Subject of research: the evolution of English Grammars in the framework of information technologies development.
Purpose of work: the influence of information technologies to the constituents characteristics of English grammars in the process of evolution, the analyses of constituents of electronic English Grammars in comparison to traditional ones.
Methods of research: descriptive method, comparative method, expert-analythic method, observation method.
The results obtained and their novelty: the study of English Grammars in the framework of Information Technologies Development allows to clarify the achievements in the sphere of General and Applied Linguistics, the History of Linguistics, Text Linguistics, the Methods of Teaching Languages, allows to form the theoretical prerequisites in creation of electronic English Grammars, and defining the nature of new types of English Grammars.
Practical value: results of the dissertation can be used in creation of interactive electronic resources, in giving courses on Applied Linguistics, Text Linguistics, General Linguistics, the History of Linguistics and the Theory of Grammatical Description.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity. The main results of research and ideas arc reflected in scientific articles published by the candidate as well as her speeches at scientific conferences and arc implemented into teaching process of English language at the Academy of State and Social Construction under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Higher School of Business.
Field of application: creation of the new types of English Grammars, creation of interactive electronic resources, delivering courses of lectures on General Linguistics, the History of Linguistics, the Theory of Language and the courses on the methods of teaching.
The article discusses the author’s corpus and its significance in the modern glossary, the world of Pushkin’s author’s corps, the Czech writer’s corps, Shakespeare’s corpus and their shortcomings. The interface of the author’s corpus consists of various designs and structures, and the author is responsible for its completeness, the interface should be attractive and impressive. The creation of the interface is based on the design of national or modern functions, the interface should include the life and work of the artist in photographs. The Linguistics Corps is a very rapidly developing branch of the world of computer linguistics, which has achieved great success in this regard. The Corpus of Linguistics is also taught as a science at world universities. The subject of this discipline is the theory and practice of building the corpus, such as body features and programming fundamentals. The Corps of Linguistics deals with the general theory and practice of computer linguistics, the formation of the linguistic body and computer technology. The article talks about modern information technologies that have created tremendous opportunities for language functionality. Computer translation, editing, analysis, electronic dictionary and thesaurus are proof of our opinion. Especially the creation of modern electronic dictionaries and the culture of their use is one of the effective ways to learn the language. In particular, the role of language buildings created and developing rapidly throughout the world in demonstrating the ability and ability to speak the language is very large. The purpose of the article is to study the linguistic foundations of the Uzbek language corpus, to study the linguistic value of the linguistic corpus, the history of corpus linguistics, to study the author linguistics of the corps, its features in social, lexicological, educational and other fields.
The article discusses the author's corps and its significance in modern glossary, the world of Pushkin's author's corps, the Czech writer's corps, Shakespeare's author's corps and their shortcomings. The interface of the author's corps is made up of different designs and structures, and the author is responsible for its completeness, the interface should be attractive and impressive. The creation of the interface is based on the design of the national or modern features, the interface should involve the life and works of the artist in photoes. The Corpus of Linguistics is a very rapidly developing branch of the world of computational linguistics, which has achieved great success in this regard.
The Corpus of Linguistics is also taught as a science in world universities. The subject of this discipline is the theory and practice of building a corpus, such as body features and the basics of programming. The Corpus of Linguistics deals with general theory and practice of computational linguistics, the formation of the language body, and computer technologies. The article tells about modern information technologies that have created tremendous opportunities for language functionality. Computer translation, editing, analysis, electronic dictionary and thesaurus are proof of our opinion. Especially the creation of modern electronic dictionaries and the culture of their use is one of the effective ways of learning a language. In particular, the role of language buildings created and developing at a fast pace throughout the world when demonstrating the ability and ability to master the language is very large. The purpose of the article is to study the linguistic foundations of the Uzbek language corpus, to study the linguistic value of the linguistic corpus, the history of corpus linguistics, to study the author's linguistics of the corpuses, its features in the social, lexicological, educational and other fields.
