This monograph contains the results of the implementation, within the framework of experimental training, of the methodology developed by the author in the process of studying the issue of linguodidactic features of consecutive two-way interpretation. The monograph describes the prerequisites for the study, options for interpreting the term "interpretation", as well as some psycholinguistic features and characteristics of the mechanisms of consecutive interpretation activity. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the fundamental changes taking place in various areas of our society have led to the need to improve the quality of professional training of qualified specialists - namely, competent consecutive interpreters. The purpose of the monograph is to show the effectiveness of the developed methodology by describing the results of experimental testing of students of senior (3-4) courses at translation faculties of language universities. Particular attention is paid to mathematical analysis and calculation of results. Theoretical methods used are as follows: the study and analysis of pedagogical, psychological psycholinguistic literature, literature on the issues of speech, creative and cognitive activity, literature on the theory and practice of translation, analysis of the content of teaching consecutive translation at the senior courses of a language university; empirical - observation of the educational process at the Faculty of Translation; student testing; questioning of teachers and students; conducting a teaching experiment, systematization and generalization of experimental data, their interpretation. The results of the study are that, to some extent, the specifics of consecutive two-way interpretation are disclosed, the mechanisms of memory work in the process of translation are described, the results of using the method of teaching consecutive interpretation developed by the author in conditions close to real by using it in teaching senior students (3- 4) at language universities. The author's view on teaching consecutive interpretation will be of interest to specialists both in the field of translation studies and in the field of methodology.
Objects of research: 92 immature rats with term of 30-40 days. 108 patients with asiderotic an anemia: men - 13 (12%), women - 95 (88%); middle age - 39,9 years. The control group was made by 17 healthy persons.
The purpose of work: Increase of efficiency of treatment of patients asiderotic [iron-deficiency] anemia by an induction of synthesis and a metabolism a theme in a liver.
Methods of research: clinical, biochemical, morphological, tool.
The received results and their novelty: Activization of the initial stages of synthesis is established on models alimentary asiderotic [iron-deficiency] anemia in mitochondrial and microsomal-cytosol fractions of a liver a theme, on a background to inhibit its final stage. Correction of a level malonic dialdehyde and activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) is revealed as a result of application of a combination of preparations maltofcr and neosclcn in mitochondrial and microsomal-cytosol fractions of a liver of experimental animals. For the first time we analyse parameters of ions of tri valent, bivalent iron both dif-feritin in mitochondrial and microsomal-cytosol fractions of a liver of experimental animals. The morphological picture of a liver at alimentary iron deficiency is submitted an anemia and correction of the revealed infringements by preparations maltofcr and ncosclcn. For the first time on the big clinico-expcrimcntal material efficiency of application of a combination of preparations maltofer and neoselen is shown.
The practical importance: Application of a combination of preparations maltofer and neoselen on a clinico-experimental material restores activity of enzymes of synthesis and disintegration a theme in hepatocyte’s, improves ferroki-nctic, hematologic parameters and promotes improvement of a functional condition of a liver. The received positive results in clinical researches have found acknowledgement (confirmation) on an experimental material that allows to recommend the given circuit of treatment железодефицитной to an anemia in clinical and outpatient conditions.
Degree of introduction and economic efficiency: Results of research are introduced into practice гематологического, therapeutic branches, and as for doctors of an initial link.
Scope: hematology, therapy.
Subjects of research: words, word combinations and phraseological units expressing functional-semantic field of affection (FSFA) in the English and Uzbek languages.
Purpose of work: to analyze semantic, lingua-cognitive, sociolinguistic, lingua-cultural and gender peculiarities of linguistic means expressing FSFA in the English and Uzbek languages and to reveal their similarities and differences in the English and Uzbek languages.
Methods of research: the method of componcntial analysis, the method of pragmatic analysis, the comparative-typological method, statistical method and experimental method.
The results obtained and their novelty arc determined in the following eases: FSFA in the English and Uzbek Languages is investigated in monographic way; the term affection and its attitude towards the other linguistic terms is determined: semantic component of affection is determined in the English and Uzbek languages; affection is revealed in phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactical language levels and stylistic and phraseological means; the significance of the intensive means of affection are defined; FSFA is classified according to sociolinguistic peculiarities in the English and Uzbek languages; affection is analyzed according to the addressee it is referred to; etymological features of affection arc revealed; the gender peculiarities of FSFA are discovered; national and cultural sememe of affection is determined, national and cultural peculiarities of FSFA arc analyzed, its general and national peculiarities arc revealed.
Practical value: the results of investigation can be used in delivering the course of Lexicology, Stylistics, Linguaculturology, the Theory of translation and as well as in writing the graduation-qualification papers of master course students, and in compiling explanatory and translation dictionaries.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the results of the investigation have been implemented into the practice at the courses of the Practical Translation, Stylistics, Linguaculturology for the students of the translation theory and practice department of the translation faculty in the Uzbek State World Languages University.
Field of application: General Linguistics, Comparative Typology of English and Uzbek, the Theory and Practice of Translation, Cultural Studies, Stylistics, Phonetics, Grammar.
