This article is devoted to highlighting the place of the city of Tashkent in foreign trade relations in the second half of the 19th century based on materials from the archive. For this purpose, information about the importance of internal and external trade of the city of Tashkent is analyzed, the list of goods sent to domestic and foreign trade, the cost of goods, the number of goods, duties levied on these goods using the example of documents stored in the National Archives of Uzbekistan. It is known that the city of Tashkent has become one of the special links in the active trade center of the Great Silk Road since ancient times. Tashkent was a special city leading caravan trade besides with the regions of cattle-breeding nomads of Eurasia, intensively conducted trade and economic relations with the khanates of Central Asia, as well as with close and distant foreign countries, including China, the European and Siberian parts of Russia, East Turkestan, Semirechye. Craftsmen who lived in specialized makhallas, depending on their occupation for the production of certain goods, played an important role in the trade relations of the city of Tashkent. Therefore, the Tashkent residents, depending on their occupation, were called mahallas with the same names. For example, "pichakchi" - knife makers, "misgarlik" - copper casting, "sagban" - psari, "ukchi" - arrows, "konchi" - tanners, "degrizon" - boiler makers, "egarchi" - saddle makers, etc. .d. During the period under review, the bulk of Tashkent residents lived in country estates. For example, residents of the Sebzor mahalla lived in Yunusabad, Khasanbai, Kokterak, residents of the Shaikhantakhur mahalla lived in Kokche, as well as in the direction of Salar-Karasu, Beshagach residents lived in the Chopanata-Kani-Dombirabad quarters, etc. and were engaged in gardening and brought the essential fruits to foreign trade. Rabats located around the city of Tashkent played a special role in carrying out the order of foreign trade operations, in solving the problems that arose in the collection of duties and heraj. Merchants from other countries stopped in caravanserais and their goods were stored in them, and wholesale trade was also carried out here. This is considered as proof that foreign trade played a special place in the economic life of the city of Tashkent. The article analyzes information about the number of caravans, the value of goods exported abroad, their quantity, transportation of goods, information about customs duties.
This article devates and analyzes information on trade and economic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan in the works of tourists, ambassadors, diplomatic officials and researchers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular, the article by Gabaidulla Amirov, published in the journal «Aziatskiy Vestnik» in 1825, examines the important aspects of Bukhara-Afghanistan trade relations at the time, as well as the activities of Bukhoro traders in other cities, such as Herat, Kabul, and shopping centers in Afghanistan. This article examine caverfully the wook of E.K. Meindorf one of the naturalist (or scientist) from the expedition led by A.F. Negri in the Emerate Bukhara in 1820-1821. The informations about agricultural cotton, which produced in connection with foreign trade of Bukhara to Afganistan and the trade routes passes through Balkh to Kabul and through Bukhara to Herat, is highlighted in. The article notes that the special attention has paid to the trade relations between the Emerate of Bukhara and Afganistan since the 1930. In the work of Russian orientalist P.S. Savelyev analyzes the role of Bukhara in the trade relations of the eastern states and the three caravan routes passed through Bukhara to Iran and Afganistan. In this period Burns, who was sent to Central Asia on a special mission from the British government at that time, will examine the issue of the Afghans in Bukhara, P.I. Demezon, who was sent as an ambassador to Bukhara in 1833-1834, and the information collected by the Russian officer I.V. Vitkevich in 1835-1836, were investigated. N.V. Hanikov's work in the 40s of the 19th century examines information about goods imported from Bukhara from Afghanistan, as well as trade convoys between Bukhara and Kabul, as well as trade goods. In addition, their trade activity, and especially the Lohanians, the Afghan tribes living in the Ghazna district. Since the 50s of the 19th century, Russia has attached great importance to the study of the relations of Central Asian khanates with Afghanistan. Moreover, traditional goods from Bukhara to Kabul, such as silk, goat wool and wool, had based on research by P. Nebolsin, a member of the Russian Geographic Society. The Russian, copper, pot, crust, knives, scissors, tin, leather, razor, gold yarn, cashmere the so-called red paint, lightweight silk fabrics, and velvet are also included, and the distance between Bukhara and Afghanistan had discussed. In the studies of the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century, in particular, A. Vamberi, M.I. Venyukov, V.G. Grigorev, V.I. Masalskiy, M.A. Terentev, A.G. Serebrennikov. In the works of Logofet, Gubarevich-Radobilsky and others, information on trade relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan had examined, along with reports on socio-political and economic issues in the country.
This article highlights the role of the Amudarya waterway in the trade relations of the Emirate of Bukhara. Based on archival materials, the article substantiates the importance of waterways in the economic life of the Emirate of Bukhara and the further development of trade relations of the Emirate of Bukhara with Eastern countries through the Amudarya waterway. It also covers the internal trade relations of the Emirate of Bukhara through the Amudarya waterway, the establishment of the Amudarya flotilla, the role of the flotilla and local ships in the transportation of commercial cargo on the banks of the Amudarya. In addition, the article analyzes the transformation of the Bukhara-Afghanistan border into the Russia-Afghanistan border, establishment of the control of the Russian Empire at the crossings and customs points along the Amudarya, the subordination of the trade of the Emirate of Bukhara to the Russian Empire as well as the issues of transit trade routes with Afghanistan, Iran and India in the interests of the great imperialist policy of the Russian ruling circles. The author studied the volume of trade turnover through the customs crossing Pattakesar in the oasis on the basis of historical and archival materials, and tried to reveal the changes in the development of trade relations through a table.
