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MAHMUD AZ- ZAMAXSHARIY VA UNING ILMIY FAOLIYATI
Sadullayev Umidjon Shokir o’g’li
Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti
“Tarix va filologiya” kafedrasi o’qituvchisi.
Nurnazarov Aslbek
2-kurs tarix ta’lim yo’nalishi talabasi
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14953458
Mahmud az-Zamaxshariy (1075-1144) oʻrta asrlik mashhur musulmon olimi, filologi,
adibi va mutafakkiri boʻlgan. Uning ilmiy faoliyati juda keng qamrovli boʻlib, arab tili, adabiyoti,
tafsir, hadis va fiqh kabi sohalarni oʻz ichiga olgan.
Asosiy ilmiy yoʻnalishlari va asarlari:
Arab tili va adabiyoti:
Zamaxshariy arab tili grammatikasi va adabiyotiga katta hissa
qoʻshgan. Uning eng mashhur asari "Al-Mufassal fi ilm al-arabiyya" ("Arab tili haqida batafsil
kitob") arab grammatikasining muhim manbalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, u "Asos ul-
balogʻa" ("Notiqlik asoslari") nomli lugʻat tuzgan boʻlib, unda arab tilining nozik jihatlari va
badiiy uslublari tahlil qilingan.
Tafsir (Qurʼon tafsiri):
Zamaxshariyning eng mashhur asarlaridan biri "Al-Kashshaf an
haqoiqi-t-tanzil" ("Tushirilgan haqiqatlarning kashf etuvchisi") Qurʼon tafsiridir. Bu asar oʻzining
chuqur tahlili, tilga eʼtibori va adabiy uslubi bilan ajralib turadi. Biroq, uning moʻtaziliy eʼtiqodiga
asoslanganligi sababli, baʼzi sunniy ulamolar tomonidan tanqid qilingan.
Hadis:
Zamaxshariy hadis ilmi bilan ham shugʻullangan va hadis toʻplamlarini tuzgan.
Fiqh (islom huquqi):
U hanafiya mazhabiga mansub boʻlgan va fiqhga oid asarlar ham
yozgan.
Ilmiy faoliyatining ahamiyati:
Zamaxshariyning ilmiy merosi islom olamida katta ahamiyatga ega. Uning asarlari arab tili
va adabiyotini oʻrganishda, Qurʼonni tushunishda va islom huquqini tadqiq qilishda muhim manba
boʻlib xizmat qiladi. Uning uslubi va yondashuvlari keyingi avlod olimlariga katta taʼsir
koʻrsatgan.
“Al-Kashshaf” (“Oshkor; Qur’on tafsiri”) az-Zamaxshariyning eng mashhur asaridir.
Darhaqiqat, tarix davomida ko‘plab tilshunos olimlar Az-Zamaxshariyning shuhratini
mazkur kitobga bog‘lashgan. Bu kitobning nomi (Al-Kashshaf) kashaf “ochmoq” feʼlidan olingan.
Shunday qilib, bu kitob Qur'on iboralarining sintaktik va semantik noaniqliklarini ochishga
harakat qiladi.
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Matnda Az-Zamaxshariy uni qurish motivi, turtki va maqsadlarini tushuntirib berdi.
Darhaqiqat, u dastavval bu kitobni yozishga ikkilanganini tan olgan, chunki u o'zini
Qur'onni to'g'ri talqin qilish uchun zarur boʻlgan ko'nikmalarga ega emas deb o'ylardi. Uning
so'zlariga ko'ra, u har doim o'z shogirdlariga dars o'tayotganda va Qur'on oyatlarini tilga olganida,
shogirdlari ilgari hech qachon uchramagan yangi ma'nolarni o'zlashtirgandek tuyulardi. U buni
davom ettirar ekan, talabalar boshqa fanlardan ko'ra Qur'on tafsiriga ko'proq qiziqish bildirishgan.
Shunday qilib, Az-Zamaxshariy Qur'on tafsirining barcha ma'nolari haqida kitob yozishini
aytganida, shogirdlar besabrlik bilan Al-Kashshof kitobi yozilishini kutishgan.
Mazkur kitob muqaddima bilan boshlanadi, unda Az-Zamaxshariy muxtasar qilib hayoti
va ijodini izohlagan va matnni tuzish mantiqiy asoslarini taqdim etgan. Keyingi sahifalarda
mazkur kitobda foydalanilgan manbalar keltirilgan. Keyin kitob Qur'on oyatlarini Qur'onda kelgan
tartibda tafsir qilishni boshlaydi. So‘ngra kitob ikki sahifa bilan yakunlanadi, unda muharrir Az-
Zamaxshariy haqida tarjimai holni taqdim etib, uni hayotning diniy, til va adabiy jabhalariga
qo‘shgan xizmatlarini ko‘rsatgan hurmatli shaxs sifatida maqtadi.
Bu kitob Bag'dod va Basradagi islom ilohiyotining maktabi boʻlgan moʻʼtazila
yondashuvidan qat'i nazar, tilshunoslar hamda Qur'on va arab tillarini o'rganuvchilar uchun asosiy
manba boʻlgan. Darhaqiqat, olimlarning aksariyati o‘z asarlarini yaratishda Az-Zamaxshariyning
uslubiy, ma’no va sintaktik yondashuvlaridan foydalanganlar. Az-Zamaxshariy bu kitobida arab
tilining go‘zalligi va boyligini ko‘rsatishga, hikmatlar hosil qilishga, ko‘p ma’noli iboralarni
tushuntirishga, ritorika ilmiga sho‘ng‘ishga harakat qilgan.
Bu kitobni ajratib turadigan xususiyatlardan biri uning hatto arab tilini o'rganuvchilar
uchun ham tushunarli bo'lishi va ortiqcha narsaning yo'qligidir. Yana bir xususiyat shundaki, bu
arab tilida so‘zlashuvchilarning ma’nolarni yetkazish va ularning majoziy nutqidan foydalanish
uslublariga bog‘liqdir. Bundan tashqari, tushuntirish usuli "agar sizga aytsam ... Siz nima degan
bo'lardingiz?" va javob "Men aytaman ...." bo'ladi. Ibn Xaldun (1332 – 1406) “Al-Muqadima”
(1377) asarida mana shu so‘roq uslubi turli ma’lumotli o‘quvchilarga amal qilishni
osonlashtirganini aytadi.
Bu kitob katta shuhrat qozonganidan so'ng, ko'plab olimlar sharhlar yozdilar, masalan, "Al-
Intissaf "Tenglik" asari muallifi Al-Imom Nasiriddin Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Al-Munir,
Kamol Basha Al-Muftiy, Xayriddin Xizr Al-Autufiy, Sun'ulloh ibn Ja'far Al-Muftiy va Olamaddin
Abdulkarim bin Ali Al-Iroqiy. Shuningdek, Muhammad bin Ali Al-Ansoriy, Nosir Al-Din Umar
bin Abdulloh Al-Bidhaviy, Qutbiddin Muhammad bin Masud As-Sirofiy va Um Valad nomi bilan
mashhur boʻlgan Abdulavval ibn Husayn kabi allomalar umumiy sharh va izohlar bilan ta'riflashdi.
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Xulosa:
Mahmud az-Zamaxshariy oʻz davrining eng yirik olimlaridan biri boʻlgan. Uning ilmiy
faoliyati arab tili, adabiyoti, tafsir, hadis va fiqh kabi sohalarni qamrab olgan. Uning asarlari
bugungi kunda ham oʻz ahamiyatini yoʻqotmagan va islom olamidagi bilim manbalaridan biri
hisoblanadi.
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