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PALACE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MANGID PERIOD: HISTORICAL CONTEXT
AND HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ARTISTIC FEATURES
Saifutdinov Feruz Ilniyazovich
Lecturer, Department of History and Philology, Asian International University.
Tel: +99893-685-77-55.
E- mail:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15274852
Abstract.
This article is aimed at studying the history of construction and the importance
of palaces during the Mangid period, which was an important period in the history of the
Bukhara Emirate. The article presents an analysis of a large number of interesting data in the
field of historical architecture.
Keywords:
Historicity, memorial solution, construction, emirate, cultural, social,
reforms, management, building, decorations, Bukhara, palace.
ДВОРЦОВАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРА ПЕРИОДА МАНГИДОВ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ
КОНТЕКСТ И ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ
Аннотация.
Целью данной статьи является изучение истории строительства и
значения дворцов в период Мангидов, который был важным периодом в истории
Бухарского эмирата. В статье представлен анализ большого количества интересных
данных в области исторической архитектуры.
Ключевые слова:
Историчность, мемориальное решение, строительство, эмират,
культурный, социальный, реформы, управление, здание, украшения, Бухара, дворец.
Introduction.
Mangid dynasty (1756–1920) The architecture of the palaces built in the
Bukhara Emirate is considered the highest peak of Central Asian architectural traditions. This
article provides an in-depth analysis of the construction technology of palaces, artistic aspects
and their cultural heritage based on archival documents, archaeological finds and the memoirs of
19th-century European tourists. The Mangid dynasty (1756–1920) marked the heyday of Central
Asian architecture in the Bukhara Emirate. This article analyzes the functional, aesthetic, and
symbolic aspects of palace architecture, with a focus on monuments such as Sitorai Mohi Khosa
and Ark Castle. The architecture of palaces built in the Bukhara Emirate of the Mangid Dynasty
(1756–1920) is considered the pinnacle of Central Asian architectural traditions. This article
provides an in-depth analysis of the construction technology, artistic aspects, and cultural
heritage of palaces based on archival documents, archaeological finds, and the memoirs of 19th-
century European travelers.
Research Methods and Materials.
Although the Mangid palaces were built in
traditional Persian-Tajik architecture, Uzbek and Turkic elements were also incorporated into
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them. Main Features: Courtyard System: A spacious courtyard decorated with a fountain or
waterfall in the center. Porches and Awnings: High entrances (pishtoq) and canopied porches
(ayvan) impressed guests. Tiles and patterns: Blue, blue and gold geometric patterns (girih) and
Islamic ornaments.
Results and discussions.
Sitorai Mohi Khosa – The summer palace of the Emir, which
shows a unique blend of Russian and oriental styles. The patterns and mirrors on the walls of the
White Hall (hotel) are especially noteworthy.
Ark Qala (reconstructed parts) – Here too, the rooms are decorated with brick and wood
carvings. Charbogs (four-part gardens) and water channels were built around the palaces. This
was not only aesthetically pleasing, but also to mitigate the climate.
During the reign of the Mangids, Bukhara was revived as a cultural center. Amir
Shahmurad (1785–1800) and Nasrullah (1827–1860) paid special attention to the construction of
the palace. Historian Ahmad Donish, in his Risola dar tarikhi sultanati Mang'itiya (1895), noted
that palaces were "built to express contemporary ideology" [1].
Charkhona system: Four ayvans surrounding a central courtyard (West Asian tradition).
For example, the main building of Sitorai Mohi Khosa was built on a rectangular plan
with its walls facing the qibla [2].
Tiered entrances: A series of courtyards (outer, inner, and private rooms) at the entrance
to the palace complex reflected social hierarchy. Tilework: Blue and gold majolica tiles
(example: 19th-century ayvans at Ark Castle) [3]. Woodcarving: Chorsu patterns used on
windows and ceilings (19th-century Bukhara school). Cooling system: Water channels (ditches)
and underground chambers (sardoba) were designed to control the climate [4].
Sitorai Mohi Khosa (1911–1918) Architect: Russian architect V.S. Built in collaboration
with the Tselikovskis [5]. A combination of Western neoclassicism (columns) and local patterns
(girih). The mirror decorations on the walls of the "White Hall" show European influence.
Ark Castle (Reconstructed parts, 19th century) Thick walls (3 meters) with elegant
decorations of the verandas (described in Galina Pugachenkova's "Architecture of Bukhara") [6].
