In this article, the conceptual and doctrinal foundations of the ideas of non-use of force and ensuring peace in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan are investigated in chronological order. The foreign policy of Uzbekistan is, first of all, a course aimed at ensuring vital tasks, primarily for the state and society. Uzbekistan's foreign policy strategy is primarily aimed at ensuring integration into the world community. The deepening of the country's integration into the world community in the current difficult conditions of international relations is an important task facing the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The conceptual idea of foreign policy and foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the indivisibility of security and joint and partnership actions to ensure it. The problem of national and regional security occupies an important place in Uzbekistan's foreign policy. One of the main tasks in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan was the formation of a system of regional security, which is necessary both for the republics of Central Asia and for the vast geographical area bordering the region. Another advanced idea for Uzbekistan's foreign policy is the postulate that the problems of the Central Asian region should be solved without the intervention of external forces and only by the countries of the region. Given all this, the cornerstone of Uzbekistan's foreign policy remains the non-use of force and the threat of force, and the maintenance and observance of peace. The article examines the changes occurring in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan, their regulatory consolidation, guidelines for the short, medium and long-term perspective, and on the basis of this, a number of scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are given.
The article studies the regional politics of Syria, analyzes the evolution and transformation of the foreign policy of official Damascus. This article examines the political background of the emergence and development of the regional problem, discusses its characteristics, and analyzes the external factors that have influenced and are influencing the evolution of the Middle East problem. It presents assessment results of the Syrian's leadership politics on building relations with the countries of the Middle East. The article also analyzes the circumstances of the armed conflict in Syria. The questions relating to the development of Syria's foreign policy are studied, factors influencing its regional policy are analyzed and Syria’s position on specific areas of the Middle East problem is disclosed. A number of factors influencing the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region is analyzed in this article. Syria's foreign policy activities are considered, taking into account external influences and contacts, the impact of which has affected the political life of the country. The article devotes considerable attention to the analysis of foreign orientalists' studies of Syria’s domestic and foreign policy in general and bilateral relations with SAR individual countries. It is noted that the scientific works of foreign researchers are mainly aimed at the study of domestic policy, the military-political situation in Syria, inter-confessional relations, as well as some aspects of Syria's foreign policy, the specifics of the foreign policy situation as a whole, mechanisms for making foreign policy decisions. It is noted that there is still a need for a comprehensive study of certain aspects of Syria's domestic and foreign policy at the present stage.
The article examines the main trends in the political transformation of Syria in the late XX - early XXI century, as well as the domestic and foreign policy of Syria, taking into account the changes in the region. The evolution and transformation of the Syrian society, the originality of political rule are analyzed. The demonstration by Damascus of its position regarding the building of a democratic society in the country is noted. The article analyzes the external factors that have influenced the evolution of the Middle East policy of the SAR. An assessment of the results of the policy of the Syrian leadership regarding building relations with the countries of the Middle East is presented. A number of factors influencing the evolution of Syrian foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region are analyzed. The foreign policy activity of Syria is considered, taking into account external influences and contacts, the impact of which affected the political life of the country. The role of the army in modern Syrian society, the forms of its relationship with the civilian authorities of the state and the ways of influencing the internal and foreign policy of official Damascus are considered. The transformation of Syrian society, the originality of political rule, the centralization of power in the process of developing political decisions are revealed. Disclosed are the initiatives of President B. Assad regarding the liberalization and modernization of the Syrian society. The article also reveals in detail the main events that became catalysts in the chain of political transformation in the Middle East and in the political transition of power in the leading Arab states, in particular, the coming to power in the second half of the 1990s - early 2000s of young Arab leaders.
The monograph comprehensively examines the use of "soft power" as the most important tool of the foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan at the present stage. The approaches of various political schools to the categories of "power" and "soft power" in foreign policy and international relations are analyzed, the latest approaches to assessing the resources of "soft power" and its conversion into influence are considered, an assessment is made of current trends in international and regional politics, and a classification of instruments is proposed. and mechanisms of "soft power" through the prism of the national interests of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author's approach to the problems of the genesis of the "soft power" of the Republic of Uzbekistan from the beginning of its independence is outlined. The issues of formation and use of the potential and resources of the “soft power” of the country are analyzed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the dialectical relationship between the strengthening of national identity and the development of "soft power", as well as factors that contribute to and hinder the implementation of this concept in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The experience of ten leading states of the world and countries of the Central Asian region on the use of "soft power" in the implementation of foreign policy and foreign economic strategies is analyzed. A conceptual model for the implementation of the "soft power" policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is presented. The monograph is intended for undergraduates, doctoral students, teachers and researchers, as well as undergraduate students in the direction of "International Relations and Political Science".
