Taxonomy and bioecology of Hemiptera
Diaspididae in fruit and landscape trees
Jurabek
Yakhyoev
1,*
,
Khojimurod
Kimsanbayev
2
,
Bakojon
Murodov
2
, and
Zukhra
Akmedova
1
1
Institute of Zoology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Bogishamol str., 232b, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2
Tashkent State Agrarian University, University str., 2, Tashkent province, Uzbekistan, 100140
Abstract.
Scales damage many plants such as apples, pears, plums,
quinces, peaches, almonds, hawthorn, pine, poplar and other orchards and
ornamental trees. According to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of
scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province in
Uzbekistan, the number of generations in the family
Diaspididae
in the
fauna is 18 (
Diaspidiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis,
Salicicola, Parlatoria, Lepidosapis, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes,
Lepidosaphes Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus,
and
Pseudaulacaspis
), and the
number of species was 30.
Diaspidiotus
(8 species, 26.6%) and
Lepidosaphes
(4 species, 13.3%) predominate in the distribution of species,
while
Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis, Salicicola,
Parlatoria, Leucaspis, Aulacaspis, Aonidia,
and
Chon
. The number of
species of the genus
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
is monotypic, the representatives of the genus
Parlatoria
and
Chionaspis
have 2 species and account for 13.3% of the total fauna.
Aonidia, Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
genus have 1 species, accounting for 46.7% of the total
fauna.
1 Introduction
Today, the cultivation and supply of fruits and vegetables to the population is one of the
most important priorities of agriculture in the world [1, 12]. At the same time, the fact that
the negative impact of pests and diseases on crops increases to 35-40%, indicates the need
to further improve the system of combating them. In particular, scales, which are serious
pests of fruit and ornamental plants, cost the agricultural and horticultural sector $ 5 billion
a year [2, 16]. Accordingly, the identification of harmful diaspid species in fruit and
ornamental trees, the development of measures to combat them is of great scientific and
practical importance [2].
In the world today, special attention is paid to diaspidological research, the study of the
faunal composition of different regions by modern methods, the study of their origin on the
basis of the evolution of scales. Work has been developed on the faunistic composition,
biology, ecology, taxonomic composition, trophic relationships and phylogeny of
*
Corresponding author:
jurabek.yakhyoyev@yandex.com
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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EMMFT-2020
diaspidofauna of ecological zones in different regions [3, 10, 14]. It should be noted that
research is needed to identify the fauna of scales in fruit and ornamental plants, their
morpho-ecological properties, biological characteristics of some common species,
adaptation to living in food plants and the use of integrated control methods [4, 7]. In this
regard, further development of scientific research, including the identification of species
diversity of scales, assessment of the impact of pests on trees and shrubs, the study of the
distribution, biology and ecological characteristics of the most serious species, is of great
scientific and practical importance[4, 13-15].
In Uzbekistan, along with various sectors of agriculture, great attention is paid to the
full satisfaction of the needs of the population in fruit and vegetable products through the
development of horticulture on the basis of state programs. In this regard, in particular, new
intensive gardens have been established and a number of measures have been taken to
increase productivity [5-7]. The Action Strategy for the further development of the
Republic of Uzbekistan sets tasks to further strengthen the country's food security, expand
the production of environmentally friendly products, and significantly increase the export
potential of the agricultural sector. In carrying out these tasks, scientific and practical
research aimed at identifying the fauna of scales and their seasonal dynamics, including the
improvement of coordinated protection measures against them, plays an important role [6-
8].
Today, the world's leading countries pay special attention to the study of the bioecology
of orchard pests, which play an important role in the sustainable development of the
agricultural complex and food security. Here, especially in the orchards of Uzbekistan,
California scale (
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Comst) pests for almost all species and
widespread fruit trees are mainly apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, cherries, apricots,
as well as black currants, hawthorn, rose, willow, flowers, red-fruited shrubs cause serious
damage to plants (Figure 1) [9, 10, 16].
