ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
745
MEHNATNI MUHOFAZA QILISHNING RIVOJLANISH TARIXIY BOSQICHLARINI
O‘RGANISH
Muradov Sirojiddin Husan o‘g‘li
Qarshi muhandislik-iqtisodiyot instituti
“Mehnat muhofazasi va texnika xavfsizligi”
kafedrasi stajyor-o‘qituvchisi
Qarshi, O‘zbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10874801
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada, mehnatni muhofaza qilishning rivojlanishi bosqichlari va
tarixiy adabiyotlarda sohaning tahlillari haqida fikr mulohazalar keltirilgan. Maqola mehnat
muhoazasi va texnika xavfsizligi yunalishlari talablari, mehnat muhofazasi va xavfsizlik
mutaxassislari hamda keng izlanuvchilar uchun muljallangan.
Kalit so‘zlar va iboralar
: “Xavfsizlik. mehnatni muhofaza qilish, sanoat, tog`-kon ishlari,
xavfli va zararli faktor. Ish vaqti, dam olish vaqti, Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti, Xalqaro sog‘liqni
saqlash tashkiloti”.
STUDY OF HISTORICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR
PROTECTION
Abstract.
This article reviews the stages of labor protection development and analyzes of
the field in historical literature. The article is intended for the requirements of labor protection
and technical safety directions, labor protection and safety specialists, and general readers.
Key words and phrases:
"Safety. labor protection, industry, mining, dangerous and
harmful factor. Working time, rest time, International Labor Organization, International Health
Organization".
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ЭТАПОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ОХРАНЫ ТРУДА
Аннотация.
В статье представлены этапы развития охраны труда и проведен
анализ данной области в исторической литературе. Статья предназначена для
требований направлений охраны труда и технической безопасности, специалистов по
охране труда и технике безопасности, а также широкого круга читателей.
Ключевые слова и фразы:
«Безопасность. охрана труда, промышленность,
горнодобывающая промышленность, опасный и вредный фактор. Рабочее время, время
отдыха,
Международная
организация
труда,
Международная
организация
здравоохранения».
KIRISH.
Insoniyatning uzoq o‘tmish hayotiy tajribasi har qanday faoliyat potensial
xavfga ega ekanligini tasdiqlaydi. Albatta, bu tasdiq aksiomaviy xususiyatga egadir. Vaholanki,
ishlab chiqarish sharoitida xavf darajasini boshqarish hamda kamaytirish ham mumkin. Lekin
qanday holatda bo‘lmasin, absolyut xavfsizlikka erishib bo‘lmaydi.
Xavfsizlik –
ma’lum darajada xavf tug‘ilishi bartaraf etilgan faoliyat holati, уa’ni faoliyatni
amalga oshirishdagi asosiy maqsadlardan biridir [1] [2].
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
746
Mehnatni muhofaza qilish –
ishlab chiqarishdagi mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlashga
qaratilgan vositalar usullar majmuidir. Demak, insonning mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlash birinchi
navbatda uning mehnat faoliyati jarayonini va uni amalga oshirishda yuzaga keladigan xavfli
faktorlarni o‘rganishni talab etadi. Shu sababli, inson mehnat faoliyatining xavfsizligini ta’minlash
bo‘yicha tadqiqot ishlari eramizdan oldingi 384
–
322-yillarda ijod qilgan Aristotel, eramizdan
oldingi 460
–
377-yillarda yashagan Gippokrat asarlarida ham uchraydi [1] [2].
Tiklanish davrining buyuk, taniqli olimi Paratsels (1493
–
1541-y.) tog‘ ishlarini bajarishda
yuzaga keladigan xavfli faktorlarni o‘rganib chiqqan. U o‘z asarlarida: «Barcha moddalar zahardir
va bаrchа moddalar dori-darmon hamdir. Faqat bir me’yor ushbu moddani za-harga aylantirsa,
ikkinchi me’уог esa uni dori-darmonga aylantiradi», deb yozadi. Nemis olimi Agrikol (1494
–
1555-у.) o‘zning «Tog‘ ishlari haqida»
потli
asarida, shuningdek, italyan olimi Ramatstsin (1633–
1714-у.), rus olimi М. V. Lomonosov (1711–1765-у.) o‘z asarlarida mehnat muhofazasi
masalalariga katta e’tibor qaratgan [2].