This article tells about the history of trade and economic relations of the Bukhara Khanate with Iran in the XVI-XVII centuries. As you know, the Central Asian region and Iran were located on the routes of the Great Silk Road, therefore close trade relations between peoples developed here. Trade and diplomatic relations between the Bukhara Khanate and Iran in the 16th-17th centuries were the object of many Russian researchers and are described in many sources and literature. For example, about the embassy under the leadership of the Ambassador of Zvenigorodsky Andrei Dmitrievich, Anthony Jenkinson, sent on trade relations to these countries. The reports of these ambassadors are of very great historical significance.
The article discusses issues related to the organization of a trade cluster and improving the evaluation of its effectiveness. At the same time, some ideas related to the organization of trade clusters in Samarkand region and the assessment of their effectiveness are presented using practical data. A model of the interdependence of the entities included in the trade cluster has been developed, and the role and function of each in the cluster is also covered.
The needs of the population in consumer goods are met through retail activities. Individuals who buy goods at retail are consumers, and the protection of their status and rights in this legal relationship is constantly relevant. The increase in the volume of retail trade in recent years, as well as the fact that retail trade is carried out in conjunction with the types of trade services, also creates new challenges and risks to consumer rights. This highlights the need to introduce effective and comprehensive methods of consumer protection, to identify measures to prevent violations of consumer rights and to develop mechanisms for the restoration of violated rights, which are fast and easy to implement. Factors such as providing complete and reliable consumer information on retail trade, monitoring the quality and range of goods at the level of established requirements, enhancing the business reputation and goodwill of retail entities.
The Emirate of Bukhara, considered one of the largest centers of the eastern trading world, had extensive trade relations with India during the second half of the XIX–early XX centuries. In the XIX century, the cities of Bukhara, Karshi, Termez, and Samarkand maintained regular trade links with such important trading centers of India as Peshawar, Shikapur, Bombay, and Molton, along the caravan routes passing through Kabul, Kyrat, and Kandahar. The demand for trade goods from India was high not only in the Emirate of Bukhara but also in the markets of Central Asia. The growing demand for Indian products in the markets has served as an important factor in the development of trade relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and India.
The World Trade Organization is the international organization that sets rules and regulations for stipulating international trade at a global level to create a more favorable and friendly trading environment. The WTO is the only body with features, policy, and dispute settlement mechanism that solves trade-related international disputes inside the institutions. Furthermore, it is the most practical body as the organization is run by all member states by way of consensus. Currently, there are 164 member countries and Uzbekistan is an observer in the organization. This paperwork first highlights the key features of the WTO and dispute settlement mechanism then draws steps of the Republic of Uzbekistan as an observer.
Kano Free Zone is one of the Federal Government owned Free Zone established pursuant to section 1 of Nigeria Export Processing Zones (NEPZA) Act 63 of 1992. Kano Free Trade Zone was declared an Export Processing Zone in 1998, however, in 2001 the transformation to Free Trade Zone was approved by Mr. President-In-Council.
Even though Nigeria’s special economic zone (SEZ) policies own their inception to the observed success of kanoi free trade SEZs on FDI inflows, job creation, a I argue that China’s policies on SEZ’s cannot be expected to deliver similar performance levels when crudely applied to the geopolitical and economic disparities across Nigerian regions, rather, Nigeria’s SEZ policy requires careful identification of enabling factors, and implementation of supplementary policies for factors which differentiate it from China, while also taking into consideration some inherent similarities which can contribute its local success story.
This article discusses trade issues in Central Asia in XIX century Anglo-Russian competition. If trade through Khiva and the desert had not continued, it would have been possible to talk of this level of trade in the 1970s. From this it can be concluded that trade between Khiva and the Turkmen land has its own characteristics, which is confirmed by the list of goods sold. Some areas of Bukhara could not support the Afghan claim because Russia was under its influence. Information available at the British Foreign Office confirmed Russia’s position.
This article explores the directions of trade routes connecting Central Asia with European countries, in particular the integration of Central Asian merchants into world trade through the Levantine trade route, and important aspects of the relationship
The research focuses on the role of trade unions as a representative body of workers in the enterprise, the relevance of this topic, the legal framework for the activities of trade unions, including international acts on their activities, the activities of trade unions in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and analyzes international standards and norms in the sphere of rights and guarantees of the activities of trade unions at the enterprise, the issues of international cooperation, in particular the positive aspects of Uzbekistan's interaction with the ILO to protect the rights of workers to the right to freedom of association, were studied.
This article analyzes the role of East Turkestan in the international trade relations of the Fergana Valley in the XIX century. The Fergana Valley has long attracted the attention of indigenous peoples with a number of characteristics such as climatic conditions, geographical location, natural resources. From ancient times, along with agriculture, livestock, fishing and handicrafts have flourished here. Therefore, trade relations with neighboring countries will be established. East Turkestan has a special place in the trade and economic relations of the Fergana Valley with neighboring nations. Especially as a result of the formation of the Great Silk Road, one after another trade caravans began to travel to this country.
World trade organization is discussed in this article. Such as the benefits of it, and some of the developed and developing countries that are members. Today, joining various international trade organizations provides many opportunities for countries to achieve their development, and sustainable economy.
The article is devoted to the specifics of the activities of NGOs and trade unions, which are the basis of civil society, it examines in detail the issue of the legal framework for the activities of NGOs and trade unions, the ongoing reforms in this area.
This article is devoted to the foreign trade activities of traders of the Emirate of Bukhara in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ,as well as their trade with European countries ,Afghanistan, Iran, India .Over the years ,it was studied that Bukhara traders have played an important role in supplying Central Asia with the necessary products.