Том 4 № 10 (2025)

Bugungi kunda dori vositalarining, ayniqsa antibiotiklarning o‘zboshimchalik bilan qo‘llanishi jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tizimi oldida dolzarb muammo sifatida maydonga chiqmoqda. Ko‘pgina hollarda bemorlar vrach tavsiyasisiz, faqatgina tanishlar, internet yoki avvalgi tajriba asosida o‘zlariga dori yozib, o‘z holicha davolanishga harakat qiladilar. Bu holat, ayniqsa, antibiotiklar bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan holatlarda jiddiy oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin: dori moddalarga qarshilik (rezistentlik) kuchayadi, kasalliklar surunkali shaklga o‘tadi, nojo‘ya ta’sirlar ortadi va aholi orasida dorilarga ishonchsizlik paydo bo‘ladi. Mazkur maqolada dori vositalarining noto‘g‘ri va o‘zboshimcha iste’molining asosiy sabablari, ayniqsa aholining tibbiy savodxonlik darajasining pastligi, tibbiy xizmatga bo‘lgan ishonchsizlik, dorixonalardagi nazoratsiz savdo holatlari chuqur tahlil qilinadi.

Мақолада гиёҳвандлик воситалари ва психотроп моддалар билан боғлиқ жиноятларни тергов қилишда соч анализидан фойдаланиш масалалари батафсил ўрганилган. АҚШ, Буюк Британия, Германия, Нидерландия каби ривожланган давлатларнинг илғор тажрибаси таҳлили асосида, муаллиф томонидан суд-тергов амалиётида соч анализи бўйича экспертиза тайинлашни жорий этиш бўйича илмий асосланган таклифлар ишлаб чиқилган. Шунингдек, мақолада экспертларга қўйиладиган мухим саволларнинг мантиқий кетма-кетлиги ва мазмуни бўйича амалий тавсиялар берилган. Криминалистика соҳасидаги замонавий илмий тадқиқотларга таяниб, муаллиф соч анализи орқали истеъмол қилган гиёҳвандлик воситалари тўғрисида ишончли маълумот бериши ва бу усул жиноят ишларини объектив баҳолаш ҳамда тўғри квалификация қилишда муҳим аҳамият касб этишини исботлаб берган.

This article analyzes the impact of media literacy on personal development in Uzbekistan and globally. The opportunities and dangers of media, problems of attention management, cultural awareness, mental well-being and the connection with the discipline of thought are covered in a scientific approach. Based on practical observations, literary quotations and statistical evidence, it is proven that media literacy is a decisive factor in personal development.

Ушбу мақолада Ўзбекистон Республикасида жиноят содир этган вояга етмаганларни жавобгарликдан озод қилиш амалиёти тушунчаси, турлари шартлари ва жавобгарликдан озод қилиш йўллари ҳақида сўз юритилади.

В статье рассматриваются принципы и возможности внедрения игровых тренинговых технологий в практику школьного и вузовского образования. Предметом исследования является формирование и развитие словообразовательного компонента языковой компетенции личности, что предполагает обращение к некоторым важным вопросам освоения обучающимися деривационного процесса. Обсуждается проблема переведения формального лингвистического знания в режим прагматико-операционального использования    

This article analyzes the global value of the digital economy and its growth rates. The article also highlights the problems and barriers associated with the growth of the digital economy, including technological, financial, and social barriers. Additionally, it discusses the importance of collaboration between the public and private sectors, as well as the necessary measures to promote digital transformation and ensure sustainable development. The article presents comprehensive insights into the future of the digital economy and its socio-economic impacts, which are crucial for creating a sustainable and eco-friendly environment for future generations.

The article deals with the significance of using different methods in teaching reading . In the introduction part of the article is given  aim, practical significance of chosen theme. This article is devoted to general factors, problems, strategies   and specific priorities in reading.

This paper explores the incorporation processes in the United Kingdom and the United States, examining the legal frameworks, steps involved, and key differences in how companies are formed in each jurisdiction. Using a comparative approach, the study highlights the relevant laws and practical steps involved in forming companies such as private limited companies, public limited companies, corporations, and limited liability companies (LLCs). Drawing on statutes like the Companies Act 2006 (UK) and the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL), as well as case law, this paper investigates how these processes facilitate business creation, promote investor protection, and address corporate governance.