XIX
asrda sanoatni intensiv rivojlanishi natijasida mehnat muhofazasi muammolari
bo‘yicha ilmiy tadqiqotlar olib borgan bir qancha olimlar yetishib chiqdi. Jumladan,
V.L.Kirpichev (1845
–
1913-у.), А.А.Bess (1857
–
1930-у.), D.Р.Nikolskiy (1855
–
1918-у.),
V.А.Levitskiy (1867
–
1936у.), А.А.Skochinslay (1874
–
1960-у.), S.1.Kaplun (1897
–
1943-у.)
shular jumlasidandir. Yuqorida ta’kidlanganidek, mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlash qadimgi
davrdan hozirgi kungacha inson faoliyatining muhim tomonlaridan biri hisoblanib kelindi. Shu
sababli «Mehnatni muhofaza qilish» mustaqil fan sifatida shakllandi va o‘z nazariyasiga, uslubiga
hamda tamoyillariga ega bo‘ldi. Shu bilan bir qatorda «Mehnatni muhofaza qilish» fani
muhandislik psixologiyasi, psixofiziologiya, mehnat fiziologiyasi, mehnat gigiyenasi,
antropometriya, ergonomika, texnikaviy estetika kabi fanlarning yutuqlariga asoslanadi. Ushbu
fanlar bir-biridan tadqiqot qilinadigan yoki o‘rganiladigan оbyektlarining turi, уa’ni «inson-
mashina», «inson-muhit», «inson-mashina muhit» tizimlari bilan farq qiladi.
Birinchi turdagi tizimlar qonuniyatlarini muhandislik psixologiyasi, psixofiziologiya,
mehnat fiziologiyasi o‘rgansa, «inson-muhit» tizimi qonuniyatlarini mehnat gigiyenasi o‘rganadi.
«Insonmashina-muhit» qonuniyatlari esa ergonomikaning asosiy tatbiq obyekti hisoblanadi.
Lekin, real ishlab chiqarish sharoitida barcha turdagi bog‘lanishlar bir vaqtda yuzaga keladi
va shu sababli inson o‘z mehnat faoliyatida bir necha omillar bilan bog‘lanadi, o‘zaro ta’sirda
bo‘ladi. Shu sababli, ishlab chiqarish sharoitidagi umumlashgan xavfli va zararli faktorlarning
inson sog‘ligi va mehnat qobiliyatiga birgalikdagi ta’sirini alohida mustaqil fan
–
«Mehnatni
muhofaza qilish» fani о‘rganadi [3].
Tadqiqot
metodlari.
Tadqiqot jarayonida ilmiy va o‘quv-uslubiy adabiyotlar tahlili,
pedagogik-tarixiy kuzatuv, umumlashtirish, metodlaridan foydalanildi.
Tadqiqot natijalari va muhokamalar.
XV – XVI asrlarda tog‘-kon metallurgiyasi
sohasining jadal rivojlanishi natijasida og‘ir mehnat sharoitlari, konchilikdagi chang natijasida
vujudga keladigan kasbiy kasalliklar to‘g‘risida ilmiy ishlar ko‘paya bordi. Bu Agrikol va
Paraselsaning ishlari hisoblanadi [1].
Antik va o‘rta asrlar buyuk olimlarning harakatlari kasbiy faoliyat bilan bog‘liq
kasalliklarning kelib chiqishini o‘rganuvchi alohida fanning vujudga kelishiga zamin yaratdi.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
747
Fanning asoschisi haqli ravishda italyan vrachi, professor, Paduan universiteti rektori
Bernardino Ramassini (1633 – 1714 y) hisoblanadi. Uning «Hunarmandlarning kasalliklari
to‘g‘risida fikrlar» deb nomlangan kitobida turli sohalardagi mehnat gigienasi masalalari tizimli
tahlil qilingan, kasblar bilan bog‘liq kasalliklarning klinik ta’rifi keltirilgan fundamental asar
hisoblanadi. Olim mazkur asarni yozish uchun 50 yildan ortiq fakt yiqqan. U feodal tuzumdan ilk
kapitalizmga o‘tish davrida hunarmandlar, manufakturalardagi ishchilarning yashash va mehnat
sharoitlarini kuzatgan [1].
