in patients with hemophilia have shown a high level of dental diseases, poor hygiene of the oral cavity. This is due to the lack of proper oral care, and dispensary monitoring, fear of prolonged bleeding after dental manipulations. For this reason, dentists try to avoid treating dental diseases in this category of patients.
At the same time, modern achievements of medical science in the field of Hematology and the development of effective replacement therapy allow to prevent almost all types of bleeding.
However, this group of patients is still unable to receive timely and high-quality dental treatment and prevention, which largely determines the high prevalence of inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region.
All of the above is evidence of the presence of many predisposing factors of damage to the dental system in patients with hemophilia, as well as the need for preventive, therapeutic, including orthopedic dental measures for this category of patients.
This article provides data on the main fungal diseases of dog rose in the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The main diseases and their causative agents and signs of such diseases as rust, powdery mildew, gray rot and various spots have been studied.
The results of the study were used to develop measures to combat rosehip fungal diseases. To suppress the spread of rosehip spots, Previkur SL 722 c.c. preparations were used. at two consumption rates and Falcon 46% e. The biological effectiveness of the drugs used was studied. Thus, the maximum value was noted in the variant with Previkur SL 722 v.r.k. at a consumption rate of 1.5 kg / ha, which was 90.9% on day 15, and by 30 - 86.5%. For the fungicide Falcon 46% ae. (0.5 l / ha), biological efficiency was 78.2% on day 15 and 66.8% on day 30. Against powdery mildew, we used fungicides Ridomil Gold 68% w.g. at a consumption rate of 2.5 kg / ha and powder of ground sulfur (20 kg / ha). fungicide Ridomil Gold 68% w.dg, showed biological effectiveness on leaves on day 15 - 74.8%, on stems - 71.3%, however, these indicators on day 30 were 75.2% and 72.2%, respectively , on the 45th day the indicators decreased. In the case of sulfur, 20 kg / ha, the indicators were on the 15th day, on the leaves - 71.5%, on the stems 70.6%, on the 30th day - on the leaves 71.3% and on the stems 70.6%..
Current epidemiological situation in morbidity and mortality in the world is characterized in the article, main social and economic indicators supporting spread of infectious agents are presented, principles, concepts and main provisions of WHO Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) and three stages of EPI are presented. Topical issues of specific protection (vaccination) are highlighted, missed opportunities and ways to overcome them are shown. Attention is drawn to three main sources of evolutionary formation of human infectious diseases and various points of view concerning causes and mechanisms of evolutionary transformation by changing mechanism of transmission of microorganisms to the main host - microorganism are discussed.
SUMMARY
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year about 2 billion people fall ill with infectious diseases in the world. At the same time, infectious diseases account for almost 25% of all deaths, and in developing countries this figure reaches up to 45%. Thus, infectious diseases remain one of leading causes of death in the world. According to the WHO, out of about 50% of million people, 16-17 million die from infection and only 10 million from cardiovascular diseases. Out of 10 main causes of death on earth, 7 are somehow associated with infectious diseases.
Subject of the inquiry: 148 patients with degenerative dystrophic diseases of the hip joint, of them 103 with osteoarthritis and 45 with avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Aim of the inquiry: improvement of the diagnosis of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the hip using possibilities of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Methods of research: X-ray, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time, the role of ultrasonog-aphy and magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis of the hip was established in comparison with conventional X-ray. The result have shown that sensitivity of ultrasonography in osteoarthritis was low (57.7%) in the detection of femoral head deformation. In avascular necrosis of the hip detection of femoral head deformation was revealed better - 89.7%, which can be explained by differences in the mechanism and localization of deformation in these diseases. Ultrasonography was quite sensitive to changes of the joint capsule both in osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis, the sensitivity 86.0% and 84.6% respectively. MRI was superior to X-ray in the assessment of space orientation of the joint surfaces, necrosis zone, synovitis, subchondral cysts, structural changes and joint effusion. X-ray was more preferable for the detection of ostephytosis, subchondral sclerosis and changes of the joint space in osteoarthritis.
Practical value: of the work consisted in the concretization of sonographic and MRI signs of degenerative dystrophic diseases of the hip joint and in the suggested algorithm of using radiological methods for establishing the nature of hip joint pathology.
Degree of inculcate: the results of research were introduced in the Radiology Department of First Tashkent Medical Institute and the Department of Large Joint Pathology Department of the Traumatology and Orthopedy Research Institute.
Sphere of usage: radiology, traumatology and orthopedy, rheumatology.
To analyze the section of the ICD-10, in which odontogenic inflammatory diseases, i.e. pulpitis, periodontitis, osteomyelitis are classified as diseases of the digestive system, and their complications, such as abscess, phlegmon, lymphadenitis of the face, head and neck, are diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.