ILK O’RTA ASRLARGA OID MUG’ ARXIVINING TOPILISHI VA O’RGANILISHI

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ILK O’RTA ASRLARGA OID MUG’ ARXIVINING TOPILISHI VA O’RGANILISHI

Muyiddinov Bekali

Buxoro viloyati Osiyo xalqaro universiteti Tarix fani o’qituvchisi.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14680881

Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada ilk o’rta asrlarda o’lkamiz hududidan topilgan dastlabki

arxiv hujjatlaridan biri Mug’ arxivining topilishi undagi hujjatlar haqida kengroq fikrlar bildirib

o’tilgan.

Tayanch so’zlar: Sug’d, Markaziy Osiyo, Mug’, A.A. Freyman, I.Yu. Krachkovkiy, O.I.

Smirnova, M.M. Ishoqov, Tuproqqal’a, Samarqand, Xorazm, xo’jalik, hujjat, arablar, qog’oz.

ОТКРЫТИЕ И ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АРХИВА МУГОВ РАННЕГО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ

Аннотация. В этой статье излагаются более широкие соображения по поводу

документов, содержащихся в Находке архива Мугов, одного из самых ранних архивных

документов, найденных на территории нашей страны в раннем средневековье.

Ключевые слова: Согд, Среднеазиатский, Мугский, А.A. Фрейман, И.Ю.

Крачковский, О.I. Смирнова, М.M. Исхаков, земляная крепость, Самарканд, Хорезм, ферма,

документ, арабы, бумага.

DISCOVERY AND STUDY OF THE MUG ARCHIVE DATING BACK TO THE EARLY

MIDDLE AGES

Abstract. In this article, the discovery of one of the earliest archival documents found in

the territory of our country in the early Middle Ages, The Mug archive, has given broader views

on the documents contained in it.

Key words: Sugd, Central Asia, Mug, A.A. Freiman, I.Yu. Krachkovky, O.I. Smirnova,

M.M. Ishakov, soil, Samarkand, Khwarezm, farm, document, Arabs, paper.

O’lkamiz madaniyati tarixida muhim rol o’ynagan sug’d yozuvi mil. av. III-II asrlarda

shakllangan. Buyuk Ipak yo’li va uning shaxobchalari bo’ylab sug’d tili va yozuvi ham keng

tarqala borgan. Ettisuv, Xo’tan, Mo’g’iliston hududlarida sug’d yozuvlarining topilishi buning

isbotidir. Sug’diylar uch turdagi: bevosita sug’d, manixey va suriya yozuvlaridan foydalanganlar.

Sug’d yozuvi orqali bizgacha eramizning boshlaridan to X-XI asrlarga qadar yozilgan

ko’plab noyob yodgorliklar yetib kelgan. Ular orasida ko’plab numizmatik materiallar (tanga

yozuvlari), metall, sopol, yog’och, charm, qog’oz va boshqa buyumlarga bitilgan tekstlar, shaxsiy

maktublar, diniy, axloqiy-falsafiy tekstlarning parchalari, xo’jalik, huquqiy va diplomatik hujjatlar

bor. Ana shunday yodgorliklarning katta guruhi 1932-1933 yillarda Tojikistonning Panjikent

shahri yaqinidagi Mug’ tog’i tepasidagi qadimgi qasr xarobasidan topilgan sug’d hujjatlaridir.

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Oradan 87 yil vaqt o’tishiga qaramay bu hujjatlar hali hanuz o’zining lingvistik,

matnnavislik va tarixiy ahamiyatini yo’qotgan emas. Qolaversa, keyinchalik “Mug’ arxivi

hujjatlari” deb atalgan bu manbaning topilishi VII asr oxiri – VIII asr birinchi choragi Markaziy

Osiyo mintaqasida ro’y bergan siyosiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va etnomadaniy jarayonlar masalasiga

bir qadar oydinlik kiritdi.