The article gives an idea about the interface, the content of the corpus, its flawless functioning and at first glance the importance of the author’s personality, creative heritage, classification.
Cognitive linguistics is the study of the essence of a particular concept in the linguistic description of the world and its relation to world realities. Concept is one of the main categories of cognitive linguistics and is an element that establishes the connection between culture and man. Cognitive linguistics is a cluster of closely related approaches to the study of language as a mental phenomenon. Cognitive linguistics emerged as a school of linguistics in the 1970s. Cognitive linguistics is the study of knowledge, the study of language, which represents the crucial role of secular information structures in our interactions with the world. This paper discusses the theoretical foundations of conceptualization in cognitive linguistics.
This article discusses the syntactic theories of compounding in world linguistics, examines the views of linguists on compounding, and points out the differences and similarities in these studies. In particular, the theoretical and practical work of Russian, German, Turkish and English linguists on linguistics has been studied and their views have been highlighted. In particular, it was noted that until now, the problem of vocabulary has been one of the most important issues on the agenda of scientific research
The real beginning of the emergence of textual linguistics was from the sciences of the Qur’an and Arabic rhetoric, because they contain the core issues in textual linguistics, such as: harmony, consistency, coherence, repetition, appropriateness, and other fundamental issues in this science. Textual linguistics is concerned with the formal aspects of texts, meaning the grammatical validity of sentences.
The term "textual linguistics" appeared around the middle of the twentieth century, and it was defined as: the science that investigates the structures and formulations of texts, while surrounding it with general communicative, social and psychological relations. This science appeared recently in the West, but we found it among Arab scholars during their discussion of the sciences of the Qur’an and Arabic rhetoric since almost the second century AH, such as: al-Jurjani, al-Sakaki, al-Zarkashi, al-Suyuti, al-Alawi and other scholars of interpretation and rhetoric, despite the absence of terms This science is in the books of rhetoric, but its concept is clearly visible, and thus we can say: The terms are modern Western, but the concepts are authentic Arabic.
This research attempts to answer the following questions.
1. What is the concept of text linguistics?
2. What are the features of agreement and difference between the sentence and the text?
3. What are the general principles governing the text and what is the role of the seven criteria to achieve coherence within the text?
4. How does the science of the language of the text analyze verse 44 of Surat Hud?
The paraphrases of the Uzbek language were studied for the first time in the article. Preliminary ideas about the types of paraphrases were also presented. To date, paraphrases have not been studied in a monograph, not only in Uzbek linguistics but also in all world linguistics, which is not a separate, special object of scientific research. Although paraphrases are actively used in our oral and written speech as one of the means of artistic imagery, they are one of the factors that show the richness of language, and the breadth of semantic possibilities. Paraphrases serve to make speech impressive, clear, logical, and unique. There are only a few articles in world linguistics that give a concise definition of paraphrases in dictionaries, along with comments, noting that paraphrases have their own characteristics within the means of artistic representation and should be studied separately. Consequently, the separate study of this figurative expression from a scientific and theoretical point of view, the elucidation of its nature, and the discovery of its essence are one of the issues to be addressed in today’s general linguistics, especially stylistics. The work is based on the achievements in the field of linguistics, the categories of dialectical philosophy: generality and specificity, cause and effect, possibility and reality, unity of form and content, clarity and abstraction. The problem of paraphrasing (figurative expression), which is one of the means of expression, which clearly shows the richness of any language, has not been the subject of separate research to date. But there are certain ideas about paraphrasing, albeit a little about its place in language and speech. Observations show that from a general linguistic point of view, the same term is used in invariants such as paraphrase, periphrase, periphrases, and it is noted that speech is one of the most effective means of expression. We found it necessary to use the term paraphrase in our article. Because, first of all, this term is widely used in general linguistics. That is, it is mentioned separately in monographs, manuals, textbooks and articles; secondly, and most importantly, the term paraphrase clearly defines the nature of the phenomenon under study. By the way, the part «para» in the term paraphrase means similar or contiguous, meaning a pair. It is well known that paraphrases in language arise as a result of a deeper study and knowledge of world events, and an increase in the ability of human thinking. The development of technology and science, the fact that the people who are the owners of the language, its creator, are in full contact with neighbouring countries, as a result of increased trade with them, also increase the number of paraphrases at the expense of words passed from one language to another. Therefore, we aimed to examine the paraphrases of language (languages) together with the historical society - its history, in connection with the development of the people.