This thesis explores the principle of separate legal personality in corporate law and the limited circumstances under which courts may lift the corporate veil. Rooted in the landmark case Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897], the doctrine treats a company as a distinct legal entity, offering protection to shareholders and encouraging investment. However, this legal separation can also be misused to avoid liability or conceal wrongdoing. Using a doctrinal research approach, the study examines key legal sources including statutes, judicial decisions, and academic literature. Special focus is given to recent cases such as Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] and Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [2020], which have redefined the boundaries for veil-piercing in the UK. The findings reveal that courts remain cautious and restrict intervention to cases of legal evasion, prioritising legal certainty over broader notions of fairness.

This paper explores modern pedagogical approaches to teaching Information Security in electronic learning (e-learning) platforms. As the demand for secure digital environments continues to grow, educational institutions face the need to develop innovative, interactive, and adaptive teaching methods. The study highlights the integration of virtual labs, gamification, collaborative tools, and adaptive learning technologies in the curriculum. The effectiveness of these approaches is evaluated through both qualitative feedback and performance metrics, revealing significant improvements in student engagement and competency.

This article addresses the methodological issues encountered in teaching Information Security through distance education. The rapid shift to online learning has presented both opportunities and barriers to effective instruction in security-related disciplines. By analyzing practical experiences, existing pedagogical frameworks, and learner feedback, the study identifies major challenges such as limited interactivity, assessment integrity, and student engagement. Solutions including scenario-based learning, secure remote labs, and instructor-student communication strategies are proposed to overcome these barriers.

This study aims to improve the topic of chemistry "Styrenes" through interactive teaching methods. When the chemical properties of styrenes and the polymerization process are explained to students in the traditional way, their level of mastery of the subject may be low. Therefore, it is proposed to organize the educational process using the methods of "Brainstorming", "Role Playing", "Project Learning" and "Work in Small Groups". The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of interactive methods and showed the importance of their widespread use in the educational process.

This thesis explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in enhancing the writing skills of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. With the advancement of educational technology, AI-based platforms—such as grammar checkers, paraphrasing tools, and AI writing assistants—have become increasingly common in language classrooms. The study examines how these tools support EFL learners in improving their grammar, coherence, vocabulary, and overall writing fluency. The paper also discusses the potential benefits and limitations of AI integration in language education, focusing on Uzbek EFL contexts. By evaluating recent research and practical implementations, the thesis highlights how AI can serve as a personalized and adaptive aid in the writing process, fostering both autonomy and accuracy in learner output.

In criminal proceedings, establishing proof encompasses collecting, verifying and evaluating evidence. Various opinions and considerations continue to be expressed regarding the content and essence of the proof process [1, p.25].

This article comprehensively analyzes the process of formation of the concept of “I” in preschool children aged 6–7, its psychological and pedagogical foundations and possibilities of development based on modern methodological approaches. The article examines in detail how the components of the concept of “I” - such areas as a positive attitude towards oneself, independence, expression of one’s own opinion, and understanding of social role - are formed in pedagogical practice. The author offers effective methods for strengthening the image of “I” through game technologies, interactive communication, dramatization, visual and pictorial activities, psychological training and role-playing games based on child psychology, stages of personality development and didactic principles.

This article explores the historical development and theoretical foundations of linguistic terminology, highlighting its evolution across different civilizations and intellectual traditions. From ancient Greek and Roman thinkers to Indian, Arabic, and Western European scholars, each cultural context has significantly shaped the systematization and conceptualization of linguistic terms By analyzing these stages, the article emphasizes the importance of linguistic terms not only in theoretical linguistics but also in practical applications like education, translation, and language policy. The comprehensive approach demonstrates that the study of linguistic terminology is both a historical inquiry and a forward-looking scientific endeavor essential for modern linguistics.

This research explores the methodology of shaping an individual's spiritual maturity based on national values. The study focuses on the integration of cultural heritage, moral principles, and traditional values into the educational and upbringing processes. It highlights how national values such as patriotism, respect for elders, social responsibility, and moral integrity contribute to the spiritual development of personality. The work also presents practical methods and pedagogical-psychological approaches aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of moral education. The results of the study can be applied in educational institutions, family upbringing, and social development programs to foster spiritually mature and culturally rooted individuals.