Fig. 1.
Damaged apple fruit and stem by
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Comst.
EPPO code on the basis of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection
Organization of California scale, European and International Plant Protection Organization
(EPPO/EOKZR): Registered under QUADPE,
Aonidiella perniciosa, Aspidiotus
perniciosus, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
, and
Comstockaspis
perniciosa
has been learned and studied by scientists [6-9].
2 Materials and methods
The research was conducted in Tashkent province, Institute of Zoology of the Academy
of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Laboratory of Entomophagous Ecology and
Theoretical Foundations of Biosteres, Department of Plant Protection of Tashkent State
2
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diaspidofauna of ecological zones in different regions [3, 10, 14]. It should be noted that
research is needed to identify the fauna of scales in fruit and ornamental plants, their
morpho-ecological properties, biological characteristics of some common species,
adaptation to living in food plants and the use of integrated control methods [4, 7]. In this
regard, further development of scientific research, including the identification of species
diversity of scales, assessment of the impact of pests on trees and shrubs, the study of the
distribution, biology and ecological characteristics of the most serious species, is of great
scientific and practical importance[4, 13-15].
In Uzbekistan, along with various sectors of agriculture, great attention is paid to the
full satisfaction of the needs of the population in fruit and vegetable products through the
development of horticulture on the basis of state programs. In this regard, in particular, new
intensive gardens have been established and a number of measures have been taken to
increase productivity [5-7]. The Action Strategy for the further development of the
Republic of Uzbekistan sets tasks to further strengthen the country's food security, expand
the production of environmentally friendly products, and significantly increase the export
potential of the agricultural sector. In carrying out these tasks, scientific and practical
research aimed at identifying the fauna of scales and their seasonal dynamics, including the
improvement of coordinated protection measures against them, plays an important role [6-
8].
Today, the world's leading countries pay special attention to the study of the bioecology
of orchard pests, which play an important role in the sustainable development of the
agricultural complex and food security. Here, especially in the orchards of Uzbekistan,
California scale (
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Comst) pests for almost all species and
widespread fruit trees are mainly apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, cherries, apricots,
as well as black currants, hawthorn, rose, willow, flowers, red-fruited shrubs cause serious
damage to plants (Figure 1) [9, 10, 16].
Fig. 1.
Damaged apple fruit and stem by
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Comst.
EPPO code on the basis of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection
Organization of California scale, European and International Plant Protection Organization
(EPPO/EOKZR): Registered under QUADPE,
Aonidiella perniciosa, Aspidiotus
perniciosus, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
, and
Comstockaspis
perniciosa
has been learned and studied by scientists [6-9].
2 Materials and methods
The research was conducted in Tashkent province, Institute of Zoology of the Academy
of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Laboratory of Entomophagous Ecology and
Theoretical Foundations of Biosteres, Department of Plant Protection of Tashkent State
Agrarian University and the State Inspectorate for Plant Quarantine under the Cabinet of
Ministers.
Samples of scales belonging to 18 genera in the
Diaspididae
family were collected from
different developmental stages of the total identified species. Specimens of these insects in
the offspring are as follows:
Diaspidiotus
(8),
Diaspis
(1),
Dynaspidiotus
(1),
Unaspis
(1),
Shansiaspis
(1),
Salicicola
(1),
Parlatoria
(2),
Lepidosaphes
(4),
Leucaspis
(1),
Aulacaspis
(1),
Aonidia
(2),
Chlidaspis
(1),
Prodiaspis
(1),
Mercetaspis
(1),
Carulaspis
(1),
Rhizaspidiotus
(1), and
Pseudaulacaspis
(1).
Some of these materials are stored in the collection of the Department of Entomology of
the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The
main materials were collected from different biotopes of Tashkent province in 2018-2020.
The study of scales was carried out during individual and complex faunal expeditions.