This paper presents the recent development tendencies in the field of computational linguistics in Uzbekistan. It aims to address the researchers and research papers in computational linguistic areas such as: NLP, Machine translation, Corpus Linguistics and Text Editing. The article also highlights the new branches of Computational linguistics that has gained much importance in recent years in the country.
The article analyzes the poems written in the traditional form of creativity of Barik Shafei, identifies the problems of their form, content and art, their place in the poet's work and in the literature of this period. The article examines the state of literature in the Dari language at the beginning of the twentieth century, the place of traditional genres in lyric poetry, such as gazelle, rubai and qasida, as well as the changes that took place in poetry in the Dari language at that time. Also, questions of content are clarified first, and then changes in forms. The research is based on theoretical research methods. In the work of Barik Shafei, despite the change in content, there are poems of the traditional form. In the poet's poems, the subject of love of the lyrical hero is mainly socio-political themes. In these poems, the traditional romantic spirit is now shifted towards caring for the Motherland and the life of the people, their fate. There have also been changes in the means of artistic depiction in poetry. In particular, we can see in poems that such pictorial means and techniques as "shham", "shu'la" and "parvona" do not have the same meaning as in traditional poems. Also, according to the rhymed form of the gazelle "Khar kadar" ("No matter how much"), it refers to the type of gazelle in which the first line is repeated in the last line. The content is different from that of traditional poetry. In the gazelle, the poet from time immemorial expounds his complaints. In the poems of Barik Shafei, these images expanded their semantic volume in accordance with the theme and tone. The poet has renewed the word by reinventing it, but we see that the layers of meaning have not completely disappeared, but the meanings are gradually preserved in them.
One of the integral components of world linguistics, Uzbek linguistics, which has been taking its fair share in the positive solution of the current issues facing the world linguistics, has experienced the influence of various worldviews, doctrines, and theories during the past century, and has been covered by general linguistic processes. The history, unique nature, and values of any nation are first of all reflected in the native language of that nation. It is not for nothing that they did not evaluate the language as the moral immunity of the nation. Therefore, only the nation that has preserved its language and developed it over time will preserve its identity and national image.
This article defines gender linguistics as a branch of linguistics, discovers its primary differentiating characteristics and promotes main concepts of the field. Moreover, this paper deals with the features of gender linguistics and discusses main problems of the subject.
The term corpus linguistics is now very popular. The compilation of a corpus of language texts is included among the priority areas of work of the academies. In paremes formed on the basis of the name “insect,” homonymy is observed between words that resemble the name of the insect and units that are homophones with the lexeme denoting the name of the insect. Direct homonymy is expressed by the lexemes mole, worm, donkey (dial. scorpion), and “burga” - “burgan” act as homophones. The creation of text corpora is considered by a number of scientists as the most important humanitarian task of linguistics. This article explains the concept of corpus linguistics and discusses its theoretical foundations.
From scientific research carried out in the world, we see that linguistics is in close contact with the neurological department of medicine and achieves effective results. Recently, a new field of science has emerged between psychology, neurology and linguistics, called neurolinguistics. The speech information process, that is, the process of transmitting information to each other and receiving information from each other through mutual speech, is considered the object of study of a number of sciences. In particular, this process is widely studied by the sciences of linguistics and psychology. Linguistics separates the language, which is the main means of communication between people, and the speech that arises in the process of direct communication-interaction, the internal structure, structural units, various occurrences of these structural units in the speech process, the transition from "internal structure" to "external structure" A number of issues have been studied , such as the main stages and the relationship of the two above structures, and this is considered one of the topical issues today
This article discusses theoretical significance of linguistics. The initial stage of linguistics is an introduction to linguistics, and it studies the place of language in other phenomena, its structure, and the basic concepts of language science in general. Therefore, this course lays the groundwork for studying and mastering specific language phenomena, vocabulary, phonetic system, grammatical structure on a scientific basis.
