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УДК 316
TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN
ETHNOSOTIAL PROCESSES
Sodirjonov Muxriddin Mahamadaminovich
PhD Student
Namangan State University
Аннотация:
В статье представлен социологический анализ процессов развития социального капитала
с некоторыми комментариями исследователя, направленными на развитие компонентов социального
капитала на основе его предыдущих исследований.
Ключевые слова:
интеграция, глобализация, нация, семья, менталитет, идентичность, социальный
характер, социальные стереотипы, капитал.
ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО КАПИТАЛА В ЭТНОСОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЦЕССАХ
Содирджонов Мухриддин Махамадаминович
Abstract:
This article provides a sociological analysis of the processes of social capital development, with some
comments by the researcher on the development of the components of social capital based on previous research.
Keywords:
integration, globalization, nation, family, mentality, identity, social character, social stereotypes,
capital.
If any opportunity is not focused on adapting to needs in the form of capital, then there will be a need for
potential. It can therefore be argued that human activity adapts all components to itself. Human capital includes
a number of components of socio-biological integrity and directs it to society. These include: demographic,
health, education, labor, cultural, civic, spiritual-ethical, information ownership, and the like. Each of the
identified components corresponds to the types of socially necessary activities and functional imperatives as
capital. For example, the demographic component defines the forms of social capital for new generations, the
health component organizes activities aimed at restoring the physical and mental health of society, educational
capital includes knowledge and experience, and labor in the production of goods and services.
In the process of the occurrence of social capital, the weakening, loss of connections between individual
systems of needs, abilities, and interactions can lead to the deformation of human potential, i.e., decline.
Strengthening the systems that enable capital, keeping them in a stable condition, serves to enrich the
process described. In the process of description, it can be admitted that any capital moves when it consists of
specific components. The network components of any society and its subsystems can develop only if they are
firmly linked to the economic factor, and economic development determines the socio-biological environment.
Improving the living conditions of the population, along with improving the quality of life, will be the basis
for the development of social capital in the country. "Social capital" is one of the most widely used concepts in
the economic literature. Because social capital plays an important role in the social development of the state.
In the scientific literature, the term "Social Capital" was coined by L.D. Hanifan [1. c.130-138] was first
interpreted in 1916 as a form of social relations in small rural communities. By 1980, the French political scien-
tist P. Burche [2.] Created the scientific theoretical basis for the political and sociological interpretation of the
term "social capital". Also, American scholars such as political scientist J. Kaulman (1990), sociologist A.
Portes (1986), R. Patnem (2000) have studied the phenomenon of social capital, the sources of its formation
and development.
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Definitions of the concept of "social capital" in the literature focus on ethical norms, trust and effective co-
operation as factors of prosperity and development. It should be noted that trust is a common feature of any
social capital. Trust is a basic and necessary condition of social capital. Accumulated social capital is also used
to determine the place and social status of the individual in society. In modern society, the stratification system
is not only measured by economic factors, but also by social factors. In particular, the German philosopher N.
Luman argues that trust, as a social mechanism, governs uncertain social relations and reduces risk [3.c.1-7].
F. Fukuyama introduced the concept of trust-based social capital: “Trust” is a social phenomenon in
which people work together to meet needs for a specific purpose and outcome. The role of the family in the
formation of sources of social capital and resources is invaluable ”[4.c.64].
Democratization of all spheres of social life, changes in the socio-political and economic spheres play
an important role in the development of the country's social capital. This, in turn, is the main criterion for
meeting the social needs of man, social protection, non-violation of personal rights, building a democratic and
legal state, in short, respect for human dignity and values.
Commitment to the implementation of tasks of socio-economic and cultural significance on the basis of
formed social capital requires, first of all, the full application of the principles of social justice in social life. This
requires a conscious creative approach to labor, evaluation of its effectiveness and quality, adherence to the
law of self-regulation in the labor process. If all of the above is introduced into social life, then a person will have
fulfilled his civic duties in society.
As human capital is formed under the influence of direct interactions, we want to focus on the types of
human relationships. Hence, these are: a) a social movement; b) social interaction; c) social relations; d) social
control; d) social organization; e) social institutions [5.c.402]. While these are manifested on the one hand as
components of social relations, on the other hand, they create opportunities for human capital by engaging in
interactions. In general, social relations give rise to other, more specific manifestations in society. These are: a)
vital relationships; б) психологик ало
қ
алар; в) ижтимоий (социал) ало
қ
алар[6.c.420].
Relationships in the breadth of life are explained by the extent to which people observe, learn, and in
some cases indirectly mediate, and in some cases indirectly, each other before entering into a relationship. In
general, in this process, two individuals (subjects) observe and learn from each other. In a state of positivity,
there is an opportunity for human capital to be created. For example, new jobs have been advertised on the
internet or in the press, and based on that, someone gets a job. As a result, a system of relationships that
make up social capital emerges.
In sociology, the network component of human capital is provided by norms, rules, trusting relationships,
mutual obligations, responsibilities and solidarity that regulate social relations between people. All of the above
components of social capital can participate in the formation of the sectoral component of human potential, or,
conversely, can create "social capital" as a component of the developed network.
The main objectives of the development of the network component of human capital are to maintain and
strengthen direct links with the social environment on a positive basis, to reduce or eliminate negative aspects,
to achieve systematic development of the potential of individuals and communities. Socio-cultural and
economic-political changes in society have a unique impact on each person and are reflected in public opinion.
Needs and interests lead to the formation of a paternalistic attitude of the state towards public opinion, and it
justifies itself in many ways for the realization of social capital. The society’s cooperation with government
agencies on the basis of mutual social partnership prevents possible conflicts and disagreements.
In the process of transformation of society, the study and monitoring of public opinion as social capital is
important in making important decisions on governance issues that are important for government agencies
and society. Any social opinion can be positive or negative, depending on the interests and preferences of the
subjects in the society. It is social thought that determines the state of interests and needs in the consideration
of human potential [7.c.140]. The formed social opinion may remain unchanged for a long time. Therefore, it is
important to take into account public opinion in the positive direction of the human capital factor.
In short, the theoretical and methodological foundations of social capital are realized through the
analysis of social relations, industries, norms, rules, trust, belief, commitment, and so on. It is carried out at the
expense of components of organization, merger, provision of elements of mutual assistance of collective and
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individual social subjects on the basis of mutual partnership. The social factors that make up human capital
rely on human potential, primarily its sectoral component, to create interdependent social relationships and
support it throughout its activities. In this case, all resources (resources), including all qualities, from regional
capacity to human capacity, must be manifested as a need. Only when there is a need - it becomes capital.
And thus, human capital is understood as the assimilation in society of various systems of social relations
established by social factors (individual and collective), their use as a need, and as a result, the creation of
additional benefits and conveniences.
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