No. 2 (2021) Oriental studies

Description of the semantics of the verb is a complicated process since the semantics of the verb is closely related to its distribution. In view of the foregoing, verbs are classified by the expression of directional movement and the presence or absence of subject/object, if there is one, by its quantity. In the Chinese language, there are verbs of motion that, besides movement, also express direction. These verbs can act as an independent verbal predicate or an appositive adjunct known as directive additional parts, a modifier or directional morpheme in a sentence.  Verbs 来 [lái] “to come” and 去 [qù] “to go” are basic verbs of the direction of movement. Compound verb of the direction of movement is also formed by adding these verbs. If the action of the verb is getting closer to the speaker, 来 is used. If the action is moving away from the speaker, 去 is used. 来 [lái] “to come” is one of the basic verbs of the direction of movement. 来 [lái] is a polysemous word and it can act as notional or auxiliary verb in a sentence, as well as in the function of a syntactic word. The specificity of the semantics of the verb 来 [lái] lies in the fact that in addition to the orientation or direction of movement, it indicates the narrative clause, what information the speaker wants to emphasize. In this article, the verb properties of 来 [lái] are studied and ways to actualize their meanings in the Uzbek language are identified. The models 来 [lái] in the functions of the main and auxiliary verbs have been studied, as well as in the function of a syntactic word based on materials of the book by Lu Shusyan “现代汉语八百词吕 叔湘” (“800 words of modern Chinese”). The similarities and differences between the semantics of the verbs 来[lái] in Chinese and kelmoq in Uzbek are described.

This paper focuses on the emergence of the theory of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is a relatively new trend, which is a form in the theory of liberalism. The main ideas of liberalism include the protection by the state of the rights and freedoms of citizens, an increase in the role of individuals in the main spheres of public life through public institutions. Nevertheless, due to the ongoing changes in the system of international relations, this theory has also undergone some changes. The increase in the number of non-traditional actors on the world stage, the  regulation  of  relations,  the  solution  of  issues  and  problems  at  the  regional  and  global  levels  through international institutions contributed to the development of a new trend - neoliberalism. The article discusses the issues  and  reasons  for  the  emergence  of  neoliberal  theory.  The  comparative  method  of  development  and application of neoliberal and neorealist theories in the system of international relations is carried out. The main ideas of the representatives of both theories are considered. Globalization is directly related to the theory of neoliberalism. The globalization process, which began largely after the end of the Cold War, has fueled a renewed interest in the study of transnational relations and the influence of non-state actors on foreign policy. However, as with all theories and processes, globalization also has its supporters  and  opponents.  The  paper  considers  the  opinions  of  experts  who  express  their  position  on  the effectiveness of regional and global forms of cooperation. The  institutionalisation  process  is  also  a  subject  of  controversy  between  representatives  of  neoliberal  and neorealist theories. Nevertheless, the process has begun. From the point of view of representatives of neoliberal theory, the effectiveness of institutional development of relations is a demanded form of cooperation. However, we can observe changes in the system of international relations, which have recently shown the insufficient effectiveness of institutional associations in influencing certain challenges and threats. The coordinated and thoughtful actions of the subjects of neoliberal theory can have a beneficial effect on the further demand for this theory.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and Uzbekistan in 1992, the two countries, based on mutually beneficial cooperation and trust, have been developing friendly relations in various fields every year. In particular, the rise of Korea and Uzbekistan to the level of "Special Strategic Partnership" in 2019 was an important event in relations between the two countries. These achievements have not been achieved overnight, but are the result of the two countries ’trust, cooperation and efforts to support each other over the past 30 years. 2021 will mark the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Korea and Uzbekistan. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, diplomatic relations between the two countries have been growing in quantity and quality. Today, the presidents of Korea and Uzbekistan sometimes call each other "Aka-Uka" and sometimes describe each other as "true friends." Korea and Uzbekistan have become true brothers. Accordingly, Korea and Uzbekistan, which are actively developing diplomatic, economic, social, as well as health, cultural and labor exchanges as strategic partners for each other, will be a great synergy if they expand cooperation in the future and meet each other's needs and develop together. effect is expected to occur.

