Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
4.971
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.126
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.997
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
288
QR – Issue
QR – Article
SOI:
DOI:
International Scientific Journal
Theoretical & Applied Science
p-ISSN:
2308-4944 (print)
e-ISSN:
2409-0085 (online)
Year:
2020
Issue:
12
Volume:
92
Published:
Dilfuza Muminovna Teshabaeva
Uzbek State University of World Languages
Doctor of Philology, Professor
PRESS LANGUAGE: TEXT ANALYSIS
Abstract: All language tools in the newspaper serve the purpose of persuasion and propaganda. The use of a
particular linguistic tool is determined by the characteristics of their social assessment. Because every word, phrase,
addition, sentence, paragraph in the text must have an impact on the audience. It is this feature in linguistic media
that is the most important and fundamental to them, and distinguishes press texts from other types of style. The print
media and the mass media newspapers, magazines, radio, television, news agencies — do this every day, every hour,
every minute. In carrying out this task, different views of the press are involved differently depending on their
characteristics and capabilities. Newspapers play a key role in this regard, the main part of any newspaper activity,
the main place in its pages is devoted to information.
Key words:
mediatext, linguistics, stylistics, syntagmatics, media language, semema, information, news,
discourse, standardity, expression
Language: English
Citation
:
Teshabaeva, D. M. (2020). Press language: text analysis.
ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (92),
288-291.
Soi
http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-92-56
Doi
:
https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS
Scopus ASCC: 1203.
Introduction
Mass communication is seen as a new entity that
is at the center of modern linguistic processes. In it the
literary and non-literary spheres are in a state of
constant interaction. Because mass communication is
inherently absorbing and permeable, it encompasses
all of the linguistic means by which socially important
topics and plots, as well as the meanings of social
evaluation, are acquired.
The standardization of speech reflects the
tendency of the language to form automated, regular,
stable means of expression, the usual, socially
reinforced methods of naming and evaluation.
Another area that opposes and interacts with the
tendency to automatism and regularity is the tendency
to disrupt the automation of speech formulas, to
update them, to strive for expressiveness. The process
of interaction of these tendencies encompasses the
whole literary language, all its styles. However, in
each of them, this interaction occurs in its own way,
according to existing factors and laws. The process
described in the language of journalism is manifested
as “the obligatory and direct - regular interaction of
the standardized and expressive links of the speech
chain, their exchange and contrast. This will depend
on the specifics of the reality of the newspaper being
modeled” [Teshabaeva D.M., 2012; 112].
Newspaper-speech standardization has a social
communicative and evaluative direction, artistic-
speech
standardization
has
an
individual-
communicative direction. The newspaper relies on a
standard that is openly used many times, based on
propaganda, evaluation feature and in most cases,
emotional impact.
It is no secret that the standard is associated with
the negative features of the language and reflects the
negative factors such as uniformity, repetition.
However, the standard is not only contrary to the
diversity of a language, but also implies diversity,
implying individual skill, uniqueness, taste and other
qualities from the use of a language. The skill lies in
the richness of ready-made phrases (the greater the
stock of speech formulas, the richer the language), the
skillful selection of them, the use of new, influential
standards, rather than outdated, expressive-evaluative
patterns. Obviously, the standard is also of great
aesthetic importance. It is the basic building material
of any speech, including speech intended for aesthetic
and journalistic influence. The aesthetic role of the
Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
4.971
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.126
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.997
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
289
standard is to create individual, unique works from
“unified details”.
The pragmatic (i.e., direct propaganda,)
significance of the standard is no less. Because it is
used in the newspaper as its direct evaluator, it is used
to express and reinforce slogans, appeals, political
assessments, and so on. For example:
«Инсон
According to French linguist Sh. Bally
stereotypes are caused by the speed of journalism, the
repetition and periodicity of topics and situations
[Bally S., 1961;109]
Responding to a chosen topic, evaluating it, in
other words, looking for ways to express emotions,
leads to the fact that language tools that serve such
communicative purposes soon fall into the category of
patterns and templates. G. Vinokur said that,
stereotyping in press speech is a natural and
progressive process. It aims to create ready-made
speech forms for a variety of communication areas
and purposes [Vinokur G.O., 1928; 182-184].