This article contains the results of the introduction, as part of experimental training, of the methodology developed by the author in the process of studying the issue of linguodidactic features of consecutive two-way interpreting. The article describes the prerequisites for the study, the interpretation of the term "translation ”, as well as some psycholinguistic features and characteristics of the mechanisms of consecutive translation activity. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that dramatic changes taking place in various areas of our society have led to the need to improve the quality of professional training of qualified specialists - namely, competent consecutive translators. The purpose of the article is to show the effectiveness of the developed methodology by describing the results of an experimental test of senior (3-4) students of language universities of translation faculties. Particular attention is paid to mathematical analysis and calculation of results. Theoretical methods are used: the study and analysis of pedagogical, psychological psycholinguistic literature, literature on the problems of speech, creative and cognitive activity, literature on the theory and practice of translation, analysis of the content of teaching consecutive interpreting in senior courses of a language university; empirical -observation of the educational process at the faculty of theory and practice of translation; student testing; questioning of teachers and students; conducting a training experiment, systematization and synthesis of experimental data, their interpretation. The research results consist in the fact that the specifics of consecutive two-way interpreting are disclosed to some extent, the mechanisms of memory operation in the interpretation process are described, the results of using the methodology developed by the author for teaching consecutive interpreting in conditions that are close to real by using it in teaching senior students (3-4) in language universities are presented. The author's view on teaching consecutive interpreting will be of interest to specialists both in the field of translation studies and in the field of methodology.
Objects of research: 447 patients, from them 68 with chronic purulent middle otitis and 379 with dry meso- and cpitympanitis.
Purpose of research: to estimate efficiency and forecasting of results of various variants of tympanoplasty.
Methods of research: common clinical investigation, voice-frequency threshold and over threshold audiometry, research of hearing in low and expanded range of frequencies, speech audiometry, ultrasound research of hearing, rontgenography of mastoid, computer tomography, otomicroscopy.
Received results and their novelty: at chronic purulent middle otitis it is proved carrying out two stage tympanoplasty - as the first stage reconstructive-sanity operations - atticoantrotomy on to the “closed” type with mastoidoplasty, and as the second stage hear improving operations. The way of laying of a transplant is developed and introduced as the “romashki”, raising efficiency of engraftment and functional results. Efficiency is revealed at carrying out myringoplasty and tympanoplasty on a “dry” car. Developed forecasting criteria, based on the objective data for planned operations.
Practical value: developed the ways of reconstructive-plastic and hear improving operations, estimation of their efficiency and forecasting expected result at patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of middle car.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results and conclusions of research arc introduced into practice in ENT-dcpartmcnts and polyclinics, in educational process of Tashkent medical academy.
Field of application: otorhinolaryngology.
Subject of the inquiry: 148 patients with degenerative dystrophic diseases of the hip joint, of them 103 with osteoarthritis and 45 with avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Aim of the inquiry: improvement of the diagnosis of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the hip using possibilities of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Methods of research: X-ray, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time, the role of ultrasonog-aphy and magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis of the hip was established in comparison with conventional X-ray. The result have shown that sensitivity of ultrasonography in osteoarthritis was low (57.7%) in the detection of femoral head deformation. In avascular necrosis of the hip detection of femoral head deformation was revealed better - 89.7%, which can be explained by differences in the mechanism and localization of deformation in these diseases. Ultrasonography was quite sensitive to changes of the joint capsule both in osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis, the sensitivity 86.0% and 84.6% respectively. MRI was superior to X-ray in the assessment of space orientation of the joint surfaces, necrosis zone, synovitis, subchondral cysts, structural changes and joint effusion. X-ray was more preferable for the detection of ostephytosis, subchondral sclerosis and changes of the joint space in osteoarthritis.
Practical value: of the work consisted in the concretization of sonographic and MRI signs of degenerative dystrophic diseases of the hip joint and in the suggested algorithm of using radiological methods for establishing the nature of hip joint pathology.
Degree of inculcate: the results of research were introduced in the Radiology Department of First Tashkent Medical Institute and the Department of Large Joint Pathology Department of the Traumatology and Orthopedy Research Institute.
Sphere of usage: radiology, traumatology and orthopedy, rheumatology.
Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. One of the actual problems of modern physical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry is the study on the development of the fundamentals of synthesis of functional polymers with ion-exchange and complexing properties.
Anion exchange and complexing compounds based fibrous materials have a high specific surface area, which provides a high possibility of sorption and desorption processes. They arc especially effective in removing toxic substances, even at very low content of the latter from the air and water pollution. Of particular interest is the acrylic fiber "Nitron", which is produced by JSC "Navoiazot" (Uzbekistan).
In the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry conducted research on the development of fibrous ion exchange materials based on acrylic fiber "Nitron" but they have not been brought to its logical end. In addition, when these studies neglected the study of the physicochemical aspects of the preparation of these materials.
In developing the fundamentals of ion exchange materials obtaining a lot of attention paid to the study of physical and chemical aspects of the synthesis and properties of these high-molecular compounds. These studies due to the fact that they allow you to adjust the processes of synthesis and, therefore, necessary to obtain polymers with required composition and with complex specific properties.
As noted above, to date, no attention was paid to the study of the physicochemical foundations of anion exchangers and polycomplcxons, due to applied research conducted to date in this field of research. In this regard, the study of physical and chemical principles of bases of creation, and the properties of anion exchangers and polycomplcxons based on acrylic fiber "Nitron" arc actual both from a theoretical and practical point of view.