More fruit and ornamental trees in the study include:
Salix alba L, Salix nigra Mar, Salix
babylonica L, Euonymus japonica Thunb, Ficus benjamina L, Rosa canina L, Cydonia
oblonga Mill, Malus domestica Borkh, Pistacia vera L,
and
Pistacia mutica L,
and in
identifying scales distributed in varieties such as
Prunus domestica L
, the lower, middle,
and upper tiers of the plant were examined to determine which scales are currently
overwintering and at which stage of development in the food plant. Collection and storage
of accumulated scales was carried out on the basis of the methodology by NS Borxsenius
[6, 12]. The materials of the collection were stored in separate boxes; the specimens on the
leaves were kept in a herbarium, while the scales were cut from 10-15 cm long branches of
the forage plant.
The study of the biological properties of scales began in the spring and was
systematically monitored at weekly intervals. Observations were performed using the
bioassay method (once a day) on selected model trees based on the order of scales in the
plant div, branches and twigs, as well as the order of scales in fruits and leaves. In
addition, when taking samples from scales, an attempt was made to take the trees on the
circular sides of parts of the same height from the ground. Variation in the number of scales
in the module trees, the life processes of laying eggs, the emergence of larvae, the
emergence of males were also studied.
In the laboratory, samples taken from the twigs of forage plants in nature were placed in
beakers of water. In addition to the vital processes in the branches, it is possible to observe
the duration of the vital processes of scales. We have seen that the life of twigs stored in
water containers can last a month or two. Naturally, during these months there will be an
opportunity to study the biological properties of scales in the branches. This was done by
photographing the egg laying of scales under natural conditions and counting the eggs laid.
The fertility of the females located on the branch was determined as follows. As the scale of
the scales on the rod was raised, the number of eggs laid under the scale was counted using
magnifiers. The fertility of scales was determined and processed in the laboratory using a
stereoscope binocular, and statistical and zoogeographic analysis was performed. The
morphological and classification characteristics of scales have been studied on the basis of
a number of identifiers and scientific sources relevant to the field.
The study of the biological properties of scales took into account, first of all, the period
of their wintering, the emergence of larvae from eggs in spring, the gradual transition of
larvae from the first to the second year, skin shedding, young females or males. In addition,
larvae of male insects were isolated and stored in test tubes, and the time of emergence of
males in the laboratory was determined. Also, under MBS-9 binoculars, the processes of
female egg laying and larval emergence from eggs were constantly monitored. The
development of scales found in selected and selected tree trunks was monitored on a regular
basis (Tashkent province and Tashkent city).
3
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Samples from plants infested with scales were cut, labeled, and studied in the
laboratory. Samples taken during the field observations were numbered and recorded in a
notebook. During sampling from different ecological zones, 10 control plants were selected
from all four sides of the area, and 10 samples were taken from them. The trees under
control were conditionally divided into three tiers, and the placement of scales along the
tiers was determined. The control focused on the number of tufts, the age and composition
of the populations. The length of the horns taken from the samples was 10 cm. Some of the
samples (bark, twigs, leaves, and fruits) were cut and placed in a special box lined with
cotton wool, and some were soaked in 70% alcohol and fixed in the laboratory to study the
species composition.
Morphological characteristics and morphometric dimensions of scales were monitored
in the laboratory under a magnifying glass and MBS-9 binocular microscope. In the process
of collecting material, the age of the offspring of scale individuals was also clarified. The
research was conducted in an artificially organized environment as well as in natural
conditions. In the laboratory, studies of the embryonic development of scales have been
conducted on species that have been artificially adapted to live in individual plants.
Permanent field observations on biological and ecological properties of scales were
conducted in Tashkent province and Tashkent, and practical laboratory observations were
conducted at the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan,
Laboratory of Entomophagous Ecology and the Department of Plant Protection of Tashkent
State Agrarian University.