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in his Address to the Oliy Majlis on December 29, 2020, noted that in the face of today's complex geopolitical processes, the coronavirus pandemic and the global economic crisis, Uzbekistan is actively pursuing an open and pragmatic foreign policy. He noted that as a result of our efforts, the prestige of the country is growing, and priorities for the implementation of foreign policy for 2021 have been outlined. Among the tasks that need to be given special attention in the implementation of the country's foreign policy in 2021, listed by the leader of Uzbekistan, are proposals and initiatives for the development of public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy, which are important areas of foreign policy and diplomacy of Uzbekistan. The idea of creating a Compatriots Fund was formulated by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the celebration of July 30 as International Day of Friendship in order to inspire efforts to strengthen friendship and peace between nations, cultures and peoples, and to build bridges between societies respecting cultural diversity July 30 - International Day of Friendship and the holding of the international conference "Central Asia at the crossroads of world civilizations" in cooperation with UNESCO in Khiva in 2021 formed a goal: to increase the prestige and image of Uzbekistan in the world (this historical initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mirziyoyev Sh.M. nominated at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly).
The socio-political activity of youth is an indicator of the processes taking place in modern society. Since the young generation is the main mobilization resource of society, which determines the future of the state. This article is devoted to youth policy, international legal documents developed by the UN, the growing relevance of this issue in connection with the deepening of globalization processes and the ensuing dangers and challenges covering all countries, the solutions of which are impossible without the active participation of young people, a question that is always one of the priority tasks of the international community and in particular the UN. The international legal documents regulating the youth sphere are considered, since this issue has been an object of state policy in more than 130 countries of the world since the middle of the 20th century. In the way in which the state organizes its youth policy, two models stand out - European and Anglo-Saxon. The European model is based on the leading role of the state in the field of youth policy. This model also clearly defines priorities, goals, objectives and expected results. The Anglo-Saxon model is characterized by an approach to support exclusively voluntary activity and youth organizations without the systematic participation of government bodies in the implementation of youth policy. The article analyzes the experience of youth policy in Japan and Uzbekistan, notes the similarities and features of approaches to solving problems and problems of this topic. It is noted that the socio-political system of Japan, unlike most developed countries of the world, for decades allows the government of this country to avoid major social upheavals and crises of social institutions. This, in turn, proves the effectiveness of government measures aimed at solving youth problems in Japanese society. Japan’s policy in this area has its own specifics, based on a combination of traditional preventive measures with innovative ones, which allows us to consider about its universality. The article comprehensively surveys the new course taken by Uzbekistan to increase the role of youth in the socio-political life of society. In this regard, emphasis is placed on the comprehensive support of youth initiatives, both from the state and from youth organizations. Based on this, it can be argued that an open dialogue with youth has become a strategic direction at a new stage in the development of Uzbekistan. In this strategy, a key place is given to increasing the social activity of youth, their involvement in the processes of formation of a modern, democratic state.
The article highlights the formation and ideological foundations of the political ideology of modern neoconservatism in the United States on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. By the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the ideology of neoconservatism had a special place in the political life of the United States. In certain periods, the state had a significant influence on political decision-making. In particular, during the government of the Republican party in the United States, neoconservatism takes priority in the formation of domestic and foreign policy concepts. The ideology of neoconservatism of the United States is characterized by such characteristics as the promotion of democracy in the world, interference in political processes in different regions, the widespread use of military means in the system of global ideological processes. In particular, in the last decades, the foreign policy of the United States in different regions has become more neoconservative. The influence of neoconservatism ideologists on the formation of foreign political approaches aimed at the fight against terrorism and the decision-making of democratic values in states with authoritarian regimes was strong, and in the discourse of ideological-political processes, geo-ideological struggle in the Middle East region also demonstrated that neoconservatism has its influence. Research in the field of neoconservatism is carried out mainly by foreign research centers, scientific institutions and "think tanks". The main attention is paid to the evolution of the external political ideology of neoconservatism. The article analyzes the evolution of the formation of the ideology of neoconservatism in the USA, its impact on domestic and foreign policy processes as a political ideology, the development trend of the views of the founders of neoconservatism, the formation and institutionalization of the neo-conservative structures based on foreign studies, scientific literature, internet sources. The article also highlights the integrative features of the formation of ideological and theoretical foundations of the ideology of neoconservatism in the United States.