Demand perform of the dissertation is characterized by the fact that modern worldwide technology for extraction of non-ferrous and precious metals can not be realized without the use of ion-exchange materials. These techniques use mostly granular sorbents, while fibrous sorbents comprise just 2-3 % of the ion exchange materials used . Using technology employing ion exchange material from algae and natural brine deposits of oil and gas recovered to 90% of iodine and bromine, lodinc-containing sorbents arc used for disinfection of drinking water from microorganisms and extraction of mercury from wastewater and gas emissions. They can be used for concentrating the processing solutions and biologically active substances in the preparation of catalyst systems nanoparticles metals. It should also be noted that Uzbekistan hitherto not been established as industrial manufacture granular and fibrous sorbents, although such polymers arc widely used in industry.
The purpose of this study is to identify the physico- chemical characteristics of the formation and properties of anion exchangers polycomplcxons based on acrylic fiber " Nitron ".
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
in the first time studied the kinetics of the interaction of acrylic fiber "Nitron" with nitrogen-containing bases in aqueous and organic media;
shown that due to the high surface area fibers arc modifiable , the reaction rate depends on the concentration of the nitrile groups of the polymer being in the solid surface;
proved previously identified mechanism of the catalytic action of small amounts of hydroxylaminc on the process of modifying of fiber " Nitron " with nitrogen-containing bases;
in the first lime developed a method for producing anion exchangers branched structure by sequential treatment of acrylic fiber " Nitron " with cthylcncdiaminc and dichlorocthanc;
found that the interaction of PAN - fibers with hcxamcthylcnc- and ethylene diamines formed anion exchange fibrous materials having in its composition as a weakly basic and strongly basic functional groups ;
in the first time obtained new polycomplcxons with ampholytic properties by reacting maleic anhydride with amine -modified polyacrylonitrile fiber " Nitron " or by hydrolysis of residual of the nitrile groups modified with diamines of acrylic fiber "Nitron";
established values of the thermodynamic equilibrium constants of adsorption of ions Cr (VI), Си (II), halogens, Arsenazo (III) by synthesized anion exchangers and polycomplcxons and alteration in thermodynamic functions of the process testify to high sorption capacity of these ion-exchange materials with respect to the sorption ions;
Conclusion
1. Values degree reaction of the nitrile group and a nitrogenous base, the activation energy of the process shows that the process of modifying fiber " Nitron " nitrogen-containing bases subject to the usual regularities observed in homogeneous reactions. This effect is due to a high fiber surface area to be modified, allowing the reactants to facilitate access to the nitrile groups of the polymer. (Physical chemistry, High molecular compounds).
2. Kinetic studies of the reaction of acrylic fiber " Nitron " with diamine (hexamethylene and ethylenediamine) showed that the change of physical and chemical parameters of the modification process can be controlled sorption properties, chemical resistance and the strength of the anion exchangers due to network structure of the polymer. It has been established that this modification "Nitron" produces strongly basic anion character especially in organic media. Strongly basic anion exchangers possibility of obtaining a high sorption capacity with graft polycthylcnpolyaminc chain reactions revealed in fiber modification "Nitron " ethylenediamine in the presence of dichloroethane. (High molecular compounds, Physical chemistry ).
3. IR - spectroscopic and analytical determination of the formation of intermediate amidoxime groups in the polymer chains and free hydroxylaminc after substitution reaction proved previously proposed mechanism of the catalytic action of hydroxylaminc on the process of chemical modification of acrylic fiber " Nitron " nitrogen-containing bases . ( Physical Chemistry).
4. Developed conditions of synthesis polycomplcxons reacting maleic anhydride with modified by hcxamcthylcncdiaminc acrylic fiber "Nitron" and with of hydrolysis of residual nitrile groups modified by hcxamcthylcnc- and cthylcncdiamin of acrylic fibers . (High molecular compounds, Physical Chemistry).
5. Alkalinity obtained anion exchange resins depends on the nature of their functional groups. Strongly basic anion exchangers have in their composition cyclic amidine groups and they arc formed by the reaction of polyacrylonitrile fiber with a diamine. The specific surface area obtained fibrous sorbents exceeds by two orders of known surface area granular ion exchange resins, and their crosslinking rate is up to 100 nodes per macromolecule polymer. ( Physical Chemistry )
6. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the sorption of various inorganic and organic ions obtained polycomplcxons sorbents showed that ions of Cr (VI), Arsenazo (111) can be sorbed strongly basic anion exchangers only, and the process of sorption of copper (II) with polycomplcxons occurs not only due to the ion exchange, but also due to chelation. ( Physical Chemistry ).
7. Developed the conditions obtaining bromide complexes of polymers and kinetics, thermodynamics of the sorption halogen anion in synthesized materials was studied. It is shown that the lower the stability of the ion [Bn]’ for ion [J3]'than the ability to form such molecular chlorine ions leads to the fact that almost no molecular chlorine is adsorption, and molecular bromine is absorbed to a lesser extent than the molecular iodine. (Physical Chemistry ).
8. Combined developed iodinated anion exchange materials based on acrylic fiber " Nitron " and chitosan. Insertion of the iodinc-containing chitosan materials, leads to an increase of absorbent capacity. Combined antibacterial dressings have a pronounced anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect, arc effective for the treatment of necrotic soft tissue diseases. (High molecular compounds, Physical Chemistry).