3 Results and discussion
The fauna and taxonomic analysis of scales found in fruit and ornamental trees of
Tashkent province were studied. The following are the results of taxonomic analysis of
scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province (Table 1).
Table 1.
Taxonomic list of scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province
#
Group
Hemiptera
Family
Diaspididae
Latin name
English name
Synonym
Generation
Diaspidiotus
1 1
Diaspidiotus
perniciosus
(Comstock, 1881)
California scale
Quadraspidiotus
perniciosus
2 2
Diaspidiotus
elaeagni
(Borchsenius, 1939)
Armoured scale
Aspidiotus elaeagni
3 3
Diaspidiotus
salicis
(Lupo, 1953)
Poplar scale
Quadraspidiotus salicis
4 4
Diaspidiotus
transcaspiensis
(Marlatt, 1908)
Caspian scale
Hendaspidiotus
transcaspiensis
5 5
Diaspidiotus
slavonicus
(Green, 1934)
Poplar bubble scale
Targionia slavonica
6 6
Diaspidiotus
prunorum
(Laing, 1931)
Turon scale
Diaspidiotus prunorum
7 7
Diaspidiotus turanicus
(Borchsenius, 1935)
Willow scale
Aspidiotus turanicus
8 8
Diaspidiotus
Legume scale
Aspidiotus leguminosum
4
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Samples from plants infested with scales were cut, labeled, and studied in the
laboratory. Samples taken during the field observations were numbered and recorded in a
notebook. During sampling from different ecological zones, 10 control plants were selected
from all four sides of the area, and 10 samples were taken from them. The trees under
control were conditionally divided into three tiers, and the placement of scales along the
tiers was determined. The control focused on the number of tufts, the age and composition
of the populations. The length of the horns taken from the samples was 10 cm. Some of the
samples (bark, twigs, leaves, and fruits) were cut and placed in a special box lined with
cotton wool, and some were soaked in 70% alcohol and fixed in the laboratory to study the
species composition.
Morphological characteristics and morphometric dimensions of scales were monitored
in the laboratory under a magnifying glass and MBS-9 binocular microscope. In the process
of collecting material, the age of the offspring of scale individuals was also clarified. The
research was conducted in an artificially organized environment as well as in natural
conditions. In the laboratory, studies of the embryonic development of scales have been
conducted on species that have been artificially adapted to live in individual plants.
Permanent field observations on biological and ecological properties of scales were
conducted in Tashkent province and Tashkent, and practical laboratory observations were
conducted at the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan,
Laboratory of Entomophagous Ecology and the Department of Plant Protection of Tashkent
State Agrarian University.
3 Results and discussion
The fauna and taxonomic analysis of scales found in fruit and ornamental trees of
Tashkent province were studied. The following are the results of taxonomic analysis of
scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province (Table 1).
Table 1.