Yillar davomida o’rganilib kelinayotgan mazkur arxiv hujjatlari sobiq sovet va hozirgi

o’zbek sug’dshunosligi taraqqiyoti uchun muhim rol o’ynadi. Xususan, XX asr ikkinchi

choragidan boshlab sobiq Ittifoqda sug’dshunoslikning fan sohasi sifatida rivojlanishida Mug’

arxivi hujjatlarini katta o’rni bor. E’tirof etish kerakki, sovet davri tadqiqotchilari hujjatlarni

o’rganish ishiga salmoqli ulush qo’shdilar.

Dastlab hujjatlar ekspeditsiya rahbari A.A. Freyman tomonidan moddiy ashyo sifatida

izchil o’rganildi. Aniqlanishicha, bu hujjatlar teri, qog’oz va yog’och parchalariga yozilgan bo’lib,

shaxsiy va diplomatik xatlar, bitimlar, taqvimlar, xo’jalik va hisob qaytlaridan iborat bo’lgan.

Ulardan ikkitasi arabcha, uchtasi xitoycha va bittasi runiy yozuvida bitilgan. Qolganlari esa

sug’diy til va yozuvida bo’lib, barcha hujjatlar Sug’d konfederatsiyasining Panch viloyati va uning

markazi Panjikent shahri hokimi Devashtich saroyida saqlangan, ya’ni saroy devonxonasining

arxivi hisoblangan. A.A. Freyman o’z ekspeditsiyasi aniqlagan 74 ta hujjatning barchasini

tavsifladi, yirik va ahamiyatlilarini esa tarjima qilib, ularning ayrimlariga sharhlar berdi. Avvaliga,

ya’ni 1934 yildan “Согдийский сборник” da nashr etila boshlangan ma’lumotlar, so’ngra 1962-

yilda yaxlit to’plam holida nashrdan chiqdi. Ayni vaqtda arabshunos mutaxassis I.Yu.

Krachkovkiy Mug’ arxividagi ayrim arab tilli hujjatlarning tarjimasini va talqinini e’lon qildi.

Mug’ arxivi hujjatlarining katta kompleksi – yuridik hujjatlar va maktublar yirik

sug’dshunos olim V.A. Livshits tomonidan ilmiy jihatdan chuqur o’rganilib, lingvistik va tarixiy

izohlari bilan nashr etildi. Mazkur nashrda ilk o’rta asrlarda nafaqat Sug’dda, balki Markaziy

Osiyo mintaqasida kechgan siyosiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, ma’naviy, madaniy va mafkuraviy

jarayonlar chuqur tahlil etildi. Xususan, hujjatlarda aks etgan voqealar markazi bo’lgan Panch

viloyati va Panjikent shahrining arab istilosi chog’idagi holati misolida butun mintaqadagi

jarayonlar tizimini ko’rsatib berishga harakat qilindi. Ayrim yevrotsentrizm qarashlaridan farqli

ravishda istiloga qarshi kurashdagi turk-sug’d ittifoqi masalasiga xolis yondashildi.

Mug’ arxivi hujjatlarini o’rganish borasida O.I. Smirnovaning munosib o’rni bor. U 1962-

yilda eronshunos olim M.N. Bogolyubov bilan hamkorlikda Mug’ arxividan aynan xo’jalik

mazmunidagi hujjatlarni ajratib olib, ularni tahlil etdi va nashrdan chiqardi. Bundan tashqari O. I.

Smirnova Mug’ arxivida keltirilgan ilk o’rta asrlardagi Sug’dning siyosiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy

tarixini tadqiq etish bilan birga Sug’d numizmatikasini ham izchil o’rgandi. Manba va numizmatik

materiallarni qiyosiy o’rganib, ular o’zaro to’ldirildi.

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Bu kabi tadqiqotlar natijasida ilk o’rta asrlarda mintaqamizda ro’y bergan tarixiy jarayonlar

ancha oydinlashdi. O’zbekistonda Mug’ arxivini o’rganish jarayoni V.A. Livshitsning izdoshi

M.M. Ishoqov nomi bilan bog’liq.