В современной абдоминальной хирургии одним из актуальных направлений для исследований продолжает оставаться совершенствование различных вариантов пластики послеоперационных грыж. В мире ежегодно выполняется более 2100000 операций по поводу вентральной грыжи и 42% из них -послеоперационные грыжи. В последние годы наблюдается явная тенденция к расширенному применению при гсрниопластикс различных вариантов биологических сеток. «Объединенный анализ семи исследований PCSTAR для послеоперационных грыж с использованием ретромускулярной сетки показал, что частота рецидивов грыжи составляет 5,7%». Применение стандартных оперативных вмешательств по типу аллопластики в положении onlay не решает проблему ранних послеоперационных осложнений: отхождение сером, миграция сетки, спаечпая болезнь, высокая частота рецидива грыж и др. В то же время пластика грыж местными тканями создает проблему повышения вну-трибрюшного давления, и поздним осложнениям в виде рецидивов грыж. «Рост послеоперационного внутрибрюшного давления приводит к полиорган-ной недостаточности, затем абдоминальному компартмент синдрому, и даже смерти». В настоящее время не существует консенсуса о хирургическом подходе при гигантских послеоперационных грыжах брюшной стенки, в связи с чем необходимость продолжения разработки новых технологий и совершенствования тактики не вызывает никаких сомнений.
В мировой практике в настоящее время наиболее актуальными продолжают оставаться исследования, направленные на изучение морфологических и функциональных аспектов рецидивных послеоперационных вентральных грыж, электронная микроскопия выявляет ультраструктурные деструктивные изменения клеток кожи, апоневроза и мышц, что свидетельствует о морфофункциональной недостаточности тканей брюшной стенки,обсуждаются вопросы клеточной инженерии новых инновационных материалов, проводятся шментальные исследования на животных с испытанием биотехнических свойств, текстуры и эластичности новых полимеров, проводятся исследования открытых доступов с разделением заднего компонента с выпуском поперечной мышцы живота и ретроградной сеткой, начаты роботизированные операции.
Современные аспекты развития отечественного здравоохранения включают множество мер, направленных на улучшение результатов лечения больных с послсопсрациоными вентральными грыжами и связанными с ними патологическими состояниями за счет внедрения современных принципов интенсивной терапии и хирургической тактики. В стратегию развития Нового Узбекистана на 2022-2026 годы по семи приоритетным направлениям включены задачи по повышению качества оказания населению квалифицированных медицинских услуг. Реализация данных задач, в том числе, путем оптимизации тактико-технических подходов к выбору метода герниопластики, а также разработка методов профилактики гнойно-воспалительных осложнений в области аллопластического матераиала, является одним из актуальных направлений абдоминальной хирургии и медицины в целом, ввиду высокой медико-социальной значимости данной патологии.
В результате исследований, проведённых в мире, по повышению эффективности аллопластики при послеоперационных вентральных грыжах и снижению риска осложнений в послеоперационном периоде получен ряд научных результатов, в том числе: определено, что пациенты, перенесшие реконструкцию брюшной стенки, имеют повышенный риск послеоперационной дыхательной недостаточности, понимание эпидемиологии этого осложнения может улучшить профилактику; доказано, что чем крупнее грыжа, тем выше риск ранних хирургических осложнений, в том числе таких как дыхательная декомпенсация, поскольку грыжи со временем часто увеличиваются в размерах, откладывание операции может привести к увеличению размеров грыжи и, следовательно, к большему риску осложнений; показано, что отношение объема грыжи к объему брюшной полости <20% является независимым фактором при закрытии без натяжения, что обосновывает интерес к предоперационной во-люметрии для адаптации тактики хирургической помощи; определено, что у пациентов, перенесших плановую лапароскопическую гсрниопластику, предикторами смертности являются более старший возраст и некоторые сопутствующие заболевания: застойная сердечная недостаточность, нарушения легочного кровообращения, коагулопатия, заболевания печени, метастатический рак, неврологические расстройства и паралич; установлено, что пожилой возраст, асцит, предоперационная почечная и легочная недостаточности являются независимыми предикторами 30-дневной смертности, при наличии этих факторов риска следует серьезно рассмотреть консервативное лечение; доказано, что универсальный калькулятор хирургического риска Американского колледжа хирургов (ACS) точно предсказывает тридцатидневные исходы, включающие серьезные осложнения: венозную тромбоэмболию, соматическую заболеваемость, инфекцию области хирургического вмешательства, незапланированную повторную операцию, смертность и продолжительность пребывания в стационаре.
В настоящий период в мире наиболее актуальными исследованиями в хирургии продолжают оставаться разработка новых методов герниопластики при больших и гигантских вентральных грыжах, каждый из которых имеет свои плюсы и минусы в зависимости от сложности выполнения, риска развития послеоперационных осложнений и рецидива, проводятся крупные рандомизированные клинические исследования, сравнивающие существующие методы традиционной герниопластики с лапароскопическим доступом и роботизированной хирургией, все более распространяющейся в последние 10 лет, проводится поиск новых синтетических и биологических материалов, разрабатываемых для производства и использования композитных сеток, обладающих необходимой прочностью и способностью предотвращать фатальные местные осложнения в условиях контаминированной среды. Однако, несмотря на технические достижения в этой области, ни один современный метод герниопластики и протезы не отвечают всем требованиям. Одна из ключевых проблем заключается в том, что существующие синтетические эндопротезы не имеют достаточной эластичности, устойчивости к инфицированию, высокой механической прочности и целостности в течение длительного времени. Дальнейшие исследования этих клинических аспектов несомненно улучшат современное представление о возможностях биосовместимых эндопротезов и позволят разработать оптимальный метод их расположения при аллогсрниопластикс.