Taxonomic list of scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province
#
Group
Hemiptera
Family
Diaspididae
Latin name
English name
Synonym
Generation
Diaspidiotus
1 1
Diaspidiotus
perniciosus
(Comstock, 1881)
California scale
Quadraspidiotus
perniciosus
2 2
Diaspidiotus
elaeagni
(Borchsenius, 1939)
Armoured scale
Aspidiotus elaeagni
3 3
Diaspidiotus
salicis
(Lupo, 1953)
Poplar scale
Quadraspidiotus salicis
4 4
Diaspidiotus
transcaspiensis
(Marlatt, 1908)
Caspian scale
Hendaspidiotus
transcaspiensis
5 5
Diaspidiotus
slavonicus
(Green, 1934)
Poplar bubble scale
Targionia slavonica
6 6
Diaspidiotus
prunorum
(Laing, 1931)
Turon scale
Diaspidiotus prunorum
7 7
Diaspidiotus turanicus
(Borchsenius, 1935)
Willow scale
Aspidiotus turanicus
8 8
Diaspidiotus
Legume scale
Aspidiotus leguminosum
leguminosum
(Archangelskaya,
1937)
Generation
Diaspis
9 1
Diaspis bromeliae
(Kerner, 1778)
Pineapple scale
Coccus bromeliae
Generation
Dynaspidiotus
10 1
Dynaspidiotus
ephedrarum
(Lindinger, 1912)
Ephedrium scale
Aspidiotus ephedrarum
Generation
Unaspis
11 1
Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock, 1881)
Euonymus scale
Unaspis evonymi
Generation
Shansiaspis
12 1
Shansiaspis ovalis
(Chen, 1983)
Tamarix scale
Chionaspis engeddensis
Generation
Salicicola
13 1
Salicicola
archangelskyae
(Lindinger, 1929)
Pear scale
Leucaspis
archangelskyae
Generation
Parlatoria
14 1
Parlatoria oleae
(Colvée, 1880)
Purple scale
Diaspis oleae
15 2
Parlatoria ephedrae
(Lindinger, 1911)
Ephedrium pear-shaped
scale
Parlatorea ephedrae
Generation
Lepidosaphes
16 1
Lepidosaphes turanica
(Archangelskaya,
1937)
Mealybug
Mytilaspis turanica
17 2
Lepidosaphes juniperi
(Lindinger, 1912)
Juniper mealybug
Insulaspis juniperi
18 3
Lepidosaphes ulmi
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Apple mealybug
Coccus ulmi
19 4
Lepidosaphes
pistaciae
(Archangelskaya,
1930)
Pistachio mealybug
Pistaciaspis pistaciae
Generation
Leucaspis
20 1
Leucaspis gigas
(Maskell, 1879)
Giant armoured scale
Diaspis gigas
Generation
Aulacaspis
21 1
Aulacaspis rosarum
(Borchsenius, 1958)
Rose scale
Aulacaspis thoracica
Generation
Aonidia
22 1
Aonidia isfarensis
(Borchsenius, 1962)
Isphara scale
Cupressaspis isfarensis
Generation
Chionaspis
23 1
Chionaspis salicis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Willow bubble scale
Coccus salicis
24 2
Chionaspis etrusca
(Leonardi, 1908)
Tamarix scale
Chionaspis engeddensis
Generation
Chlidaspis
25 1
Chlidaspis asiatica
(Archangelskaya,
1930)
Central Asian plum scale
Chionaspis asiatica
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Generation
Prodiaspis
26 1
Prodiaspis
tamaricicola
(Malenotti, 1916)
White tamarix scale
Adiscodiaspis
tamaricicola
Generation
Mercetaspis
27 1
Mercetaspis halli
(Green, 1923)
Hall scale
Nilotaspis halli
Generation
Carulaspis
28 1
Carulaspis juniper
(Bouché, 1851)
Juniper pest
Diaspis juniperi
Generation
Rhizaspidiotus
29 1
Rhizaspidiotus
canariensis
(Lindinger, 1911)
Canary grass scale
Aspidiotus canariensis
Generation
Pseudaulacaspis
30 1
Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona
(Targioni Tozzetti,
1886)
Plum scale
Diaspis pentagona
As can be seen from the table, according to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of
scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province, the number of generations
in the family
Diaspididae
in the fauna is 18 (
Diaspidiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus,
Unaspis, Shansiasipis, Saliciaspis, Salicicala, Parlator, Parlator Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis,
Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus
and
Pseudaulacaspis
), and the number of species is 30.
The distribution of scales in the fauna by families was studied.
Diaspidiotus
(8 species,
26.6%) and
Lepidosaphes
(4 species, 13.3%) predominate in the distribution of species,
while
Diaspis
,
Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Leucaspis,
Aulacaspis, Aonidia, Chon.
It can be seen that the number of species of the genus
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
is of a monotypic
nature (Table 2).
Table 2.