This scientific article expounds analytical thoughts that in the first decades of the twenty-first century the level of global problems related to the security of mankind has increased many times over, the reasons for this phenomenon are also stated, including the inconsistency of the formation of a new world order, the difficulties of democratization. Conclusions are drawn about new false barriers to the formation of new international relations.  The article focuses on the significance of the 75th anniversary session of the General Assembly of the United Nations and new conceptual ideas that were voiced in the speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev.  The author concludes that the constructive ideas and initiatives put forward in the speech of the President of our country will be of great importance in the formation of a fair international system, and at the same time, the institutional capacities and effectiveness of the UN will increase.  The article concludes that as a result of the implementation of the new ideas put forward, the recommendations of the head of our state under the auspices of the UN, a very large number of problems facing humanity will find their positive solution, as a result, new conditions will appear for the formation of a modern, fair, democratic world order. The article emphasizes that the new ideas put forward by the President of our country, in their essence, are aimed at updating the world order. In this regard, our President calls for an increase in common responsibility, as well as strengthening the democratic approaches of the world community to address these challenges.  Therefore, the author believes that the initiatives of our head of state have a very positive meaning for all peoples of the world.  The scientific article emphasizes that the proposal of the head of the country to increase the role of national parliaments is also of historical importance.  In this regard, as noted in the article, the initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the adoption by the  UN  of a special decision to enhance  the role of parliaments is extremely important for the formation of modern foundations for the development of parliamentary diplomacy.  Also, the article pays special attention to the historical role and significance of the new initiatives of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the peaceful solution of the problem of Afghanistan. The article concludes that these fundamentally new, effective initiatives to solve the Afghan problem will contribute to a thorough solution to all the contradictions that exist in modern Afghanistan.

This article classifies and analyzes the ethnotoponyms of the Khiva Khanate, which are found in "travelogues" created on the basis of travel memoirs of Russian and foreign tourists and officials of the countries who visited the Khiva Khanate in the XIX century. We know that ethnotoponyms are place names associated with "ethnos", which reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socioeconomic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. A  comparative  analysis  of  ethnotoponyms  on  the  basis  of  known  sources,  the  study  of  the  ethnic composition of the population of the region, demographic processes and the factors influencing them from the point of view of source and historiography, the study of place names is a historical field. From this point of view, the study of place names in the khanates on the basis of travelogues of Russian and foreign tourists visiting the Central Asian khanates in this study serves to fill in some of the unknown pages that are not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the source significance of travelogues in the study of ethnotoponyms of the Khiva khanate, to determine the weight of ethnotoponyms in them, to reveal the general purpose  of  travelogues,  their  differences  and  similarities  and  to  develop  the  principle  of  classification according to certain criteria. The article used research methods such as systematic analysis, periodicity, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification of place names, genetic analysis, used in historical research. As  a  result  of  the  research,  the  role  of  travelogues  as  a  common  source  and  the  total  weight  of ethnotoponyms belonging to the Khiva khanate were shown. The classification of ethnotoponyms of Khivakhanate, peculiarities of their origin, theoretical and practical aspects of studying the socio-economic and ethnic history of ethnoponyms of khanate were analyzed.

Many  works  of  art  have  been  translated  from  Turkish  into  Uzbek.  The  contribution  of  Uzbek translators is significant. At the same time, the best examples of Uzbek literature are being translated into Turkish and presented to Turkish readers. The works of A. Kadyri, P. Kadyrov, A. Qahhor, O. Hoshimov and other famous writers who have made a worthy contribution to the development of Uzbek prose have reached Turkish readers today. The contribution of Turkish translators is invaluable. At the same time, Uzbek translators have made a worthy contribution to the translation of Uzbek literature into Turkish. Among them are translations of the works of the People's Writer of Uzbekistan, Hero of Uzbekistan Said Ahmad into Turkish by teachers Iristoy Kochkartoev, H. Khamidov and his students. Speaking about the analyzed works and translations, it is expedient to further develop the work in this area, to highlight some shortcomings of Uzbek translators, as well as their achievements, to conduct translations from the perspective of skilled translators.