Подход к пациентам с послеоперационными грыжами значительно изменился за последние 20 лет благодаря как достижениям в технологии создания сетки, так и хирургическим подходам. Ключевые факторы успешного исхода включают изменение факторов риска до операции, таких как отказ от курения и снижение веса, выбор сетки, соответствующей типу грыжи и запланированному расположению сетки, а также широкое перекрытие сетки за пределами грыжевого дефекта. У этих пациентов все чаще используются новые методы, такие как высвобождение трансабдоминальной мышцы и разделение компонентов с установкой ретроградной сетки и роботизированные подходы к грыже брюшной стенки. В последние годы наблюдается увеличение количества биологических сеток, доступных для герниопластики брюшной стенки. Биологические сетки обычно состоят из материалов, полученных от человека, свиньи или крупного рогатого скота. Обоснование использования биологических сеток заключается в том, что они могут действовать как каркас для прорастания естественных тканей. Кроме того, существуют рассасывающиеся синтетические сетки, которые обладают свойствами, аналогичными свойствам биологических сеток, но с теоретически меньшим риском, поскольку они не получены из животного или человеческого материала. Выбор сетки для вентральной грыжи зависит от множества факторов, которые включают в себя как свойства сетки, так и се расположение, например, внутрибрюшинно, предбрю-шинно или ретроректусно ее размещать. Кроме того, тип грыжевого дефекта является еще одним фактором риска, например, является ли рана чистой или грязной, и выполняется ли пластика мостовидным протезом или с опорой. Следует избегать легких или биологических сеток для перекрытия дефекта из-за повышенного количества рецидивов. Проведенный анализ литературы, касающейся теоретических аспектов и клинического опыта применения технологий совершенствования современных синтетических и биологических протезов, способных обеспечить более лучший пластический эффект, а также методов профилактики рецидивов вентральных грыж свидетельствует о том, что это является одним из приоритетных направлений в современной абдоминальной хирургии. Нерешенным вопросом остается выбор оптимального эндопротеза, обладающего высокой эффективностью и соответствующего международным стандартам, предъявляемым к таким свойствам как биологическая инертность и механическая прочность, а также метода расположения сетки по отношению к слоям брюшной стенки. Учитывая, что многие применяемые на сегодняшний день методы аллогерниопластики не лишены недостатков, актуальным направлением является разработка новых методов пластики при гигантских вентральных грыжах и способов профилактики послсопсрацитонных осложнений в условиях контаминированной раны, с обоснованием их эффективности в клинико-экспериментальном исследовании.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the most common and serious diseases, which in the world suffer from 3 to 12% of the child population of the globe. Proportion of adolescents with asthma, is one third of all children with this disease. High prevalence of asthma in the numbers of teenagers, characteristics of the disease, age-related aspects of the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems of teenagers that cause difficulties which arise in the course of the diagnostic process, highlight the need to find innovative approaches to diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
It is known that the key immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the vast majority of AD cases is real and indisputable fact. Currently, considerable interest to researchers involved in the pathogenesis of positions of allergic diseases, especially asthma, along with IL-4 and IL-13 causes a number of other (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-5, INF-a and INF-y) immunoregulatory cytokines.
Genetic predisposition plays an important role in the development of allergic diseases. Currently available data on the relationship with asthma and associated with disease symptoms polymorphism approximately 150 genes. Important role as the main contender for the predisposition to asthma gene is a gene encoding flchain of high affinity receptor IgE. Interaction elevated levels of antigen-specific IgE with FceRip plays a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Particularly attractive candidate gene asthma is also one of the enzyme genes biotransformation - GSTirl, encoding glutathione S-transferase and л1 express almost exclusively in the pulmonary tissue. This gene is located at the locus 11 ql 3, for which repeatedly shown clutch with atopic symptoms. Accumulated in the literature say about the relationship of gene polymorphism FceRI, GSTnl with different allergic diseases.
From this perspective, the study of immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this disease for the construction of rational treatment and prevention emphasizes the relevance of this thesis research.
From the earliest days of independence, the country has successfully implemented state programs aimed at reforming the health care system. As a result, the targeted implementation of organizational health and research activities aimed at effective diagnosis, prevention and treatment of asthma among adolescents, with some success in the treatment of this disease in the country. However, now the problem of early diagnosis and the development of effective programs for treatment and prevention among adolescents with asthma remain one of the most important issues of modern health care. This research work was carried out in the framework of the tasks set by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On additional measures to improve the health of women and the younger generation," dated 25.01.2002 for the №32. In this regard, the need to deepen the information received about the state of cellular and humoral immunity among adolescents, asking pathogenetic informative immunogcnctic studies in asthma arc one of the important criteria demand the dissertation topic.
Purpose of research is study the immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of asthma in adolescents and form the basis of this plan rational diagnostic and therapeutic measures in this pathology.