Generation and species ratio of scales of Tashkent province
#
Generations
Number of species in the fauna and their
ratio (%)
1
Diaspidiotus
8 (26.6%)
2
Diaspis
1 (33.3%)
3
Dynaspidiotus
1 (33.3%)
4
Unaspis
1 (33.3%)
5
Shansiaspis
1 (33.3%)
6
Salicicola
1 (33.3%)
7
Parlatoria
2 (6.67%)
8
Lepidosaphes
4 (13.3%)
9
Leucaspis
1 (33.3%)
10
Aulacaspis
1 (33.3%)
11
Aonidia
1 (33.3%)
12
Chionaspis
2 (6.67%)
13
Chlidaspis
1 (33.3%)
14
Prodiaspis
1 (33.3%)
15
Mercetaspis
1 (33.3%)
16
Carulaspis
1 (33.3%)
17
Rhizaspidiotus
1 (33.3%)
18
Pseudaulacaspis
1 (33.3%)
Total
30 (100,0%)
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Generation
Prodiaspis
26 1
Prodiaspis
tamaricicola
(Malenotti, 1916)
White tamarix scale
Adiscodiaspis
tamaricicola
Generation
Mercetaspis
27 1
Mercetaspis halli
(Green, 1923)
Hall scale
Nilotaspis halli
Generation
Carulaspis
28 1
Carulaspis juniper
(Bouché, 1851)
Juniper pest
Diaspis juniperi
Generation
Rhizaspidiotus
29 1
Rhizaspidiotus
canariensis
(Lindinger, 1911)
Canary grass scale
Aspidiotus canariensis
Generation
Pseudaulacaspis
30 1
Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona
(Targioni Tozzetti,
1886)
Plum scale
Diaspis pentagona
As can be seen from the table, according to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of
scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province, the number of generations
in the family
Diaspididae
in the fauna is 18 (
Diaspidiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus,
Unaspis, Shansiasipis, Saliciaspis, Salicicala, Parlator, Parlator Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis,
Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus
and
Pseudaulacaspis
), and the number of species is 30.
The distribution of scales in the fauna by families was studied.
Diaspidiotus
(8 species,
26.6%) and
Lepidosaphes
(4 species, 13.3%) predominate in the distribution of species,
while
Diaspis
,
Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Leucaspis,
Aulacaspis, Aonidia, Chon.
It can be seen that the number of species of the genus
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
is of a monotypic
nature (Table 2).
Table 2.
Generation and species ratio of scales of Tashkent province
#
Generations
Number of species in the fauna and their
ratio (%)
1
Diaspidiotus
8 (26.6%)
2
Diaspis
1 (33.3%)
3
Dynaspidiotus
1 (33.3%)
4
Unaspis
1 (33.3%)
5
Shansiaspis
1 (33.3%)
6
Salicicola
1 (33.3%)
7
Parlatoria
2 (6.67%)
8
Lepidosaphes
4 (13.3%)
9
Leucaspis
1 (33.3%)
10
Aulacaspis
1 (33.3%)
11
Aonidia
1 (33.3%)
12
Chionaspis
2 (6.67%)
13
Chlidaspis
1 (33.3%)
14
Prodiaspis
1 (33.3%)
15
Mercetaspis
1 (33.3%)
16
Carulaspis
1 (33.3%)
17
Rhizaspidiotus
1 (33.3%)
18
Pseudaulacaspis
1 (33.3%)
Total
30 (100,0%)
Parlatoria
and
Chionaspis
genus has 2 species, accounting for 13.3% of the total fauna,
while the remaining genera, namely
Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis,
Salicicola, Leucaspis, Aulacaspis, Aonidia, Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Rdiaspis,
and
Merc
representatives of the genus had 1 species, accounting for 46.7% of the total fauna.
Among the identified species,
Diaspidiotus transcaspiensis
(Marlatt, 1908),
Diaspis
bromeliae
(Kerner, 1778),
Dynaspidiotus ephedrarum
(Lindinger, 1912), and
Parlatoria
ephedrae
(Lindinger, 1911) were recorded for the first time for the diaspidofauna of
Tashkent province.