More than 70 works of Mahmud Zamakhshari, which had a great influence on the spiritual heritage of Maverannahr, are devoted to linguistics, literature, religious studies, didactics, geography. Linguistics and word science occupy a special place in the scientific heritage of the scientist. Mahmud Zamakhshari covers all areas of science related to linguistics and lexicography. The famous work of the scientist “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” is one of the sources of this style. This work, recognized as the first multilingual dictionary, contains аrabic-рersian-turkic trilingual, arabic-persian-turkic-mongolian four-language manuscripts. The work consists of five parts, the first title of which belongs to the category of words, and the second is dedicated to the verb and its derivatives. The third part consists of grammatical rules concerning auxiliary words, the fourth part-declension of nouns, and the fifth part-declension of verbs. There are copies in world collections that contain five parts of the work, as well as manuscripts in which the grammatical parts are translated separately. The volume of the dictionary parts of the work is of great and important scientific significance. In particular, the turkic vocabulary in the manuscripts included in the turkish vocabulary of the work is among the topics that are not studied and are relevant in world linguistics. 10 rare manuscripts of the dictionary “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” are stored in the funds of Tashkent, 62 copies-in the funds of countries around the world. The main part of them was moved in the XIII-XIVcenturies, and this period serves as an important source for studying the richness and semantic features of the turkic language dictionary. So far, 6 manuscripts have been found in the funds of the world, which were rewritten in Khorezm. The oldest manuscript of the work is the arabic-persian dictionary, rewrittenin Khorezm in 1257 and now stored in the Suleiman Foundation of Turkey. Khorezm manuscripts of the work are stored in the funds of Turkey, Dagestan, and France.
This article examines a new field of comparative linguistics and cultural studies, its scope, objects, goals and objectives. This direction arose between linguoculturology and comparative linguistics, which compares language and culture through the prism of the native language. The basic principles of comparative studies and various approaches to analysis - contrastive and comparative - are defined. It is emphasized that comparative linguistics and cultural studies are applied aspects of linguoculturology that have good prospects for development. Development of the foundations of a new branch of knowledge - linguoculturology, which arose at the intersection of linguistics and cultural studies and explores the manifestations of the culture of the people, which are reflected and entrenched in the language. It is shown how culture forms and organizes the thinking of a linguistic personality, linguistic categories and concepts, how one of the fundamental functions of language is carried out - to be an instrument for the creation, development, storage and transmission of culture. Linguistics of the 21st century actively develops a direction in which the language is considered as the cultural code of the nation, and not just a tool of communication and knowledge. The fundamental foundations of this approach were laid by the works of W. Humboldt, A.A. Potebny and other scientists. For example, W. Humboldt argued: "The boundaries of the language of my nation mean the boundaries of my worldview."
Along with the great achievements of Uzbek linguistics at the present time, there are still many areas that have not been scientifically researched. In particular, such areas as phonology and morphonology, intonology and textual studies, and semiotics are still not sufficiently studied. Linguistics has a branch known as morphonology, which is sandwiched between the branches such as morphology and phonology. The first science is related to formation and helps to form different meanings.
It is also closely related to phonological forms of morphemes and phonological forms of morphs or individual morphemes. Phonetics and phonology are closely related. « We replace it with the term phonology because phonetics has always been, and should continue to be, the study of the evolution of sounds. » Speech activity is realized through sound or sound system.
A hyperphoneme is not a neutralization of several phonemes, but it can be limited to one phoneme. In later linguistics, paradigmatic neutralization and syntagmatic neutralization are distinguished.