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PAYT HOLINI IFODALOVCHI SINTAKTIK BIRLIKLARNING
INGLIZ TILIDAN O’ZBEK TILIGA TARJIMASI
Saloxiddinov Manuchehr,
SamDCHTI magistranti
Kalit so’zlar:
temporallik, sintaktik birlik, sintaksema, adverbial element.
Ma’lumki, gap qurilmasida payt holini
ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar rang-barangdir.
Jumladan, ingliz tili gap qurilmasida ishtirok
etgan payt holini ifodalovchi birliklarning
o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilinishi usullarini
aniqlash ham tarjima nazariyasida muhim rol
o’ynaydi. Ta’kidlash joizki, tarjimashunos
olimlar asosan matnning mazmuniga, stilistik
omillarga ko’proq e’tibor qaratganlar, ammo
bir tildan ikkinchi bir tilga tarjima qilishda
grammatik shakllar tarjimasiga ham e’tibor
qaratish foydadan xoli emas.
A.M.Muxin
konsepsiyasiga
asoslangan holda payt holini ifodalovchi
sintaktik birliklarning differensial sintaktik-
semantik belgisi temporallik atamasi bilan
yuritiladi. Shunga ko’ra, temporallikni
ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklarning ingliz
tilidan badiiy matnda o’zbek tiliga tarjimada
berilishini ko’ramiz.
Temporal sintaksemani ifodalovchi
birliklar gap qurilmasida kesimga bog’lanib,
unda
ifodalangan
ish-harakatning
tugallanganligini,
davomiyligini,
chegaralanganligini, nutq jarayonidan keyin
bajarilishini,
ish-harakatning
bajarilishida
ketma-ketlikni ifodalashi mumkin.
Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida temporallik
turlicha ifodalanishi mumkin va tarjimada
ham har xil berilishi mumkin:
1.
Adverbial
elementlar
bilan
ifodalanganda o’zbek tiliga quyidagicha
beriladi:
a) yet hali – bu kesimning inkor shaklida
uchraydi:
You haven’t reached it yet
(Q.A.,
195).
Siz uchun hali o’zgarish bo’lgani yo’q
(Y.A., 218).
b) never hech qachon:
You’ll never take me seriously, will
you
(Q.A., 195)?
Siz
menga
hech
qachon
jiddiy
muomala qilmaysiz
(Y.A., 218)?
c) now hozir:
He sat now in his legation room
fretting at a telegram to decode
(Q.A., 200).
Payl hozir o’z missiyasida o’tirib,
sabrsizlik bilan telegrammani rasshifrovka
qilayotgandir
(Y.A., 223).
d) still hamon:
She is waiting for him still
(Q.A., 35).
Hamon uni kutayapti
(Y.A., 25).
e) ever bir paytlar:
Were you ever in love with her
(E.H.,
117)?
Sen
bir
paytlar
unga
oshiq
bo’lganmiding
(E.H., 102)?
f) once bir vaqtlar:
Robert Cohn was once Middleweight
boxing champion of Prinseton
(E.H., 11).
Robert Kon bir vaqtlar o’rta vaznda
Prinston
Universitetining
chempioni
bo’lgandi
(E.H., 3).
g) just bir paytlari:
It’s just like the Fratellinis used to be
(E.H., 107).
Bir
paytlari
xuddi
Fratellini
sirkchilari aytganidek
(E.H., 93).
h) already allaqachon:
Mike was already in bed
(E.H., 138).
Mayk allaqachon yotgandi
(E.H.,
122).
i) always paytida:
There was always a breeze even in the
heat of the day
(E.H., 118).
Kunning hatto eng jazirama paytida
ham nuqul shabada esib turar edi
(E.H., 103).
j) then o’zbek tiliga keyin, shu payt, o’shanda,
bu paytda kabilar yordamida tarjima qilinadi:
Then they pulled up the door of the
cage
(E. H., 130).
Keyin qafasning eshigini ochishdi
(E.H., 115).
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Then all of a sudden I started to cry
(E.H., 36).
Shu payt o’zim uchun kutilmaganda
yig’lab yubordim
(E.H., 27).
Then you’d know these things
(E.H.,
108).
O’shanda bularning hammаsini bilib
olgan bo’larding
(E.H., 94).
Men were standing on the wall ready
to pull up the gate of the corral and then the
gate of the cage
(E.H., 130).
Bu paytda esa korralning darvozasini
va qafasning eshigini ochishga hozirlanib
boshqa xizmatchilar devorda turishardi
(E.H.,
115).
k) sometimes ba’zan:
Sometimes Bill went along
(E.H., 141).
Ba’zan Bill men bilan sayr qilardi
(E.H., 125).
l) at once darrov:
At once he forgave me all my friends
(E.H., 125).
U meni deb barcha do’stlarim
gunohini darrov kechirdi
(E.H., 109).
m) during + ko’rsatish olmoshi yoki son +
ot bu paytda, …mobaynida:
During this time Robert’s mother had
settled on allowance on him about three
hundred dollars a month
(E.H., 13).
Bu paytda Robertning onasi unga
oyiga uch yuz dollardan pul yubora
boshlagan edi
(E.H., 5).
During these three year, the first spent
in travel, the last two in Paris (E.H., 13)
Mana shu uch yil mobaynida birinchi
yilni sayohat bilan o’tkazishdi, keyingi ikki yil
Parijda bo’lishdi
(E.H., 5).
n) soon now … ko’pi ketib ozi qoldi:
But he is going to marry me, she said,
soon now
(Q.A., 28).
Axir u menga uylanadi. Endi ko’pi
ketib ozi qoldi
(Y.A., 8).