During the observations in 2018-2020, the species of scales on fruit trees in Tashkent
province were identified, including very dangerous species. These include the California
scale (
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Comst), the purple scale (
Parlatoria oleae
Colvee), the
apple scale (
Lepidosaphes ulmi
Lin), the plum scale (
Tecaspis asiatica
Arch), and the rose
scale (
Aulacaspis rosae
Bouche) were studied.
In apple orchards, purple scale and California scale have the highest level of damage to
various shrubs, i.e. 34.4% purple scale, 30.2% California scale, 11.4% plum scale, 10.9%
apple comma scale, 8.9% rose scale, while the remaining species accounted for 6.9%
(Figure 2).
Fig. 2.
Level of damage of apple trees in apple orchards (Tashkent province, 2018-2020)
Infestation of fruit trees with California scale (
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Comst) affected
pears and apples by 12.8%, plums and apricots by 10.1%, cherries and quinces by 10.9%,
peaches by 9.7%, and cherries by a minimum of 8.6% (Figure 3).
Fig. 3.
Infestation of fruit trees with California scale (Tashkent province, 2018-2020).
7
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244
, 02039 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402039
EMMFT-2020
4 Conclusion
According to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of scales found in fruit and
ornamental plants of Tashkent province, the number of generations in the family
Diaspididae in the fauna is 18 (
Diaspidseiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis,
Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Lepidosapis, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes,
Lepidosaphes Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus,
and
Pseudaulacaspis
), and the number of species
was 30.
The number of species of the genus
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
is monotypic, the representatives of the genus
Parlatoria
and
Chionaspis
have 2 species and account for 13.3% of the total fauna, while
Aonidia,
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
genus have 1 species,
accounting for 46.7% of the total fauna.
Among the identified species,
Diaspidseiotus transcaspiensis
(Marlatt, 1908),
Diaspis
bromeliae
(Kerner, 1778),
Dynaspidiotus ephedrarum
(Lindinger, 1912),
Parlatoria
ephedrae
(Lindinger, 1911) were recorded for the first time for the scaleofauna of Tashkent
province.
In apple orchards, the purple scale and California scale accounted for 34.4% of the total
scale damage rate. California scale infestation of fruit trees affected 12.8% of pears and
apples, 10.1% of plums and apricots, 10.9% of cherries and quinces, 9.7% of peaches, and
at least 8.6% of cherries.
References
1.
M. M. Harsur, S. Joshi, R. K. Pal, Oriental Insects
53
(1), 104-111 (2019)
2.
M. Moghaddam, G. W. Watson, Zootaxa
4907
(1), 1-276 (2021)
3.
N. Z.
Elekcioğlu, M. Ölçülü, Bitki Koruma Bülteni
58
(3), 131-139 (2018)
4.
D. Ofgaa, G. Emana, K. G. Ruth, African Journal of Agricultural Research
13
(31),
1598-1605 (2018)
5.
J. Wei, Q. Zhao, W. Zhao, H. Zhang, PeerJ
6
, e4832 (2018)
6.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, O. Sulaymonov, J. Yakhyoev, Agro-
ecological aspects of sustainable development, 91-93 (2019)
7.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, A. Anorbaev, J. Yakhyoev, Actual
problems of modern science
4
(107), 176-178 (2019)
8.
B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, J. Yakhyoev, Euroasian union of scientists
5
(74), 39-40
(2020)
9.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, O. Sulaymonov, J. Yakhyoev, International
Journal of Research
6
, 142-148 (2019)
10.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, J. Yakhyoev, Journal o
f Аgro Processing,
104-112 (2020)
11.
J. Yakhyoyev, KH. Kimsanbayev, B. Murodov, B. Sulaymonov, The American Journal
of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering, 124-131 (2020)
12.