The article deals with issues related to improving the legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is determined that foreign economic transaction is a transaction in which one party is a foreign company or a commercial enterprise located in another state, the trade focused on the import or export abroad and to use in settlements with counterparty foreign currency. It was found out that some types of foreign economic transactions are not reflected in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely distribute and forfeiting contracts.
The article notes that there are various problems associated with the incorrect formation of the terms of foreign economic transactions, their content and requirements, in particular when reflecting the applicable law, the arbitration clause, determining the advantages of the contract language, the application of non-state regulation.
It is concluded that it is necessary to regulate the definition of applicable law in relation to certain types of foreign economic transactions that are not reflected in the Сivil code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely, in relation to distribution and forfeiting contracts, certain types of foreign economic transactions, internet auctions, internet contests or internet exchanges.
Based on the study of foreign experience and scientific and theoretical views, ways to improve legislation in the field of settlement of certain types of foreign economic transactions were investigated. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions were drawn and proposals were developed for the current legislation.
The article analyzes the main factors and conditions that influenced the formation of relations between Turkey and Syria in the 1990s, and discusses the reasons for the competition that these countries have created in protecting their interests in the region. The development and implementation of Syria's foreign policy towards Turkey and the attitude of Damascus to large hydropower projects planned by the Turkish government in the region are disclosed. The article shows the negotiations of Syrian officials with the Kurdish Workers' Party and the sharp refusal of the Ankara administration to do so. At the same time, Syria's policy towards strengthening Turkish-Israeli relations and the influence of the Turkish-Israeli military alliance on the intensification of its foreign policy towards the Arab countries were analyzed. Preventive measures to counter the military cooperation agreement signed between Turkey and Israel proved to be an important element of Syria's Middle East foreign policy in the 1990s. The reasons for the political confrontation between Turkey and Syria are discussed in the dynamics of its change in the 1990s, thereby assessing the evolution of the policy of the two countries in the region.
This article examines the development and significance of foreign policy and diplomacy in the Bukhara Emirate, focusing on its interactions with the Ottoman Turks. Through historical analysis, archival research, and the study of primary sources, the multidisciplinary approach reveals the evolution of diplomatic exchanges, trade relations, and strategic alliances between the Bukhara Emirate and the Ottoman Empire. The study underscores the geopolitical, cultural, and intellectual significance of these diplomatic interactions, which influenced the foreign policy strategies, military capabilities, and cultural enrichment of the Bukhara Emirate. The enduring legacy of these diplomatic engagements is shown to have a lasting impact on the contemporary geopolitical dynamics of Central Asia, informing the foreign policy approaches of modern-day Uzbekistan and underscoring the enduring influence of historical diplomatic exchanges. This research provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay of diplomatic, political, and cultural dynamics, shedding light on the enduring influence of historical diplomatic engagements in shaping the contemporary geopolitical landscape of Central Asia.
The article highlights the benefits of Japan's development model among the global community. The standard of living of the population has grown significantly. Building, Japan is currently a leader in the automotive industry, new manufacturing technologies, scientific and technical research and computer, electrical equipment, not only in the region, but throughout the world. Today, Japan had the opportunity to pursue a relatively free policy in US foreign policy outside the influence of the United States. In the 1980s, a period of revival of Japanese foreign policy began. The main reason for the new aspirations was the growth of economic ties with the PRC, the end of the Cold War and the desire of the Japanese leadership to coordinate the political path with economic power. Japan began to participate in UN-led peacekeeping operations, and in October 1992, for the first time in a UN peacekeeping operation, launched its country's engineering battalion in Cambodia and launched several political initiatives to resolve the Cambodian conflict. Three pillars of Japanese foreign policy: a) promoting stability and world peace; b) developing countries; (c) the welfare of every citizen of the world community. Taking advantage of the economic power of Japan and its active participation in the United Nations, it can raise the issue of its membership in the UN Security Council. Another reason Japan aspires to become a member of the UN Security Council is that, if it had the opportunity, to positively consider the issue of its militaristic past.
Active implementation of economic diplomacy in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan is one of the priorities of today. Because, in the active promotion of economic diplomacy, it is important to attract investment, increase tourism and export potential. The growing role of economic diplomacy in the system of international relations shows that it should be applied in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The article discusses the current work in this direction and its prospects.