In To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
to establish the clinical course of asthma in the population of adolescents living in the Samarkand region, in the early stages of the pathological process in the bronchopulmonary system.
explore the features of the state of cellular and humoral immunity, as well as activation markers in asthma in adolescence by determining the immunophenotype of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.
to examine the level of production of immunorcgulatory cytokine interleukin-6 and interfcron-y and install them pathogenetic informative in asthma among adolescents.
to determine the features of distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of polymorphic variants of genes and FceRip GSTnl population Uzbek people with asthma, compared with the healthy part of the population.
examine the clinical and immunological aspects effectiveness of therapies using drugs and polioksidony tsikloferon in patients with asthma in adolescence.
on the basis of studies to develop a multivariate model of formation of bronchial asthma and develop an optimal algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention in adolescents with this pathological condition.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
proposed introduction to the work of doctors teen clinics layered approach testing can significantly improve the detection rate of asthma in adolescence and optimize treatment and preventive measures in high-risk groups;
first defined the peculiar characteristics of the quantitative parameters of the immune status of patients with asthma in the cohort of adolescence and the corresponding proposed regulations and guidance documents for the healthy part of the adolescent population;
for the first time presents a comprehensive assessment of the cytokine profile of blood serum in bronchial asthma in adolescents. Specific features of products immunorcgulatory cytokines IL-6 and INF-y and their pathogenetic and regulatory information content in asthma among adolescents;
first analyzed the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic gene variants and gene FceRip GSTirl among patients with different phenotypic variants of AD and healthy individuals of Uzbek nationality, which resulted in the identified markers of increased risk or, conversely, resistance to the development of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity;
algorithms for phase diagnosis, treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescence in terms of disclosure of important moments of the pathogenesis of the disease, allowing to build a rational sequence of diagnostic search, aimed at verifying the diagnosis and expedient construction of preventive measures.
Conclusion
1. Set the frequency of occurrence of the disease and the structure of "asthma" in the arid zone among teens. Said pathology is recorded in 9,6% of the population surveyed adolescents, while the disease is more common among females. In the structure of the disease prevails periodical exposure and mild persistent form.
2. Identified by clinical features of asthma among adolescents living in the arid zone, indicate a high frequency of lesions of the bronchial tree association with allergic processes in other organs and tissues: in 73,9% of the AR, 53,7% with AK. 16,6% with BA and 14% with urticaria/angiocdcma.
3. Found that in the study population of patients with asthma adolescence occur expressed disturbances of the immune status, manifested deficit indicators as cell (CD3‘, CD4+, CD8 , CD16+), and humoral immunity (CD19 , IgA, IgG, IgM) and activation markers (CD23+, CD95). The immune status of patients with asthma in young people, adolescence has distinctive features, the depth of detected violations immunoreactivity was most pronounced in the younger age group.
4. In patients with bronchial asthma in adolescence revealed distinct changes in cell-cell interactions in the immune system: a significant increase in the content of Th2-cclls secreted IL-6 is a regulator of maturation of antibodies and immunoglobulin production itself, and vice versa reducing regulator activity of Th 1-cell cytokine INF-y.
5. It was found that the contents of cytokines IL-6, INF-y and in the peripheral blood is in communication with one pathogenic disease. It is shown that the lowest level of INF-y production in the scrum is characteristic of allergic clinical pathogenic variant asthma in adolescence. Adolescents suffering from predominantly infectious form of asthma, there is a sharp trend towards increased production of IL-6 in peripheral blood.
6. Revealed that markers of increased risk of allergic forms of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity arc genotype FceRip-109T/T allele FceRip-109T, low-risk markers - FcsRip-109C/C and allele Fc£Rip-109C. A high degree of cohesion genotype FcsRip-109T/T allele and FcsRip-109T with hereditary burden of asthma in the Uzbek population.
7. Among females ethnic Uzbek Association revealed lie-105 allele and genotype Ilc-105/Ilc-105 polymorphic gene locus GSTkI at high risk for asthma. Revealed that the genotype associated with the development Ilc-105/Ilc-105 allergic form of asthma in adolescents Uzbek population.
8. Complex therapy with adolescents’ patients with asthma ciklofcron and polyoxidonium, providing immunocorrective effect, enhances the clinical efficacy of basic therapy. In the study of prophylactic efficacy of immunomodulators positive indicators prevailed in the group of patients receiving polioksidony, necessitating its inclusion in the priority scheme of integrated treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescents.
Subject of the inquiry: 120 patients with inflammatory diseases of the maxillary sinuses (177 affected sinuses).
Aim of the inquiry: improve the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of maxillary sinus diseases using B-modc ultrasonography
Methods of research: Ultrasonogrpahy, X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging.
The results achieved and their novelty: Based on the results of investigation of 120 patients with inflammatory diseases of the maxillary sinuses (177 affected sinuses) the following was found: in acute sinusitis (irrespective of the form) ultrasonography had quite low specificity - 50.0+6.7%. However the sensitivity of the method in catarrhal and purulent forms of acute sinusitis came to 75.0+11.6% and 93.0+3.9% respectively. In all the forms of chronic sinusitis the parameters indicated good informativeness of B-modc ultrasonography: hyperplastic - sensitivity 82.0+5.2%, specificity 95.0+3.0%; purulent - sensitivity 88.0+6.8%, specificity 79.0+8.5%; cysts and polyps - sensitivity 87.0+5.0%, specificity 93.0+3.8%. The research demonstrated possibilities of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the maxillary sinuses. Diagnostic value of B-modc ultrasonograhy was shown in different forms of maxillary sinusitis. Practically convenient interpretation technique of maxillary sonograms and protocol of examination were developed. Sonographic criteria were defined for differential diagnosis of different inflammatory diseases of the maxillary sinuses as well as the role of B-modc ultrasonography in the algorhithm of radiological investigation of the maxillary sinuses.