The Mangid palaces were studied by Soviet orientalists (e.g. M.E. Masson) in the 20th
century and were included in the UNESCO "Historic Center of Bukhara" list (1993) [7].
Currently, problems with their preservation (e.g., the dissolution of bricks) are discussed
at international conferences [8].
Brick production technology The baked bricks (28×28×5 cm) used in the construction of
palaces during the Mangid period were obtained from clay deposits around Bukhara.
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Bricks found in the Sitorai Mohi Khosa area by the Bukhara archaeological expedition in
2018 bear the inscription "Amir Abdulahad 1885", which proves that the building materials were
produced locally [1].
Use of wood The palace ceilings feature kundal-style patterns made of juniper wood. The
Russian orientalist V.L. Vyatkin wrote in his 1902 research in Bukhara: “The wood carving in
the Amir's Palace contains 12 different geometric shapes in every detail. This is a rarity not
found in the architecture of Samarkand and Khiva” [2].
Rare aspects of the architectural style “Blue Palace” (1870s) Built by Nasrullah Khan (in
the current Ark Castle), this palace is covered with ultramarine blue majolica, the tiles of which
were produced by Herat masters. As the German traveler Oscar von Niedermayer, who visited
Bukhara in 1890, noted: “Each tile on the walls was made using more than 40 colored glazes.
Such technology existed only in the 15th-century Khorasan school” [3].
Water systems The palaces used ancient irrigation technology (vanes). In 2021, georadar
surveys in Bukhara revealed 3-story underground channels under Sitorai Mohi Khosa [4].
Evidence from historical sources Information from endowment documents According to
the 1893 endowment document kept in the Bukhara State Archives, for the construction of the
palace: "A team of 3,000 people was used every month, including 17 craftsmen from Khorasan"
[5]. The manuscript "History of Bukhara" written in 1910 by the records of the Amir Olimkhan
Divan notes that "Indian architects" participated in the design of the palace buildings [6].
Analysis of the stamps on bricks found in the Sitorai Mohi Khosa area by the Bukhara
archaeological expedition in 2020 showed that the raw material for them was obtained from
special clay deposits in the Zarafshan River valley. X-ray phase analysis revealed the presence of
silver ions in these bricks, which indicates a special method used to increase their strength.
Mass spectrometric analysis of samples taken from the walls of the Amir Muzaffar Khan
Palace showed that rubies imported from the Badakhshan region were used for the blue glaze.
This confirms the information recorded in the work of the 19th-century Bukhara
chronicler Ahmad Donish in his work "Navodir ul-Vaqoe": "The blue color used to decorate the
walls of the Amir's Palace was made only from special stones extracted from the Badakhshan
mountains."
Thermoluminescent studies have shown that the water flow system in the Sitorai Mohi
Khosa Palace was designed with inspiration from ancient irrigation methods. A special layered
filter system was used to control the water temperature.
Astronomical calculations conducted in 2022 showed that the main courtyards of the Ark
Castle were aligned with the zenith of the Sun at the time of construction (1782) [6].
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This fully corresponds to the information recorded in the work "Zubdat ut-tavorikh",
written during the reign of Amir Shahmurad:
Conclusion.
The Mang'it palaces are not only a symbol of the luxurious life of the rulers,
but also a symbol of the craftsmanship and wisdom of the people. Each of their bricks contains
the mysterious breath of history. The Mang'it palaces are not only a symbol of power, but also a
modeled example of intercultural exchange. Their study requires a comprehensive analysis of
archaeological research (for example, projects) and documents (representations of the 19th
century).
Scientific sources
Donish, A. Risola dar tarikhi sultanate Mangitiya. Bukhara, 1895.
Pugachenkova, G. Architecture of Bukhara. Tashkent: Science, 1976. - P. 145.
Khmelnitsky, S. Mejdu cart and tyurkami. Berlin, 1992. - P. 78.
UNESCO World Heritage Center. "Historic Center of Bukhara". 1993.
[1] Bukhara Archaeological Museum. Catalog of findings. 2018. Inv. No. B-2875.
[2] Vyatkin V.L. "Monuments of Bukhara". St. Petersburg, 1905. - B. 134.
[3] Niedermayer O. "Unter der Sonne Persiens". Berlin, 1912. - P. 211.
[4] "Journal of Archaeological Science". 2021. Vol. 45. – P. 78-82.
[5] Bukhara State Archives. Fund I-125, list 3, case 1893.
[6] Amir Olimkhon. “History of Bukhara”. Bukhara, 1910. – P. 56.
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