Shuningdek, M. V. Lomonosov (1711 – 1765) tog‘-kon ishlarida mehnat muhofazasiga
oid, F.F. Erisman (1842 – 1915 y) mehnat gigienasi to‘g‘risida «Jismoniy va aqliy mehnat
gigienasi» nomli asarlarida mazkur masalaga atroflicha to‘xtalgan [1].
Ilmiy-texnik taraqqiyot ishlab chiqarish sohasiga keskin yangiliklarni olib kirmoqda.
Jarayonda mehnat qurollari va predmeti shakli o‘zgarib bormoqda. Bu esa, o‘z o‘rnida, mehnat
sharoitlarga ta’sir o‘tkazyapti.
Mehnatni muhofaza qilishning keyingi rivojlanish bosqichlari:
1-bosqich
– 1900 yilning boshlarida (1903) quyidagi qoidalarni o‘z ichiga olgan dastur
qabul qilinishidan boshlangan:
– 8 soatli ish kuni joriy qilish;
– haftada bir kun dam olish;
– 15 yoshgacha bo‘lgan bolalar mehnatining taqiqlanishi;
– sog‘liq uchun zararli bo‘lgan tarmoqlarda ayollar mehnatini bartaraf etish;
– bayram kunlarida dam olish;
– xodimlarga shikast yetkazilganda fabrikaning javobgarligi;
– bepul tibbiy yordam ko‘rsatish;
– kasal bo‘lganda maoshining saqlanishi.
2-bosqich
– qoidalarni amaliyotga tatbiq etish.
Mazkur bosqichga quyidagi yaqqol misollarni keltirish mumkin:
11.11.17 y.
– 8 soatli ish kuni, 48 soatli ish haftasi haqida Dekret qabul qilingan.
O‘sha vaqtning o‘zida quyidagilar o‘rnatildi:
– mehnat qilish vaqtidagi tanaffuslar;
– zararli mehnat sharoitlarida mehnat haftasining qisqartirilishi; – yer osti va ish vaqtidan
tashqari ishlarda ayollar va o‘smirlar mehnatining taqiqlanishi;
– o‘smirlar uchun 6 soatlik ish kuni joriy qilinishi.
18.05.18 y.
– Mehnat inspeksiyasi tashkil etildi (mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlash bo‘yicha).
1918 y.
Mehnat qonunlarining Kodeksi qabul qilindi (KZOT)
3-bosqich
– ishlab chiqarishdagi zararli omillar o‘rganildi va zarar ta’sirini yo‘qotish
bo‘yicha tavsiyalar qidirildi.
1929 y.
– Kasb kasalliklarini o‘rganish ilmiy tadqiqot instituti tashkil etildi.
1932 y.
– Alohida og‘ir va zararli ishlar ro‘yxati tasdiqlandi.
4-bosqich
– mehnat sharoitlarini yaxshilash bosqichi, tashkilotlarning rejalariga mehnatni
muhofaza qilish tadbirlarining kiritilishi (50-yillarning oxirlari).
5-bosqich
– Zamonaviy (hozirgi kundagi).
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
748
Olti kunlik ish haftasida har kungi ishning muddati 7 soatdan, 5 kunlik ish haftasida esa 8
soatdan etib belgilandi, ish vaqtining normal muddati haftasiga 40 soatdan osmasligi 16 dan 18
yoshgacha boʻlganlarga – haftasiga 36 soatdan; 15 dan 16 yoshgacha boʻlganlarga – haftasiga 24
soatdan oshmaydigan qilib belgilandi [1] [2] [3].