China has been pursuing a policy of reform and opening for 40 years. This, in turn, affects all areas of modern human life. Today, China is not only a leader in all spheres of production, but also there is a rapid development in the military industry of this country. Thus, the development of the military industry itself creates the basis for the introduction of new terms into the Chinese language. This article is devoted to the construction and analysis of Chinese military terms under the influence of external factors. Using the method of definitional analysis, the author explores the penetration of borrowings from a foreign language into the system of Chinese military terms, the ways of their formation and vocabulary enrichment, some restrictions in the formation of sound borrowings. The methods of phonetic and semantic calque have also been comparatively studied, and the activity of semantic calque in the military vocabulary of the modern Chinese language has been proved by examples. The article provides a descriptive analysis of borrowings formed under the influence of the English and Russian languages, and conclusions about the Chinese military terms that emerged on their basis.

The peculiarities of each language are manifested in phraseologisms – stagnant phrases, in which it is considered an important layer. Expressions express different relations between individuals in a short and concise manner, at the same time understandable and meaningful. The article draws on a comparative analysis of combinations of somatic words related to the field of phraseology. They were given on the basis of theoretical materials on phraseology, scientific literature and translation collections. In this article, a comparative translation of phraseologisms from the speech of heroes in artistic works was also analyzed. When translating phraseological units from Hindi into Uzbek, first of all, one must be able to choose their equivalent or alternative and apply the equivalent or alternative variants of the phrase in the Indian language. The main purpose of writing this article is to provide a comparative analysis of phraseologisms in the Indian language made of somatic nouns. The article examined the meanings of 3 semantic groups in comparative analysis. That is: a) full compatibility; B) partial compatibility; C) completely dissimilar; Phraseological units mainly V.M. Beskrovny’s II roof was concentrated on the surface of the first roof of the dictionary "Hindi-Russian Dictionary", from which the most active and non-somatic words were involved in the composition. In the article, mainly from Uzbek scientists the book “Explanatory phraseological Dictionary of the Uzbek language” by Sh. Rakhmatullaev was used to give alternative variants of Uzbek language. Phraseological units are translated in three different ways: each words  translation; literal translation; meaning; In place of the conclusion, the fact that phraseological units in the Indian language were given with Uzbek variants when subjected to comparative analysis was given as a final.

The word serves a meaning. A word can have different meanings than its original meaning. The first of these meanings is the original lexical meaning, the rest are figurative or additional meanings. This condition occurs in all languages. The figurative meaning of the word serves to increase the attractiveness and effectiveness of speech, to illuminate the essence of events, to give it an artistic harmony, and is realized in more literary texts, works of art. The lexemes that characterize the subject are widely used in speech, especially in the literary text, and serve to pass on to future generations the rich heritage of the people, information about their social life. Colors play an active role in creating the artistic landscape of the world. Color adjectives in Pashto also have semantic semantic meaning. Among the adjectives that express color, the most significant are the transitions or loss of meaning in the adjectives  نیپس (white) and  روت (black), which are reflected in more literary texts and works of art. In addition to the figurative meanings of the white and black adjectives denoting color, the article analyzes the lexical-semantic analysis of the occurrence of these adjectives in word combinations, compound words and fixed compounds. The article describes the active participation of white and black qualities in the creation of famous horses, such as land, sea, mountain, road, as well as the fact that these qualities are used in the creation of verbs. In the concluding section, the figures show the occurrence of the adjectives white and black in figurative senses and their participation in compound words and phraseological combinations.