Researchers also have unique ideas about
patterns and templates, phrases and words. According
to it, excessive “molding” can make a text or speech
dry, stencily, boring. However, the mold does not
contradict the linguistic diversity and richness, but at
the same time requires from the author individual
skill, peculiarity, originality and high taste.
The tendency of standardization in press
language was analyzed in the news texts. News in
Arabic means to convey an information. News
intended for the public are called media or social
information.
It should be noted that news is a short
information published in the press or broadcast by
radio, television and news agencies. Of course, in the
task of informing the press these small genres play a
key role. But this social function of the press is not
limited to news, on the contrary, also includes various
other genres. In other words, the task of informing
press covers all aspects of society, its socio-political,
economic-industrial and cultural-spiritual spheres.
For instance:
So, the image, that is, the broad, complete
delivery of the events of social life to the public, is the
main social function of the press, the most important
work it constantly performs.
News text is a type of a text that quickly conveys
to the public the events that take place in the
environment and reflect the real world scene. It is no
coincidence, of course, that the total volume of news
text in the media space is significantly larger than
other mass communication texts.
Every day the number of news prepared through
the media channels is constantly growing compared to
every year. This fact is the result of the rapid
development and improvement of methods of mass
dissemination of information, the emergence of new
digital media technologies. The news that form the
basis of a single media stream, the structure of the
modern information space, reflect today's worldview.
This type of a text presents all the basic features of the
field of speech use in a fully concentrated form. This
makes it possible to define it in the media system as a
whole, in particular, as the main texts of the English
and Uzbek media.
The main purpose of the text of the news is to
inform people about socially significant events in the
country and abroad, to inform about the events and
their characteristics. The objective form of
information presentation is achieved through the
approach of the journalist or reporter, interviews of
interlocutors, participants of the event, the presence of
several layers in the texts of speeches of experts
emphasizing the reliability of the transmitted
information. Thus, the text of news is a “synthesis”,
“fusion” type of many individual texts.
V.N. Demyankov developed the concept of the
semiotics of the media text and described it as follows:
“For the semantics of the media, reality, that is, how
news are created and in what order they are placed, is
very important” [Demyankov V.N., 2004; 68]. The
semantics of the word news also includes the
semantics of “information”. The higher the level of
realism in the news, the more effectively the text also
performs the function of conveying the news in life.
The factual approach to the media is marked by its
relevance to the latest media [Bakieva G.X.,
Teshabaeva D.M., 2019; 48].
News texts have a number of factors that
predetermine linguistic-stylistic features. When it
comes to the linguistic features of this type of a text,
despite some differences in the language of news in
individual media, researchers point out that the
method of news distribution is formed mainly on the
basis of the printed word.
In the analysis of certain material, such as
novelty texts in some English presses, all of them are
distinguished by certain stable characters at the
linguistic and stylistic levels. At the same time, each
of
these
features
reflects
the
dynamics,
informativeness, objective coverage and neutral style
of the news text, and other important features.
The cases of using different forms of the passive
ratio are different and varied. Attempting to
systematize news contexts using this has made it
possible to distinguish the following most typical
categories.
The first and most common are the use of passive
forms, which constitute a group, in which information
is transmitted without reference to any source and
transmitted directly on behalf of a publishing editorial
or news agency. The intensive use of passive forms
here is largely due to the pursuit of objective
neutrality: the style of news texts must be extremely
neutral, authorless. It is therefore natural to give
preference to the passive proportion in its
development or “creation”.
Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
4.971
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.126
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.997
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
290
The second group consists of news in which the
source of the information is not directly indicated and
contains a hidden link: but its existence is implied by
the use of certain expressions.