Practical value: improvement of maxillary sinusitis, decrease of patient’s exposure to radiation (unjustified use of X-ray in the absence of pathology), avoiding of invasive methods (diagnostic puncture in case of mucosal hyperplasia of cysts) Degree of inculcate: The results of the investigation were introduced in the Otorhynolaryngology and Radiology departments of the 1-st Tashkent Medical Institute Sphere of usage: radiology, otorhynolaryngology.
Objects of research: educational process in the Institute of Pedagogy in the conditions of innovation changes in teaching based on the person-oriented paradigm.
Subject of research: pedagogical monitorinr of the students’ training as a complex of knowledge, conditions, and methods for realization of technology of the person-oriented education in the Pedagogical Institution.
Objective of the work: comprehensive theoretical and practical study of the pedagogical monitoring as a scientific event and development of the system for its implementation in the paradigm of the person-oriented education in the Pedagogical Institution.
Methods of research: study and analysis of the literature on the problem; questionnaire design and ranking, testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.
Obtained results and their novelty: has been developed and introduced: pedagogical monitorinr of the students’ training in the Pedagogical Institution; designed organizational model of the pedagogical monitorinr system; phenomenon of the pedagogical monitorinr has been considered in the context of the person-oriented educational process paradigm.
Practical significance: have been developed methodical guidelines for pedagogical monitorinr; individual curriculums, diagnostic methodic, and lesson scenarios; have been demonstrated ways, forms and methods of introduction of the pedagogical monitoring during person-oriented educational process in the Pedagogical Institution.
Degree of introduction: research findings have been reflected in 12 publications; basic conclusions and provisions have been discussed at the International, Republican and Inter institutional conferences.
Sphere of application: secondary school of general education, secondary specialized school, vocational schools (colleges and academic lyceums), and higher school.
Subjects of research: Object are vehicles for transportation of mineral oil through pass « Kamchik », a subject - increase of their reliability.
Purpose of work: Increase of efficiency of technical operation of vehicles by transportation mineral oil through pass « Kamchik » at the expense of perfection of a design and increase of operational reliability.
Methods of research: Researches are based on theoretical and experimental methods of the analysis of operational properties of a rolling stock and indicators of properties of reliability. Experimental researches were spent in real conditions of operation with use of methods of under control operation of cars and the mathematical statistics at processing of results.
The results obtained and their novelty: On the basis of the executed researches the scientifically-practical problem on perfection of a design and increase of operational reliability of autotractors is solved.
Practical value:
- The technique of an estimation of fitness of a design and a choice of a rolling stock is developed for transportation of mineral oil through pass « Kamchik », based on theoretical both experimental researches of operational properties and their definition numerical values for autotractors Ford Cargo - 1827, MAZ-642208-020 and ISUZU-EXZ5IK;
- Are defined indicators of properties of reliability and the card of reliability of autotractors Ford Cargo - 1827 and MAZ-642208-020 is developed;
- The rolling stock design is improved at operation in mountain conditions.
- Technological process of maintenance service and car repairs is improved.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity:
- Are introduced at factories "SamAvto" and «MAZ» offers on perfection of a design of autotractors.
- Are introduced in VTC «Avtonefttrans» Fergana Oil refining factory advanced technological process of maintenance service and car repairs.
- Economy efficiency of the work from its applications is 54.66 mln. Sum per year.
- Results of researches in educational process are introduced by preparation of masters on a specialty 5A521205 «Cars and an automobile economy» at discipline studying «Technological base of the enterprises of branch of motor transport» and also at courses of improvement of qualification of technical officers VTC «Avtonefttrans ».
Field of application: Automotive transportation.
Subject of the inquiry: diets for nutrition in the families and kindergardens, biological active addition to the food, animals, children.
Aim of the inquiry: elaboration of effective methods of rationalization of diet for nutrition of studying-educational institutions with usage of biological active additions for food.
Methods of inquiry: hygienic, medical- biological, toxicological, biochemical, chemical and statistical.
The results achieved and their novelty: According to the results of hygienic and toxicological explorations of biological active addition “ Biovit” was selected as the most successful, which made compensation of the deficit of vitamin C, A, B6, B12; folium acid, calcium, magnesium; irreplaceable aminoacids in daily diet of children, who attends kindergardens. It was estimated the increase of biological value of nutritional diet, increase of nitrogen’s balance, secretion of nitrogen, assimilation of the protein and improvement of biochemical index of nitrogenical components of the urine and sufficiency in vitamin C among children. The methodological approach was established to the basis of using biological active additions and estimation their effect in kindergardens.
Practical value: The results of research, which was appvouba by Sanitary rules and norms Republik of Uzbekistan, 2 methodical recommendations, method of avaluation of nutrition’s condition was elaborated and approved for practical health care according to research works;
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the introduction on the Republic level has public cultural, general prophylactic, social and ecological hygienic role in the safety of the health of population.
Sphere of usage: in prophylactic medicine and hygienic practice, in study of medical Universities.
Subject of the research: system of consonants and types of articulatory transitions in the Russian and Karakalpak languages.
Purpose of work: identifying similarities and differences of articulatory transitions on the place of the formation of consonants and binominal consonant combinations in the Russian and Karakalpak languages in quantitative and qualitative aspects taking into consideration the hardness-softness (in the Russian language) and synharmohardness-synharmosoftness (in the Karakalpak language).