Xulosa
. Mehnatni muhofaza qilish (yoki ish xavfsizligi) ahamiyati dunyoda, kasb-
hunar sohasida va jamiyat uchun juda muhimdir. Quyidagi sabablar bilan mehnatni muhofaza
qilishning ahamiyati kuzatiladi:
1.
Hayotni muhofaza qilish: Mehnat xavfsizligi, ishchilarni har qanday xavf va zararli
holatlardan himoya qiladi. Bu, har bir kishining hayoti va sog'ligi uchun muhimdir.
2.
Ish faoliyatini o'rganish: Mehnatni muhofaza qilish tashqi yo'nalishlarni tushunish,
xavfsizlikni ta'minlash, zararlar va risklarni kamaytirishni o'rganishni o'zi bilan kelayotgan bo'ladi.
3.
Ish joylari va korxonalari uchun maqsadli: Sifatli mehnatni muhofaza qilish, ish joylari
va korxonalari uchun xavfsiz va foydali ortiqcha foydalanishni ta’minlaydi. Bu, ishlab
chiqarishning yo‘qotilmasligini va ishlar yuritilishini ta'minlaydi.
4.
O‘qitish va bilim olish: Mehnat xavfsizligi ta'limi va amaliyotlari o'qitish, xavfsiz ish
ko'rish va shaxsiy zimmasizlikni o‘rganish imkoniyatlarini beradi.
5.
Davlat siyosati: Hukumatlar uchun, xavfsizlik so'zini olishning ahamiyati bor.
Xavfsizlik va muhofaza qilish siyosatlari insonlarning sog'ligi, ekologiya va jamoatning
umumiy xavfsizligi uchun juda muhimdir.
6.
Boshqarish va tartib boshqarish: Mehnat xavfsizligi ta'mini, ish joylari va korxonalari
uchun boshqaruvchilar uchun ham muhimdir. Bu, faoliyatni boshqarishni osonlashtiradi va ishlab
chiqarishni o'rganish imkoniyatlarini ta'minlaydi.
7.
Ishlab chiqarishni o'zgartirish: Mehnat xavfsizligi ta'mini, ishlab chiqarishning
barqarorligini oshirish, zararlar va ta'sirlarni kamaytirish va ishchilarga qulay sharoitlar yaratishga
yordam beradi.
8.
Yong‘in va elektr xavfsizligi: ishlab chiqarish va inson hayotida yong‘in xavfsizligi,
elektr xavfsizligi tadbirlari, o‘qitish va qayta tayyorlash. Texnologik xavfsizlik talablarini yong‘in
va elektr xavfsizligiga moslash.[8]
Mehnatni muhofaza qilish, barcha taraflar uchun foydalidir va hamma uchun muhimdir.
Bu, sog'liging o'zi bilan keladi, ish joylari va korxonalari uchun foydalidir va jamiyatni
sog'liqni va xavfsizlikni o'zgartirishga olib keladi.
Sohani rivojlanishi fan texnikaning rivojlanishi, ishlab chiqarishga kiritilayotgan yangi
zamonaviy uskunalarining tasnifi, Xalqaro sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti, Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti,
Xolqaro kasaba uyushmasi federatsiyasi uyushmasi tavsiya va xulosalari asosida yangi taraqqiyot
bosqichiga o‘tib ulgurdi. Yuqoridagilarni inobatga olib mehnat monosabati ishtirokchilarini
zamonaviy usullarda mehnat muhofazasi va taenika xavfsiuzligiga o‘qitish va yo‘riqnomalardan
o‘tkazishning zamonaviy usullarini tatbiq etish lozim[ 5] [6] [7]. Insonning mehnat xavfsizligini
ta’minlashda ilmiy-nazariy izlanishlar asosida vujudga kelgan qonunlar, nizomlar, standartlar,
ko‘rsatmalar, qoidalar va sanitartexnik me’yorlar hamda ularni o‘rganish bo‘yicha uzluksiz ta’lim-
tarbiya tizimini vujudga keltirish, uni rivojlantirish muhim o‘rin tutadi.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
749
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