This article is devoted to highlighting the place of the city of Tashkent in foreign trade relations in the second half of the 19th century based on materials from the archive. For this purpose, information about the importance of internal and external trade of the city of Tashkent is analyzed, the list of goods sent to domestic and foreign trade, the cost of goods, the number of goods, duties levied on these goods using the example of documents stored in the National Archives of Uzbekistan. It is known that the city of Tashkent has become one of the special links in the active trade center of the Great Silk Road since ancient times. Tashkent was a special city leading caravan trade besides with the regions of cattle-breeding nomads of Eurasia, intensively conducted trade and economic relations with the khanates of Central Asia, as well as with close and distant foreign countries, including China, the European and Siberian parts of Russia, East Turkestan, Semirechye. Craftsmen who lived in specialized makhallas, depending on their occupation for the production of certain goods, played an important role in the trade relations of the city of Tashkent. Therefore, the Tashkent residents, depending on their occupation, were called mahallas with the same names. For example, "pichakchi" - knife makers, "misgarlik" - copper casting, "sagban" - psari, "ukchi" - arrows, "konchi" - tanners, "degrizon" - boiler makers, "egarchi" - saddle makers, etc. .d. During the period under review, the bulk of Tashkent residents lived in country estates. For example, residents of the Sebzor mahalla lived in Yunusabad, Khasanbai, Kokterak, residents of the Shaikhantakhur mahalla lived in Kokche, as well as in the direction of Salar-Karasu, Beshagach residents lived in the Chopanata-Kani-Dombirabad quarters, etc. and were engaged in gardening and brought the essential fruits to foreign trade. Rabats located around the city of Tashkent played a special role in carrying out the order of foreign trade operations, in solving the problems that arose in the collection of duties and heraj. Merchants from other countries stopped in caravanserais and their goods were stored in them, and wholesale trade was also carried out here. This is considered as proof that foreign trade played a special place in the economic life of the city of Tashkent. The article analyzes information about the number of caravans, the value of goods exported abroad, their quantity, transportation of goods, information about customs duties.
In this article, the conceptual and doctrinal foundations of the ideas of non-use of force and ensuring peace in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan are investigated in chronological order. The foreign policy of Uzbekistan is, first of all, a course aimed at ensuring vital tasks, primarily for the state and society. Uzbekistan's foreign policy strategy is primarily aimed at ensuring integration into the world community. The deepening of the country's integration into the world community in the current difficult conditions of international relations is an important task facing the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The conceptual idea of foreign policy and foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the indivisibility of security and joint and partnership actions to ensure it. The problem of national and regional security occupies an important place in Uzbekistan's foreign policy. One of the main tasks in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan was the formation of a system of regional security, which is necessary both for the republics of Central Asia and for the vast geographical area bordering the region. Another advanced idea for Uzbekistan's foreign policy is the postulate that the problems of the Central Asian region should be solved without the intervention of external forces and only by the countries of the region. Given all this, the cornerstone of Uzbekistan's foreign policy remains the non-use of force and the threat of force, and the maintenance and observance of peace. The article examines the changes occurring in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan, their regulatory consolidation, guidelines for the short, medium and long-term perspective, and on the basis of this, a number of scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are given.
This article devates and analyzes information on trade and economic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan in the works of tourists, ambassadors, diplomatic officials and researchers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular, the article by Gabaidulla Amirov, published in the journal «Aziatskiy Vestnik» in 1825, examines the important aspects of Bukhara-Afghanistan trade relations at the time, as well as the activities of Bukhoro traders in other cities, such as Herat, Kabul, and shopping centers in Afghanistan. This article examine caverfully the wook of E.K. Meindorf one of the naturalist (or scientist) from the expedition led by A.F. Negri in the Emerate Bukhara in 1820-1821. The informations about agricultural cotton, which produced in connection with foreign trade of Bukhara to Afganistan and the trade routes passes through Balkh to Kabul and through Bukhara to Herat, is highlighted in. The article notes that the special attention has paid to the trade relations between the Emerate of Bukhara and Afganistan since the 1930. In the work of Russian orientalist P.S. Savelyev analyzes the role of Bukhara in the trade relations of the eastern states and the three caravan routes passed through Bukhara to Iran and Afganistan. In this period Burns, who was sent to Central Asia on a special mission from the British government at that time, will examine the issue of the Afghans in Bukhara, P.I. Demezon, who was sent as an ambassador to Bukhara in 1833-1834, and the information collected by the Russian officer I.V. Vitkevich in 1835-1836, were investigated. N.V. Hanikov's work in the 40s of the 19th century examines information about goods imported from Bukhara from Afghanistan, as well as trade convoys between Bukhara and Kabul, as well as trade goods. In addition, their trade activity, and especially the Lohanians, the Afghan tribes living in the Ghazna district. Since the 50s of the 19th century, Russia has attached great importance to the study of the relations of Central Asian khanates with Afghanistan. Moreover, traditional goods from Bukhara to Kabul, such as silk, goat wool and wool, had based on research by P. Nebolsin, a member of the Russian Geographic Society. The Russian, copper, pot, crust, knives, scissors, tin, leather, razor, gold yarn, cashmere the so-called red paint, lightweight silk fabrics, and velvet are also included, and the distance between Bukhara and Afghanistan had discussed. In the studies of the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century, in particular, A. Vamberi, M.I. Venyukov, V.G. Grigorev, V.I. Masalskiy, M.A. Terentev, A.G. Serebrennikov. In the works of Logofet, Gubarevich-Radobilsky and others, information on trade relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan had examined, along with reports on socio-political and economic issues in the country.