It is observed that the development of the genre in the Turkish narrative of the republican period took place on the basis of folk literature and language, as well as the traditions of world literature. The genre of the story has shrunk in form, socialized in content, and diversified according to the system of images. In the narrators’ ways of artistic interpretation of reality, observation, nationalism, sociality, and philosophy were manifested in a common state. It was a testament to true innovation in Turkish storytelling. This article examines the peculiarities of modern Turkish storytelling of the 1940s, as well as the work of the great writer of the period Orkhan Kamal. It is obvious that the Turkish stories created in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century vividly depicted the pure feelings in the hearts of the helpless people who lived in the dark days of the past, and resolutely renewed the traditions of historical literature. Such updates in the literature of the period are of special importance in the work of Orkhan Kamal. Kamal is one of the great representatives of Turkish literature and is known to the world for a number of stories and novels. In his stories, the image of ordinary workers is of special importance. Orkhan Kamal's stories are full of children's heroes and fragments of their lives. The main part of this type of child images is worker children. The article also analyzes the author's stories, such as "Sleep", "Strange Child", "First Bread" with the participation of children's heroes. Also, the stories of O.Kamal from the life of women are unique. The fate of women who involuntarily go astray, teenage girls looking for ways to escape poverty through song and dance, maids in rich families, young girls deceived by the love trade determine the content of the author's stories on this topic. The article also emphasizes the author’s stories on the subject.

Phrases are the most important and unique units of any language and are expressive means used to understand world culture and human characteristics. The purpose of this study is to classify phrases with an el (hand) component and to identify their semantic features.

This article is about Abdurahim Nizari, the freedom fighter of the Uyghur nation, who has long lived as a brotherly people to the Uzbek nation, and his creative path. The article provides information about the Uyghur people, Uyghur literature, as well as the life and career of Abdurahim Nizari, how and why he chose this direction. Great poets and writers such as Alisher Navoi, Abdurahman Jami, Umar Khayyam, who influenced the work of Abdurahim Nizari, are also mentioned. The article provides an analysis of the art genres used in Abdurahim Nizari's Zad-ul Najot.

In Korean linguistics, the study of auxiliary verbs, which began in the 1930s with the study of the traditional grammar of Choi Hyun Bye, is still the subject of continuous research. This article focuses on auxiliary verbs in Korean linguistics and the criteria for distinguishing them. It addresses issues such as the connection of auxiliary verbs to the main verb, and the complementary meaning of auxiliary verbs that gives the auxiliary verb to the main verb. Such features of the auxiliary verb as semantic and syntactic subordination to the main verb, aspect and modal meanings are investigated. It also explains the relationship of auxiliary verbs with subordinate forms and their use in combination with a main verb in a similar form.

This article considers the influence of Persian culture on the vocabulary of the Chinese language during the Great Silk Road.  The Great Silk Road is the most important civilizational project in the history of humanity. Until now, its meaning has not been studied and fully understood. The routes were not only caravans with goods, but also an intensive exchange of ideas, culture, traditions and customs. The rise of the economy and culture, the development of countries and the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages were largely due to the functioning of this important route, which connected states and peoples, sometimes located at different ends of the ecumene. Iran, formerly known as Persia and also Parthia, maintained friendly contacts with China as far back as the second century BC, and also had economic and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road.  The main part of the article contains foreign borrowings, 外来词  wàilái cì,literally "words from outside". When the influence of one language on another is most clearly expressed not in phonetics or grammar, but in vocabulary, in borrowing one language from another.  The historical prerequisites for the emergence of lexical units in Chinese and a little in Persian were revealed, and the similarities and differences in the pronunciation of the same lexemes in Chinese and Persian were also revealed.   The value of this article is in the fact that it can be the basis and additional material for further research, and also has cognitive value for linguists and specialists in oriental culture.