Ushbu maqola ijtimoiy institutlarning migratsiya jarayonlariga ko'p qirrali ta'sirini o'rganib chiqadi, ularning integratsiyani osonlashtirish, qo'llab-quvvatlash va migratsiya shakllariga ta'sir qilishdagi ahamiyatini ta'kidlaydi.

This аrticle deals with psychological foundations and essence of suicidal behavior. It delves into the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects that contribute to suicidal ideation and attempts. By analyzing key theories, risk factors such as mental illness, trauma, and social isolation are discussed. The article also highlights warning signs, psychological patterns, and the role of protective factors in prevention. Special attention is given to therapeutic strategies and the importance of early intervention. Through a comprehensive review of psychological literature, the article aims to deepen the understanding of suicidal behavior and promote effective measures for reducing suicide rates.

Вояга етмаганларни ижтимоий-ҳуқуқий ёрдам кўрсатиш марказларига жойлаштириш масаласи унинг ҳуқуқий асослари, фаолият механизмлари ва жамиятдаги ўрни нуқтаи назаридан кўриб чиқилади. Бундай марказларнинг вояга етмаганларнинг ижтимоий хавфсизлигини таъминлаш, турли таҳдидлардан ҳимоя қилиш, таълим ва реабилитация соҳасида ёрдам кўрсатишдаги аҳамияти ёритилади. Марказлар фаолиятида учрайдиган муаммолар ва уларни ҳал этиш чораларига, жумладан, мутахассислар роли ҳамда давлат ташкилотлари билан ҳамкорлик масалаларига эътибор қаратилади. Шунингдек, вояга етмаганларни жамиятга мослаштириш ва уларнинг ижтимоий интеграциясини таъминлаш йўналишида марказлар самарадорлигини ошириш бўйича амалий тавсиялар келтирилади.

The Purpose Of This Scientific Article Is To Analyze The Semantic Properties Of Lexical Units That Express A Person's Emotional State, Determine Their Place In The System Of Language Units, Divide Them Into Semantic Groups, And Classify Them Based On Practical Analysis. The Topic Of This Article Is One Of The Current Issues In Linguistics. It Is Also Mentioned That Words Expressing Emotional States Are A Complex And Multifaceted Manifestation Of The Semantic Layers Of The Language, And That Words Contain Connotative, Stylistic, Associative And Cultural Meanings. Therefore, By Analyzing Them In Depth, It Is Possible To Determine Not Only The Lexical Meaning Of Linguistic Units, But Also The Emotional Content They Express.

Драма Александра Николаевича Островского «Гроза» занимает особое место в истории русской литературы XIX века. Она рассматривается как одно из самых значимых произведений эпохи, в котором остро ставятся вопросы морали, личной свободы, судьбы женщины в патриархальном обществе, а также конфликта между личностью и общественным мнением

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy jamiyatda psixologik infantilizm muammosi ko'rib chiqilgan. Maqolada psixologik infantilizmning asosiy tushunchasi, sabablari, uning turlari va shakllari aniqlangan. Shuningdek, psixologik infantilizmni tashxislash usullari va uni korreksiya qilish yo'llari tahlil qilingan. Adabiyotlar tahlili asosida psixologik infantilizmni diagnostika qilishda qo'llaniladigan standartlashtirilgan metodikalar va psixologik testlar, shuningdek terapevtik yondashuvlar va metodikalar ko'rib chiqilgan.

Mazkur maqolada “Otamdan qolgan dalalar” asarida tasvirlangan ayollar obrazini tahlil qilamiz.    

This article discusses the current state of the culture of reading, which plays a vital role in the ideological and moral education of young people in our society. It also highlights existing problems in this area and suggests ways to address them.

Uzbekistan faces a severe water crisis driven by climate change, population growth, outdated infrastructure, and transboundary water dependencies. This thesis examines the multifaceted water problem in Uzbekistan, focusing on the depletion of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, inefficient irrigation practices, and the socio-economic impacts of water scarcity. Drawing on recent literature, the analysis highlights the environmental degradation of the Aral Sea, agricultural inefficiencies, and limited access to clean drinking water, particularly in rural areas. The study critiques the effectiveness of current water management policies and proposes subjective recommendations, including the adoption of water-saving technologies, regional cooperation, and legislative reforms. By addressing these challenges, Uzbekistan can mitigate its water shortage, projected to increase fivefold by 2050, and foster sustainable development. This thesis underscores the urgency of collective action to ensure water security in an arid, landlocked nation.