The article deals with issues related to improving the legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is determined that foreign economic transaction is a transaction in which one party is a foreign company or a commercial enterprise located in another state, the trade focused on the import or export abroad and to use in settlements with counterparty foreign currency. It was found out that some types of foreign economic transactions are not reflected in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely distribute and forfeiting contracts.
The article notes that there are various problems associated with the incorrect formation of the terms of foreign economic transactions, their content and requirements, in particular when reflecting the applicable law, the arbitration clause, determining the advantages of the contract language, the application of non-state regulation.
It is concluded that it is necessary to regulate the definition of applicable law in relation to certain types of foreign economic transactions that are not reflected in the Сivil code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely, in relation to distribution and forfeiting contracts, certain types of foreign economic transactions, internet auctions, internet contests or internet exchanges.
Based on the study of foreign experience and scientific and theoretical views, ways to improve legislation in the field of settlement of certain types of foreign economic transactions were investigated. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions were drawn and proposals were developed for the current legislation.
The article studies the regional politics of Syria, analyzes the evolution and transformation of the foreign policy of official Damascus. This article examines the political background of the emergence and development of the regional problem, discusses its characteristics, and analyzes the external factors that have influenced and are influencing the evolution of the Middle East problem. It presents assessment results of the Syrian's leadership politics on building relations with the countries of the Middle East. The article also analyzes the circumstances of the armed conflict in Syria. The questions relating to the development of Syria's foreign policy are studied, factors influencing its regional policy are analyzed and Syria’s position on specific areas of the Middle East problem is disclosed. A number of factors influencing the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region is analyzed in this article. Syria's foreign policy activities are considered, taking into account external influences and contacts, the impact of which has affected the political life of the country. The article devotes considerable attention to the analysis of foreign orientalists' studies of Syria’s domestic and foreign policy in general and bilateral relations with SAR individual countries. It is noted that the scientific works of foreign researchers are mainly aimed at the study of domestic policy, the military-political situation in Syria, inter-confessional relations, as well as some aspects of Syria's foreign policy, the specifics of the foreign policy situation as a whole, mechanisms for making foreign policy decisions. It is noted that there is still a need for a comprehensive study of certain aspects of Syria's domestic and foreign policy at the present stage.
In this article provided the concept of foreign economic activity reflected it in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, reflected different points of view of foreign trade activities in the theory and law-making process and types of activities in this sphere.
This article highlights the role of the Amudarya waterway in the trade relations of the Emirate of Bukhara. Based on archival materials, the article substantiates the importance of waterways in the economic life of the Emirate of Bukhara and the further development of trade relations of the Emirate of Bukhara with Eastern countries through the Amudarya waterway. It also covers the internal trade relations of the Emirate of Bukhara through the Amudarya waterway, the establishment of the Amudarya flotilla, the role of the flotilla and local ships in the transportation of commercial cargo on the banks of the Amudarya. In addition, the article analyzes the transformation of the Bukhara-Afghanistan border into the Russia-Afghanistan border, establishment of the control of the Russian Empire at the crossings and customs points along the Amudarya, the subordination of the trade of the Emirate of Bukhara to the Russian Empire as well as the issues of transit trade routes with Afghanistan, Iran and India in the interests of the great imperialist policy of the Russian ruling circles. The author studied the volume of trade turnover through the customs crossing Pattakesar in the oasis on the basis of historical and archival materials, and tried to reveal the changes in the development of trade relations through a table.
The article discusses the specifics of the socio-economic model of India and current trends in its development, analysis and regulation of foreign trade, the importance of increasing export potential in modernizing the economy, optimizing the import structure, and attracting foreign investment and foreign investment policy. India offers millions of travelers the opportunity to relax by the sea and mountains, tourism and architectural monuments, unforgettable vacations, festivals and carnivals, spiritual uplift and deep immersion in the culture, customs and spiritual heritage of the country. It was revealed that India is an important destination in the Asian region with unique natural, recreational, cultural and historical resources for the development of tourism. In addition, the stages and directions of development of the tourism industry in India, as well as the existing free economic zones are considered as an important form of foreign economic activity of the country. At the end of the article, opinions and comments on the topic are given and a clear conclusion is made.
The study of foreign languages in modern society is becoming an inseparable component of the professional training of specialists of various profiles, and the successful solution of professional growth issues and the expansion of contacts with foreign partners largely depend on the quality of their language training. Therefore, the school is designed to provide a certain level of foreign language proficiency, which could allow continuing its study during the period of the university and postgraduate education, as well as independently. The success of training largely depends on the methodology of the teacher of a foreign language, on his ability to use various modern methods in the context of solving specific educational problems. In this article, materials are presented that reflect the modern experience of teaching a course in teaching foreign languages.
The following research work focuses on the process of developing oral speech competency of English as a foreign language of Higher Education students of non- linguistic departments. It is aimed to analyze the existing obstacles and barriers which are preventing the learners from foreign oral communication and find the appropriate solutions to these problems. There has been an attempt to create more suitable teaching strategies of teaching English as a Foreign Language for the students of non-linguistic profiles. We propose renewed and a complex set of teaching strategies involving special interactive activities and using innovative technologies to be implemented in EFL classes.
We organized different surveys using questionaries, open discussions with the students; provided research-analyses, case-studies and observations with foreign language teachers in order to investigate the problems in this area and held experiment lessons, out-of-class trainings considering the learners` needs, their preferences in organizing the foreign lessons, their week-points and other crucial features described below in this article. The results and conclusions are presented at the end of the work. The research considers different types of methods and means of developing speaking skills of a foreign language of the students of non-linguistic educational institutions taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of these tools equally, thus, trying to determine the most effective and suitable ones among them. It considers some specific interaction patterns, communicative activities, and other educational methods and tools as major components of successful teaching both in educational and psychological aspects.