Here some passive structures in which the verbs
to inform, to report, to know, to say, to be reported,
to be said, to be known
are used: “
The World
Meteorological Organization said Thursday, adding
that it was “concerned about the increasing impact”
on weather forecasts worldwide”
(“New York
Times”. 18.05 2020
).
In this special group we can
include news telling stories about ceremonies,
earthquakes, floods, man-made disasters, and other
similar events [Dobrosklonskaya T.G., 2005].
The analysis shows that there is a much higher
concentration of passive forms in news on
weather,
climate, sports, compared to political texts, economic
problems, cultural news
. For example, “
Humanitarian
officials are worried that by packing people into
shelters, coronavirus infections could spread even
further”
(“New York Times”. 18.05 2020).
It should be noted that the special role of passive
proportions in novelty texts is due to the fact that the
replacement of active forms of prediction with passive
also allows to distinguish the political and ideological
significance of the news. This feature of the passive
has been noted by many English authors, especially
those working in the field of “critical linguistics”.
They make the important point that the choice of
different language means to express a particular
content in news texts is ideologically determined.
Thus, “Information is in a sense “necessary”
information in a news, which is perceived by the
audience as knowledge, norms, values, and thus
affects the audience”. Media language has dominated
among all functional types of national language. It
combines the resources of all functional styles. In
other words, the language in the media space today is
a composite image of the national language.
The newspaper-journalistic style, the specificity
of the media and propaganda means, on the one hand,
imposes certain restrictions on the use of figurative
words, on the other hand, it is based on the functions
of the newspaper-journalism style as if they were
specialized.
The speech structure of a journalistic text also
depends on the proportionality of the linguistic units
that contain the conceptual words, the meanings of the
assessments. The propensity for social evaluation is
one of the main features of press texts.
Clearly, the language of the newspaper, by its
very nature, is not merely the narration of objects,
events, but the ability to evaluate them on behalf of
any social group, stratum, or society. This law has
existed since the appearance of the first newspapers
and magazines and has also determined the semantic
development of its lexicon. It is from a social point of
view that evaluation requires the selection of
appropriate words from common language and other
sources, the press expands the vocabulary (e.g., as a
result of democratization), and determines the general
stylistic features of lexical units.
The principle of social evaluation of the
language of journalism determines the form, type of
speech, which is reflected in its structure. Hence, the
structure of the journalistic type of speech is fully
consistent with its most important task - the task of
direct exposure to the reader. The main feature of
journalistic language is that the position of the creator
of speech corresponds to the author's “I” with the
openness, authenticity, subjectivity and one-sidedness
of journalistic speech [Language and style of media
and propaganda., 1980].
It is necessary to study the expressive language
tools in the language of the newspaper from the
speech-cultural aspect.
In order to increase the effectiveness of the
language of the newspaper, it is often the case that
words and phrases that do not correspond to the
culture of speech are used as a result of the misuse of
a language. The only way to prevent such mistakes is
to increase the speech culture and experience of
journalists.
CONCLUSION
In any media verbal text, along with the norms
of universal language, it is also required to follow the
norms of literary style, which is a manifestation of it.
Within the framework of this method, oral
communication is carried out in formal situations. The
use of visual aids depends on the characteristics of the
press language genre. They help to move away from
standardization in a language and make press
language more effective.
Speaking of the newspaper-journalistic style, it
should be noted that the formation and development
of the newspaper-journalistic lexicon is determined by
two main factors, two main tasks: on the one hand, the
news, information, on the other hand, propaganda is
an important necessity.
Impact Factor:
ISRA
(India) =
4.971
ISI
(Dubai, UAE) =
0.829
GIF
(Australia) =
0.564
JIF = 1.500
SIS
(USA) =
0.912
РИНЦ
(Russia) =
0.126
ESJI
(KZ) =
8.997
SJIF
(Morocco)
= 5.667
ICV
(Poland)
= 6.630
PIF
(India)
= 1.940
IBI
(India)
= 4.260
OAJI
(USA)
= 0.350
Philadelphia, USA
291
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