P. Amouroux, D. Crochard, J. F. Germain, M. Correa, J. Ampuero, G. Groussier, T.
Zaviezo, Scientific reports
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(1), 1-12 (2017)
8
E3S Web of Conferences
244
, 02039 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402039
EMMFT-2020
4 Conclusion
According to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of scales found in fruit and
ornamental plants of Tashkent province, the number of generations in the family
Diaspididae in the fauna is 18 (
Diaspidseiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis,
Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Lepidosapis, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes,
Lepidosaphes Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus,
and
Pseudaulacaspis
), and the number of species
was 30.
The number of species of the genus
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
is monotypic, the representatives of the genus
Parlatoria
and
Chionaspis
have 2 species and account for 13.3% of the total fauna, while
Aonidia,
Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis
and
Rhizaspidiotus
genus have 1 species,
accounting for 46.7% of the total fauna.
Among the identified species,
Diaspidseiotus transcaspiensis
(Marlatt, 1908),
Diaspis
bromeliae
(Kerner, 1778),
Dynaspidiotus ephedrarum
(Lindinger, 1912),
Parlatoria
ephedrae
(Lindinger, 1911) were recorded for the first time for the scaleofauna of Tashkent
province.
In apple orchards, the purple scale and California scale accounted for 34.4% of the total
scale damage rate. California scale infestation of fruit trees affected 12.8% of pears and
apples, 10.1% of plums and apricots, 10.9% of cherries and quinces, 9.7% of peaches, and
at least 8.6% of cherries.
References
1.
M. M. Harsur, S. Joshi, R. K. Pal, Oriental Insects
53
(1), 104-111 (2019)
2.
M. Moghaddam, G. W. Watson, Zootaxa
4907
(1), 1-276 (2021)
3.
N. Z.
Elekcioğlu, M. Ölçülü, Bitki Koruma Bülteni
58
(3), 131-139 (2018)
4.
D. Ofgaa, G. Emana, K. G. Ruth, African Journal of Agricultural Research
13
(31),
1598-1605 (2018)
5.
J. Wei, Q. Zhao, W. Zhao, H. Zhang, PeerJ
6
, e4832 (2018)
6.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, O. Sulaymonov, J. Yakhyoev, Agro-
ecological aspects of sustainable development, 91-93 (2019)
7.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, A. Anorbaev, J. Yakhyoev, Actual
problems of modern science
4
(107), 176-178 (2019)
8.
B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, J. Yakhyoev, Euroasian union of scientists
5
(74), 39-40
(2020)
9.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, O. Sulaymonov, J. Yakhyoev, International
Journal of Research
6
, 142-148 (2019)
10.
KH. Kimsanbaev, B. Murodov, U. Ortikov, J. Yakhyoev, Journal o
f Аgro Processing,
104-112 (2020)
11.
J. Yakhyoyev, KH. Kimsanbayev, B. Murodov, B. Sulaymonov, The American Journal
of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering, 124-131 (2020)
12.
P. Amouroux, D. Crochard, J. F. Germain, M. Correa, J. Ampuero, G. Groussier, T.
Zaviezo, Scientific reports
7
(1), 1-12 (2017)
13.
K.
Erözmen, B. Yașar, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
22
(1), 172-181 (2018)
14.
M. Moghaddam, M. Abdollahipour, Y. Fathipour, In: Polyphagous Pests of Crops,
273-309 (2021)
15.
T. M. Milek, M.
Šimala, M. Bjeliš, M. Pintar, V. Markotić, Updated check list of scale
insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on olive trees in Croatia with special regard on Black
araucaria scale-Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell 1891)
121
, 91-97 (2017)
16.
J. Yakhyoyev, KH. Kimsanbayev, The American Journal of Agriculture and
Biomedical Engineering, 104-112 (2020)
9
E3S Web of Conferences
244
, 02039 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402039
EMMFT-2020
