Viral hepatitis (VH) belongs to the category of infectious diseases of the human body that develop under the influence of viruses, which are diverse in nature, in the ways of their spread and transmission from a patient to a healthy person and have one identical attribute - liver damage. VG is an atroponous infection, which means that their pathogens in natural conditions can only be present in the human body.
In hepatitis of viral origin, pathogens have a selective similarity (tropism) to liver cells. For this reason, the early location of viruses and their replication (reproduction) are manifested mainly in the liver tissue, primarily in liver cells (hepatocytes).
According to the nature and duration of development, hepatitis of viral origin is divided into acute and chronic. The threshold among these two types of disease is relatively taken into account 6 months from the onset of the disease or in certain patients from the onset of infection (if the disease does not develop) and up to 6 months - acute hepatitis B or acute virus carrier, after 6 months - chronic hepatitis or chronic virus carrier. [4; 8].
According to WHO, in different countries of the world more than 2 billion people are infected with viral hepatitis (VH), while about 350 million are carriers of hepatitis B and 500 million of hepatitis C [3; 5].
All known hepatitis viruses are present in the CIS countries. In relation to parenteral infections of viral hepatitis, the CIS countries belong to the region with a moderate incidence rate (35.2 cases per 100,000 people). In Tatarstan, the share of viral hepatitis "B" and "C" in the total number of viral hepatitis is 80%. According to some authors [1], the number of so-called "virus carriers" of infection is growing in our republic, more than 10,000-12,000 primary carriers of hepatitis B and C viruses are registered annually. However, the registered incidence is only a part of the true incidence and only the visible part of the "iceberg". This is due to the fact that most cases of hepatitis B occur outside the scope of medical diagnosis, without jaundice and with minor clinical symptoms. However, the anicteric form of parenteral hepatitis is less dangerous than the icteric form in terms of infection and consequences [10].
Viral hepatitis B and C belong to the group of viral hepatitis with a parenteral transmission mechanism. These pathogenic viruses are taxonomically distinct. Common features are the parenteral transmission mechanism and the obligatory circulation of the virus in the blood [7].
Viral hepatitis B is a strictly parenteral infection caused by the IIBV virus, including CMV; IIBV is highly resistant to cold, heat, chemical and physical attack. It persists for 3 months at room temperature and 25 years in dried plasma; a direct correlation has been demonstrated between IIBV duration and blood levels. [6].
The source of transmission of the virus (HBV) can be all forms of acute and chronic HBV, as well as virus carriers. More important as the main source of infection for the epidemic potential are chronic forms of HBV infection than acute ones. An important role is played by chronic carriers of HbsAg and patients with clinically icteric form of IIBV; the ability of IIBV to persist for a long time, often for life, in the human body is considered as an ecological form of its existence [3; 5].
The most fully studied artificial (artifacial) ways of HBV infection as a result of various parenteral therapeutic, diagnostic, therapeutic and non-medical manipulations, leading to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin. The source of infection can be contaminated blood products, medical equipment and instruments, transplanted organs and tissues; transfusion of blood or blood products containing HBV can also cause infection (post-transfusion hepatitis) [8; 11].
In addition to medical procedures, non-medical parenteral injections are of paramount importance in the transmission of IIBV infections. This is especially true of intravenous administration of drugs, which has become widespread in recent years. According to a number of authors [2], it has been shown that in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients with acute viral hepatitis "B", which is associated with the use of intravenous drugs, and a quantitative increase in the incidence is observed among young men aged 15 to 30 years. . Below is a list of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis B.
The purpose of this study is to substantiate the functional features of periodontal tissues in chronic hepatitis B, C and mixed infection B + C.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that infects domestic cats and other feline species, leading to an immunodeficiency syndrome similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The management and treatment of FIV are essential to improve the quality of life and longevity of infected cats. Antiviral drugs have been investigated as potential treatment options for FIV, aiming to inhibit viral replication and disease progression. This study aims to assess the efficacy of antiviral drugs against FIV through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro studies involved testing the antiviral activity of various drugs against FIV-infected feline cell cultures. In vivo evaluations were performed using FIV-infected cats, administering the selected antiviral drugs and monitoring viral load, clinical symptoms, and immunological parameters. The results offer critical insights into the effectiveness of different antiviral drugs and their potential for managing FIV in domestic cats.
The article deals with theoretical and legal issues related to the human right to water, analyzes in detail the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of ensuring the human right to water. Theoretical and practical conclusions are made regarding the role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the significance of the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of the human right to water.
The article considers the definition, nature, types and types of human capital, the emergence of the concept and socio-economic category of «human capital», individual, corporate and national human capital, as well as the narrow and broad definition of human capital and the historical development of countries and civilizations in the context of human capital. Based on the analyzes and results, conclusions are given on the definition of human capital as one of the significant elements of the new economic system, and ensuring the effectiveness of its formation will create conditions for profitable activities, and, as a result, the socio-economic, scientific, technological and resource-ecological development of our countries. The development of human capital should be the main strategic goal of the state.