The monograph comprehensively examines the issues of transformation of the world order in the context of the processes of modern regional construction in Central Asia. Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the category “world order” are analyzed, the author’s vision of the evolution of the principles of the Westphalian model in the context of globalization is outlined, and a transformational model of world order from the position of theoretical pluralism is proposed. The features, conditions and factors of transformation of the modern world order are studied through the prism of regional processes in Central Asia. The author's conceptual approaches to the problems of regionalism and regional order in Central Asia in the context of the transformation of the modern international political system are outlined. The foreign policy of the states of the region is analyzed in detail in the context of their national development strategies and the position of extra-regional actors in relation to Central Asian regionalism. Particular attention is paid to the system-forming role of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Central Asia in the light of the implementation of its own new foreign policy doctrine. The monograph is intended for master's students, doctoral students, teachers and researchers, as well as undergraduate students in the field of International Relations and Political Science. It will also be useful to readers interested in international relations and foreign policy.
This article examines the significance of Afghanistan in shaping the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The geopolitical proximity of Uzbekistan to Afghanistan has had a profound impact on its foreign policy decisions, particularly in the realms of security, trade, and regional cooperation. Since the emergence of an independent Uzbekistan in 1991, the country has recognized the strategic importance of fostering stable and cooperative relations with its southern neighbor, Afghanistan. This article delves into the historical context of Uzbekistan-Afghanistan relations and analyzes the evolving dynamics in the wake of changing geopolitical landscapes, such as the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan and the subsequent power shift in Kabul. Furthermore, it explores the implications of Afghanistan's internal developments on Uzbekistan's security concerns, economic interests, and regional integration efforts. The study also sheds light on Uzbekistan's role in facilitating peace and stability in Afghanistan, as well as its engagement in regional initiatives aimed at fostering economic connectivity and security cooperation. By analyzing the multifaceted interplay between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Afghanistan factors into the foreign policy calculus of Uzbekistan and the implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia.
We all know that the sharp changes that took place during the transition from competition to conflict in recent years affected the structure of the world order and its governance standards, the behavior of states, and their interactions within the international system. In the article, the author discussed the main ideas and trends in the formation of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the current modern international relations, its position towards the countries in the region, in particular, the relations with the state of Israel, the unilateral actions of the United States, current trends in foreign policy, as well as the priorities of Iran's foreign policy.
The paper investigates the role of Islam in the social and political life of Iran after Islamic revolution and over the monarchy. The Islam influenced in the political and ideological spheres, when Shia clergy came to power. Where was at the head Imam Khumeyni worked contrary to former regime in the home and foreign policy. This is forced the some countries to revise the foreign policy about of IRI.
The article discusses the specifics of the socio-economic model of India and current trends in its development, analysis and regulation of foreign trade, the importance of increasing export potential in modernizing the economy, optimizing the import structure, and attracting foreign investment and foreign investment policy. India offers millions of travelers the opportunity to relax by the sea and mountains, tourism and architectural monuments, unforgettable vacations, festivals and carnivals, spiritual uplift and deep immersion in the culture, customs and spiritual heritage of the country. It was revealed that India is an important destination in the Asian region with unique natural, recreational, cultural and historical resources for the development of tourism. In addition, the stages and directions of development of the tourism industry in India, as well as the existing free economic zones are considered as an important form of foreign economic activity of the country. At the end of the article, opinions and comments on the topic are given and a clear conclusion is made.
The following research work focuses on the process of developing oral speech competency of English as a foreign language of Higher Education students of non- linguistic departments. It is aimed to analyze the existing obstacles and barriers which are preventing the learners from foreign oral communication and find the appropriate solutions to these problems. There has been an attempt to create more suitable teaching strategies of teaching English as a Foreign Language for the students of non-linguistic profiles. We propose renewed and a complex set of teaching strategies involving special interactive activities and using innovative technologies to be implemented in EFL classes.
We organized different surveys using questionaries, open discussions with the students; provided research-analyses, case-studies and observations with foreign language teachers in order to investigate the problems in this area and held experiment lessons, out-of-class trainings considering the learners` needs, their preferences in organizing the foreign lessons, their week-points and other crucial features described below in this article. The results and conclusions are presented at the end of the work. The research considers different types of methods and means of developing speaking skills of a foreign language of the students of non-linguistic educational institutions taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of these tools equally, thus, trying to determine the most effective and suitable ones among them. It considers some specific interaction patterns, communicative activities, and other educational methods and tools as major components of successful teaching both in educational and psychological aspects.