Tadqiqotchi sug’diy tili va mintaqada yozuv madaniyati tarixi bo’yicha ilmiy tadqiqotlar

olib bordi. Bu borada Mug’ arxivi hujjatlaridan ham samarali foydalanildi. Sug’dshunoslik,

avestoshunoslik va xorazmshunoslik sohalarining aynan O’zbekistonda rivoj topishi uchun qator

ishlarni amalga oshirdi. Endilikda ilmiy ish olib boradigan tadqiqotchilar oldida turgan vazifa –

yozma manbalarning avvalgi matnshunoslik va lingvistik tahlillaridan kelib chiqib, har bitta

hujjatning yozilish tarixi, hujjat bilan bog’liq tarixiy jarayonlarni izchil o’rganish bo’lib qolmoqda.

Mug’ arxividagi birinchi raqamli hujjatda O’rta Osiyoning arablar tomonidan istilo etilishi

davri, ya’ni 720-722 yillardagi siyosiy voqealar aks etgan. Voqealarning ishtirokchilari aynan

hujjatlar orqali ko’z o’ngimizda namoyon bo’ladi. Ularning qanday mavqega ega bo’lganligi

hamda siyosiy jarayonlarga qay darajada ta’sir etganligi tarixiy nuqtai nazardan muhimdir. Aynan

hujjatining tavsifiga keladigan bo’lsak, mazkur hujjat ko’p sonli Mug’ arxivi hujjatlari qatorida

1932-yilning bahorida Tojikiston Respublikasi Zahmatobod tumani Haydarobod qishlog’ida

yashovchi cho’pon Jo’raali Mahmadali tomonidan topilgan. Savat ichida joylashtirilgan ipak

qog’ozga notanish harflar bilan yozilgan hujjatlar bir necha oylar davomida qo’ldan-qo’lga o’tib

yurdi.

Nihoyat, o’sha vaqtlarda Zahmatobod tumani kompartiya qo’mitasi kotibi bo’lib ishlagan

Abdulhamid Puloti sa’yi harakati bilan hujjatlar Dushanbe shahriga olib kelindi. Bu erda ularni

qadimgi so’g’d tilida yozilganligi aniqlangandan so’ng, fotonusxalari Leningrad (Sankt-

Peterburg) professori A.A. Freymanga o’rganib chiqishga yuborilgan edi. Ipak tolalari

aralashmasidan tayyorlangan yuqa oqish-kulrang qog’ozga bitilgan bu hujjat yaxshi saqlanib

qolgan. Uning hajmi 28,9x28,2 o’lchamda bo’lib, deyarli to’rtburchak shaklda bo’lgan. Uning

barcha 23 qatori to’liq saqlangan. Qog’oz to’rtga buklangani bois, buklangan izlaridan yirtila

boshlagan. Qog’ozning chap burchagidan ozgina uzilgan. Ammo matn qismi zarar ko’rmagan.

Varaqning ostki qismida unga shirach bilan ikkinchi bir qog’oz ulangan. Ammo bu parcha

saqlanmagan, faqatgina qog’oz izlari qolgan xolos. Uni ilk bor tadqiq qilgan A.A. Freyman dastlab

hujjatning maktub ko’rinishida ekanligiga e’tibor qaratgan. O’qish jarayonida bu maktub Panch

hukumdori Devashtichga yo’llanganligi aniqlangan. Sababi hujjat “Sug’d podshosi, Samarqand

hokimi Devashtichga yuborilgan deb boshlanar edi. Yuqoriga tahlil etilgan O’rta Osiyo hududidan

topilgan Nisadagi Parfiya arxivi, shimoliy Afg’onistondan topilgan Baqtriya arxivi, qadimgi

Xorazmdagi Tuproqqal’a arxivi va Mug’ tog’idan topilgan arxiv hujjatlari bizga mintaqamizda

ro’y bergan siyosiy voqealar xususida ma’lumot beradi.

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Qolaversa, bu hujjatlar tarixiy shaxslar faoliyatiga to’g’ri baho berish, ularning yutuq va

kamchiliklaridan xulosa chiqarish, eng asosiysi tarixiy saboq uchun yordam beradi.

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