Mazkur maqolada uyurma (Navye-Stoks) tenglamalarini sonli usullar yordamida yechish va bu yechimlarni amalga oshiruvchi dasturiy majmuani ishlab chiqish masalasi ko‘rib chiqiladi. Bunda differensial tenglamalar nazariyasi, sonli matematik usullar, algoritmlashtirish, hamda zamonaviy dasturlash texnologiyalari tahlil etilib, jahon adabiyotlari asosida bu masalaning dolzarbligi asoslab beriladi. Tadqiqot metodologiyasi sifatida Chekli farqlar usuli, Galerkin usuli va sonli integrallash metodlari asosida modellash va tajriba misollar bilan tekshirish ishlari olib boriladi. Yakunda ishlab chiqilgan dasturiy majmua orqali fizikaviy modellarni samarali yechish imkoni isbotlanadi.

This article explores the issues of process intesivation in shell-sulfur heat exchangers used in industrial enterprises. On the basis of the laying of existing problems, the application of ribbed structures in shell-bearing devices and its effect on the processes of productivity and heat exchange were transferred from a multi-stage Ridge laying.

Произведение А.Н. Островского «Гроза» занимает особое место в русской драматургии XIX века. Эта пьеса отражает не только социальные проблемы того времени, но и глубокие внутренние переживания героев. В данной статье рассматриваются особенности конфликта, символика образов и значение произведения для русской литературы.

Ushbu maqolada Yangi O‘zbekistonning axborot xavfsizligi siyosatining asosiy maqsadi shaxs, jamiyat va davlat manfaatlarini muvozanatlash va himoya qilishdir. Kibermakondagi maqsadlarimizga erishishda biz inson huquq va erkinliklari, davlat suvereniteti, yangicha go‘yalar tashkil etish kabi bir qator masalalar ko‘rilgan.

Psixodiagnostika bolalar serebralpalsi bo'lgan bolaning hozirgi ruhiy holatining xususiyatlarini va potentsial aqliy rivojlanish imkoniyatlarini (proksimal rivojlanish zonasi) aniqlash imkonini beradi.

Autizm spektr buzilishi (ASB) bolalarda ijtimoiy muloqot, nutq va xulq-atvor rivojida turli darajadagi cheklovlarga olib keladi. Ko‘plab autizmli bolalar og‘zaki nutq orqali fikr bildira olmaydi yoki juda cheklangan so‘z boyligiga ega bo‘ladi. Bunday holatlarda muqobil va yordamchi kommunikatsiya vositalari, jumladan PECS kartalari, juda samarali vosita bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

В статье подчеркивается важность привлекательности инвестиционной среды сегодня, основные факторы, влияющие на нее, и их специфические особенности.

Cuminum cyminum L. (zira) o‘simligi Apiaceae (selderey) oilasiga mansub dorivor va efir moyli o‘simliklardan biridir. Ushbu maqolada mazkur o‘simlikning morfologik va biologik belgilari, ekologik moslashuvchanligi, kimyoviy tarkibi va farmakologik xususiyatlari o‘rganildi. Tadqiqotlar O‘zbekistonning Buxoro va Qashqadaryo viloyatlarida yetishtirilgan namunalar asosida olib borildi. Botanik tahlillar asosida ziraning poyasi tik, murakkab soya gul to‘pgullari, mayda urug‘i va qisqa vegetatsiya davri mavjudligi aniqlangan. GC-MS usuli orqali olingan natijalarga ko‘ra, zira urug‘i efir moyining asosiy komponentlari kumin aldehidi (30–40%), gamma-terpinen (15–20%) va beta-pinene kabi birikmalardan iborat. Shu bilan birga, flavonoidlar, kumarinlar, fenolik kislotalar kabi biologik faol moddalar aniqlangan. Farmakologik jihatdan u antibakterial, antispazmodik, antiinflamator va antioksidant xususiyatlarga ega ekani bilan ajralib turadi. Mazkur xususiyatlar zirani nafaqat xalq tabobatida, balki zamonaviy farmatsevtika, oziq-ovqat sanoati va fitoterapiyada keng qo‘llash imkonini beradi. Tadqiqot natijalari zira o‘simligini iqtisodiy jihatdan foydali, ekologik barqaror va biologik aktiv vosita sifatida keng miqyosda yetishtirish va undan foydalanish istiqbollarini tasdiqlaydi.