The new second edition of Human Resource Management focuses on explaining how human resource management is done. No matter what position or career you aspire to, understanding human resource management practices is essential to ensuring the success of your organization and your personal success. In the management of human resources, the basic skills of effective management and HR are mastered, such as job analysis and design, planning, attracting potential employees, training and developing suitable ones, evaluating the results of activities, rewarding according to their work, and finally creating a positive work environment. The textbook is intended for managers and employees of enterprises and organizations, employees working in personnel services, professors and students of the specialty of human resources management, and all readers who are interested in human resources management in general.
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious health issue which infected 3.3% of world’s population. The major transmission route of this virus is blood and blood products. Thalaseemic patients are dependent upon blood transfusions throughout their life and are at high risk of getting HCV infections.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the presence of hepatitis C virus in multitransfused thalaseemic population of capital twin cities of Pakistan.
Patients and Methods: The study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 and 262 multitransfused beta thalaseemic from the capital twin cities of Pakistan were enrolled for analysis. The presence of hepatitis C virus, alanine amino transferase (ALT) level, serum creatinine, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and splenectomy were analyzed.
Results: The overall prevalence of Hepatitis C virus was 55.73% observed with 100% of patients greater than 20 years of age have HCV infection. The average ALT in HCV positive thalaseemic patients was observed 98U/L and average creatinine values were 0.39 mg/dl. 82.20% of HCV positive thalaseemic patients have hepatomegaly with average increase of 4.33 cm in liver size. Splenomegaly was observed in 67.12% of HCV positive thalaseemic patients with average increase of 4.46 cm in spleen size. Splenectomy was observed in 15.75% of cases.
Conclusion: The presence of HCV is very high in thalaseemic population of Pakistan. The chance of getting HCV infections also increases with the increase in age of thalaseemic patient. Raised ALT and hepatomegaly was observed in majority of HCV positive thalaseemic patients. There is a strong need to properly screen the blood before transfusions to decrease the future load of HCV from Pakistan.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
The article analyzes the essence of human rights and freedoms. Relations between people are regulated by social norms of conduct. In the system of social relations, norms of morality and law are considered the basic norms of regulation. Human rights exist in both moral and legal norms. The author of the article believes that human rights and freedom are a system of philosophical concept of the worldvision of a man's essence. At the same time it is possible to recognize that human rights is the system consisting of principles of politeness and morality and norms of law, socially regulating relations between people.
Justice and the legal system play an important role in ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms. In the modern world, human rights issues are of paramount importance, and their protection in the field of justice is an important task for all countries. This article reveals the measures taken to ensure and strengthen the protection of human rights and freedoms in the field of justice based on the Strategy “Uzbekistan - 2030”.
In this article, the author presents research findings within the realm of Eastern philosophy's discourse on the philosophy of love. The entry of love into the history of world civilization highlights the philosophical and anthropological significance of its role in human understanding. From this perspective, there arises a theoretical and practical need to analyze the place of love within the morphology of the individual from both a philosophical and anthropological standpoint
Examining the concept of love in its theoretical and practical dimensions becomes imperative in the context of exploring the human imagination's spiritual journey. This journey grapples with the challenges posed by the issues of human existence and its relationship with the phenomenon of love, a universal and all-encompassing force. Emotions' vulnerability, diversity, the primordial nature of love, and its role in modern human existence all converge in the complex tapestry of human life. Amidst the challenges posed by emotions, ambiguity, the reconfiguration of love, and the liberalization of sexual ethics in contemporary society, the enduring presence of love stands as a guiding star in the constellation of human existence .
This research investigates the linkages between human capital investment and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Human capital, comprising education, healthcare, and skills development, plays a crucial role in determining individuals' economic and social capabilities. Addressing poverty requires a comprehensive understanding of how investments in human capital contribute to alleviating economic disparities and improving living conditions. Through a mixed-methods approach involving data analysis and case studies, this study explores the impact of human capital investments on poverty reduction in Nigeria. The findings shed light on the key factors influencing the effectiveness of such investments, providing insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to unlock prosperity and reduce poverty in the Nigerian context.
The article deals with study microbiologic and immunologic indices of 61 children with Virus Hepatitis C. All children were divided into 3 groups: 1-group had 18 healthy children (control group); 2-group had 31 children with Virus Hepatitis C; 3-group were patients with Virus Hepatitis C who were undergone to special treatment.
The article analyzes the «active» approach to the description of human potential and the system of readiness of individuals and communities to
perform social roles and functions, such as needs and abilities. While human potential is based on» abilities «and abilities are based on» needs», the category of capital is embodied as» choice», that is, the mechanism that manages needs and abilities. Also, when interpreting the socio-eco-
nomic aspects of human and collective characteristics, the «purchase» function (material wealth, knowledge, social relations, influence) is currently used, which is the basis of their capital needs, and since economic resources, i.e. real estate, stocks, business aspects, etc., have been studied using sociological classifications that embody current trends.