This article briefly describes the set of verbs in Arabic and Uzbek, its study by linguists, comparative lexical-semantic analysis of action verbs in both languages.  In the study of the lexical-semantic relations of action verbs in Arabic language, special attention should be paid to aspects related to the meaning of verbs, such as synonyms and antonyms between them. Among the verbs of action in Arabic, there are many verbs that have polysemantic meanings, and sometimes they are used in their original meaning, and sometimes in other meanings as well.  The meaning of these verbs also depends on the event or situation to which they are related.  While the original, original meaning of the verb is mainly related to the normal state of the subject, other meanings serve to express his emotional state.  During study of lexical-semantic relations related to action verbs in Arabic, special attention should be paid to which prepositions these verbs come with, because a particular action verb depends on whether the object to which the action is directed is animate or inanimate  may require a different preposition.  In synonymous relations, the verbs of action differ according to the extent to which the action lasted, for what purpose it was performed, or by what means it was performed. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the verb "to come" in Uzbek and in Arabic.  In Uzbek, the main semantic of this action verb is quite simple, but the content is almost identical to the Arabic lexeme "to come".  In Uzbek, this verb requires that the object to which it is directed come mainly in the infinitive, place-time, exit, and direction verbs, while in Arabic they are represented by a preposition giving the meaning of an infinitive or a definite conjunction.  In expressing some of the meanings of the verb "to come" in the Uzbek language, it is necessary to use their Arabic alternative, and in some cases, the meanings of this verb in the Uzbek language.  in Arabic it is also expressed by the verb "to come", but in this case it is necessary to choose a verb that expresses the expected meaning from the synonymous verbs that mean "to come" in Arabic.

This article tells about the famous Azeri poet Fuzuli, who considered Alisher Navаi, a great figure of Uzbek classical literature, as one of his predecessors, and followed him in literary and philosophical views. In particular, Fuzuli's ghazal "Not five" was written as a taboo to Navаi's ghazal, the common features of the ghazal and the philosophical views of the two poets were compared. The poetic arts in Fuzuli's ghazal are also analyzed.

The article is devoted to the study of the semantic analysis of the circumstances of the way of action, types of circumstances of the way of action, which determine the quality of the action, the degree of manifestation of the action or feature, indicating the state of the action, as well as the quality of the action and the way of performing the action. According to the semantic features of the circumstances of the course of action, it is worth noting that it is always an adverb in a sentence. For example, the circumstances of time, place, degree, or mode of action. In  the  Pashto  language,  a  circumstance  is  divided  according  to  semantics  into  the  following  ways  of expression: circumstances that determine the quality of an action, the degree of manifestation of an action or a sign, circumstances that indicate the state of the action, circumstances of an action that indicate the quality of the performance of an action, as well as circumstances of an action that indicate a way to perform an action.

Just a few years ago, there was no complete information on what fantastic pieces were available in China. Few outside of China knew that the state under the sky had a fantasy of its own. Everything changed when the writer Liu Cixin entered the world stage. In 2014, his book The Three-Body Problem was translated into  English  and  soon  became  popular  in  the  West.  Liu  Cixin  grew  up  during  the  1966-1976  Cultural Revolution,  and  these  events  inevitably  influenced  his  worldview.  During  the  period  of  repression  and prohibitions in China, it was forbidden to read samples of Western literature. But this did not prevent him from getting acquainted with the work of such writers as Jules Verne, Arthur Clarke, Isaac Asimov and George Oruello. Liu Cixin says, “The writer who made the greatest impact on my work was Arthur Clarke. His work, A Space Odyssey, opened up to me the breadth of science fiction and thinking. Clarke also showed how science fiction can create a fantasy world.” Cixin received an engineering degree. Liu is inspired by the work of the Chinese science fiction writer Lao She and tries himself as a writer. In a short time, his works in the field of science fiction have gained popularity not only in China, but also in the West. This article is devoted to the genre of fiction, one of the genres of literature, explains the existence of various hypotheses about fiction, various aspects of the genre of science fiction in modern Chinese literature. The essence of the work “The three-body problem” by Liu Cixin, a writer who is one of the most fantastic writers and recognized in world literature, is described.  Among the studied data, information is substantiated about mythology, which plays a key role in the concept of fiction, its components, features and problems.