Ushbu maqola Silybum marianum (qora silya) o'simligining xom-ashyosining fitokimyoviy tarkibini va uning mahalliy farmatsevtika sanoatidagi ahamiyatini tahlil qiladi. Maqolada, o'simlikning asosiy biofaol moddalaridan biri bo'lgan silymarin, flavonoidlar va boshqa fitokimyoviy birikmalarni aniqlash va ularning tibbiy xususiyatlari o'rganiladi. Silybum marianum ning gepatoprotektiv, yallig'lanishga qarshi va antioksidant ta'sirlari orqali farmatsevtika sanoatida qo'llanilishi ko'rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, maqolada o'simlikning mahalliy sanoatga qo'shgan hissasi, uni ishlab chiqarish jarayonida yuzaga keladigan muammolar va uning rivojlanish imkoniyatlari hamda o'simlik resurslarining barqarorligi ta'kidlanadi. Tadqiqotlar, ilmiy yondoshuvlar va amaliyotni modernizatsiya qilish orqali Silybum marianum ning farmatsevtik tarmoqdagi roli va uning salohiyatini oshirish mumkinligini ko'rsatadi.

This article examines practical strategies for translating specialized terminology across disciplines such as medicine, technology, and law. By analyzing methods including calquing, descriptive translation, borrowing, and neologisms, the study highlights how translators navigate linguistic and conceptual challenges.

 Mazkur magolada O'zbekistondagi tarixiy-madaniy obldalami asrash va ularni turizm sohosida samarali foydalanish masalalari yoritilgan. Magolada obidalarni muhofaza gilishda uchrayotgan dolzarb muammolar -moliyaviy, nuqualy va tashkiliy kamchiliklartahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, Samargand, Buxoro, Xiva kabi shaharlardagi tarixiy yodgorlikiaming turistik salohiyati hamdaularni xalqaro migyosda targ’ib etish yo'llariko'rib chiqiladi.Shu maqola O'zbekistonning boy madaniy merosidan unumli foydalanish orgali turizmni rivojlantirish, iqtisodiy o'sishga erishish va milliy qadriyatlarni asrash muhimligi tahlil qiladi.

This research explores the digital transformation of Uzbekistan’s neighborhood governance system through the implementation of the “Digital Neighbourhood” mobile application. The study focuses on identifying and analyzing the organizational, economic, and information technology solutions that enhance the transparency, efficiency, and accountability of local self-governance institutions. The research presents an innovative approach to integrating ICT tools into traditional community structures by proposing a digital model that enables real-time communication between citizens and local authorities, automated service delivery, and data-driven decision-making. Based on a multi-disciplinary methodology, the project outlines technical architecture, economic feasibility, and institutional frameworks necessary for sustainable deployment of the platform. The outcomes of this study contribute to the broader digital government agenda in Uzbekistan and aim to foster inclusive governance by bridging the digital divide at the grassroots level.

Ushbu maqola Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlaridagi dialektlarning tarixiy rivojlanishi, tasniflash mezonlari va zamonaviy tendensiyalarini keng yoritadi. Dialektlarning shakllanishi mustamlakachilik davridan boshlanib, migratsiya oqimlari, etnik xilma-xillik, urbanizatsiya va globalizatsiya kabi omillar ta’sirida rivojlangan. Maqola geografik, etnik va ijtimoiy mezonlarga asoslangan tasniflarni tahlil qiladi, shuningdek, fonetik, leksik va grammatik xususiyatlarni o‘rganadi. Zamonaviy tilshunoslikda sun’iy intellekt va katta ma’lumotlar tahlili kabi yangi yondashuvlar dialektlarning kelajakdagi yo‘nalishlarini bashorat qilishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Maqola Amerika jamiyatining madaniy va ijtimoiy dinamikasini tushunishda dialektlarning rolini ta’kidlaydi.

This article looks at how William Shakespeare and the Bible, especially the King James Version, have influenced the English language. It focuses on common phrases and expressions that came from these sources and are still used today. The article explains how these sayings moved from literature and religion into everyday conversation, and why they have stayed popular for so long. It also shows how these old texts continue to shape the way people speak and think in English.