Methods of research: method of linguistic description, method of componcntial analysis, comparative method, method of linguostatistic analysis.
1'hc results obtained and their novelty: 1) comparative study of the Russian and Karakalpak languages taking into consideration their prosodic dominants: the word accent (of the Russian language) and synharmonizm (of the Karakalpak language) has been conducted for the first time; 2) consonant phonemes of the Russian language and synharmophoncmes of the Karakalpak language have been comparatively analyzed as classes (sets) of sounds and synharmosounds; 3) the quantitative-qualitative analysis of articulatory transitions on the place of the fonnation of consonants and binominal consonant combinations with an account of hardness-softness (in the Russian language) and synharmohardness-synharmosoftness (in the Karakalpak language) has been carried out: 4) comparative analysis of articulatory transitions on the place of the fonnation of consonants of the Russian and Karakalpak languages from the viewpoint of their filling, frequency, equivalence and non-cquivalcncc has been carried out.
Practical value: the materials of the research may be used in the teaching process of at universities, in delivering lectures and on comparative study of the Russian and Karakalpak languages, as well as writing textbooks and manuals on phonetics and phonology, in compiling special dictionaries.
Degree of embed: the results of the research have been used in teaching courses in Comparative Linguistics, the Russian language, the Karakalpak language at the faculties of the Karakalpak State University and the Nukus State Pedagogical Institute.
Field of application: comparative linguistics, phonetics and phonology of Russian and Karakalpak languages, teaching Russian to Karakalpak students, teaching Karakalpak to Russian students.
Objects of inquiry: 107 women with rheumatoid arthritis in climacteric period.
Aim of inquiry: studying clinical-immunologic and roentgenologic indices in females with rheumatoid arthritis in connection with climacteric periods and perfecting therapeutic approaches.
Methods of inquiry: clinical studies, assessment of pain syndrom under visual analogous scale (VAS), determination of pro-inflammatory cytokins in blood scrum, roentgendensitometry, determination of body mass index, gravity of climacteric syndrom under modified menopausal index, determination of osteosyndrom by Ritchie and Lee test.
Results achieved and their novelty: for the first time in RA women in climacteric an interrelation between clinical laboratory RA manifestations and an expression of reproductivity disorders has been revealed. An interplay between acute phase indices, rheumatoid arthritis and Lee test and grade of severity of climatcric period has been established. An intcraggravating effect of RA and climacteric syndrom was approved. Predictive valuable factors in RA women in climacteric were determined. Osteoporosis in females with RA was began earlier before climacteric, it lasted more pronounced with lowering mineral density of bones. An advancing lowering of mineral density of bones in RA began in climacteric was shown. Dependance between a level of pro-inflammatory cytokins and duration of disease has been revealed, and less expressed regression of IL-ip indices in women with preserved menstrual function. Recommendations for strategy of RA treatment in women in climacteric taking into consideration features of a course of disease were worked out.
Practical value: rocngcnometry in females with RA, determination of TNF-a, IL-ip cytokins, modified menopausal index by Kuppermann contributed to diagnosis and prediction, management of an adequate therapy. Using of plasmapheresis and climadinon in complex therapy of rheumatoid arthritis reduced manifestations of disease and climacteric syndrom.
An implementation degree and economic efficacy: results of studies were implemented into activities of the Republican Arthrology Center, Specialized Qualified Ambulance Treatment, departments of Rheumatology, Cardiorhcumatology, 1st clinic of the Tashkent Medical Academy, in teaching process on a department of Faculty & Hospital Therapy, Oriental Medicine and Internal Diseases of the medico-preventive faculty.
A field of application: Internal Diseases, Rheumatology
Subjects of the inquiry: the patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis
Aim of the inquiry: an improvement of the results of the treatment of patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis by the perfection of diagnosis and a choice of the scope of surgical intervention.
Method of inquiry: clinical, laboratory, instrumental, surgical and statistical.
The results achieved and their novelty: algorhythm of diagnosis and choice of the method of treatment of the patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis has been developed. Indications to intraoperative colonofibroscopy for the choice of the method and scope of the operation in complicated forms of non-specific ulcerative colitis have been formulated for the first time. Its efficiency has been proven. Intraoperative colonofibroscopy gives a possibility to determine borders of the inflammatory-ulcerative process exactly and provides threefold decrease of the postoperative complications and significantly more often positive outcomes of the operation (88,5% of the cases). A quantitative scale for evaluation of the severity of various forms of non-specific ulcerative colitis was offered. It permits to obtain more objective information.
Practical value: the developed algorhythm of diagnosis of nonspecific ulcerative colitis, including intraoperative colonofibroscopy, considerably improves results of surgical treatment, decreasing the number of postoperative complications and resulting in good outcomes more frequently. Use of quantitative scale for evaluation of the severity of various clinical forms of nonspecific ulcerative colitis provides an adequate estimation of the patient’s state
Degree of embed: the developed scheme of diagnosis in the form of algorhythm and an offered method of a choice of a scope of operation -intraoperative colonofibroscopy - in nonspecific ulccrus colitis is introduced into practice of work of the Research Center of Coloproctology of the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results of the research arc included in the course of lectures at the department of surgery for doctors of general practice of Tashkent Medical Academy.
Sphere of usage: coloproctology and gastroenterology.