2. Adverbial elementlardan tashqari
ingliz tilida turlicha predloglar bilan hafta kun
nomlari, oylar, yillar, ovqatlanish paytini
ifodalovchi leksik birliklar birikib kelib,
temporallikni
ifodalasa,
o’zbek
tilida
temporallikni ifodalovchi otlar, sifatdoshlar,
har xil kelishik qo’shimchalari yordamida
tarjima qilinadi.
Shu
borada
ta’kidlash
joizki,
“…predloglarning alohida so’z turkumi
sifatida o’ziga xos xususiyatlari sintaktik
darajada ko’zga tashlanadi. Ular sintaktik
konstruksiya tarkibida alohida so’z sifatida
aniq ajralib turadi va birikmaning markazi
hamda tobelanuvchi komponentlari orasida
tobe aloqani ifodalash vazifasini bajaradi”
[Sayfullayev,2014,21]. German tilshunos-
ligida, jumladan, ingliz tili misolida predlog
bajaradigan
funksiyani
otning
kelishik
formasi bilan bog’lamaslik lozim. Gap
qurilmasida predloglarni mazmun jihatidan
aniqlashda, ularning qanday otlar bilan birikib
kelishi orqali aniqlash mumkin. Ushbu
o’rinda ta’kidlash joizki, mazkur ishimizda
aynan temporallikni ifodalovchi predlogli
birikmalarga e’tibor qaratib, ularning o’zbek
tiliga tarjimasi haqida to’xtalamiz.
a) after + ot ot+dan + keyin:
After breakfast Bill and I were sitting
warming in the sun on a bench cut in front of
the inn and talking it over
(E.H., 120)
Nonushtadan
keyin
Bill
bilan
mehmonxona ro’parasidagi xarakda o’zimizni
oftobda toblab o’tirarkanmiz, yuzaga kelgan
vaziyatni muhokama qildik
(E.H., 105).
b) ot + before bundan + son +
oldin:
He had come in with me an hour
before
(E.H., 138).
U bundan bir soat oldin men bilan
birga qaytgandi
(E.H., 122).
c) before ilgari ham:
Brett’s had affairs with men before
(E.H., 135).
Ilgari
ham
Bretning
xushtorlari
bo’lgandi
(E.H., 119).
d) before + son son+dan + ilgari:
I can’t manage before nine
(Q.A.,
195).
Men
soat
to’qqizdan
ilgari
bo’shamayman
(Y.A., 196).
e) at + ot ot + sifatdosh+da:
Tell you some more at lunch
(E.H.,
110).
Qolganini tushlik qilayotganimizda
gapirib beraman
(E.H., 96).
f) at + son + ot ot + son+da:
At five o’clock I was in the Hotel
Crillon waiting for Brett
(E.H., 44).
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Soat
beshda
men
“Krilon”
mehmonxonasida Bretni kutib turardim
(E.H.,
34).
g) for + son + ot son + ot +
davomida:
For four years his horizon had been
absolutely limited to his wife
(E.H., 15) .
To’rt yil davomida uning fikr-u xayoli
xotini bilan cheklanib qolgandi
(E.H., 7).
Yuqorida qayd etilgan predloglar
yordamida temporallikning ifodalanishida in
predlogining
ishtirokida
o’zbek
tiliga
tarjimada sodda gaplar qurilmasida turlicha
berilishi mumkin:
- in the morning – ertalab:
Brett can’t get up in the morning
(E.H., 73).
Bret ertalab turolmadi
(E.H., 67).
- late in the afternoon – kechga yaqin:
We got into pamplone late in the
afternoon
… (E.H., 122)
Biz kechga yaqin Pamplonga yetib
borib
… (E.H., 107)
- in a few minutes – bir necha
daqiqadan keyin:
In a few minutes a girl brought a stone
pitcher
… (E.H., 105)
Bir necha daqiqadan keyin xizmatchi
sopol qozonni olib keldi
(E.H., 91).
- in a little while – hash-pash
deguncha:
In a little while I had six
(E.H., 99)
Hash-pash deguncha oltitasini tutdim
(E.H., 98).
Bundan
tashqari
by
predlogli
birikmalar
yordamida
ham
temporallik
ifodalanadi, ular o’zbek tiliga
ilgari
,
bu
paytga kelib
kabilar yordamida tarjima
qilingan:
- By that time Cohn, who had been
regarded purely as angel
(E.H., 13).
- Ilgari saxovatli farishta sifatida
qaralgan
(E.H., 5).
- By that time though, he had other
things to worry about
(E.H., 13)
- Aytgandek, bu paytga kelib, unda
boshqa
tashvishlar
ham
paydo
bo’lib
qolgandi
(E.H., 5).
3. Temporallikni ifodalovchi sintaktik
birliklar nafaqat adverbial elementlar va
paytni yoki vaqtni ifodalovchi sintaktik
birliklar predloglar yordamida ifodalanadi,
balki paytni ifodalovchi leksik birliklar
yordamida ham ish-harakatning bajarilish
paytini
ifodalashi
mumkin.
Masalan,
tomorrow – ertaga, yesterday – kecha,
Thursday – payshanbada, tonight – bugun
kechqurun, hamda paytni ifodalovchi leksik
birliklar bilan ayrim ravish, son, olmosh
kabilar birikib kelishi yordamida ham ish-
harakatning tugallanganligi, davomiyligi, hali
ro’yobga chiqmaganligi, chegaralanganligi
kabi zamon shakllarining ifodalanishiga
aniqlik kiritadi.
a) one day – bir kuni:
One day Montoya took them all out
and dropped them in the waste-basket
(E.H.,
124).
Bir kuni kelib Montoya hammasini
yashikdan olib savatga tashladi
(E.H., 103).
b) all day – kun bo’yi, ertalabdan
kechgacha:
Drunk all day and spend all their time
beating their poor old mothers
(E.H., 158).
Ertalabdan kechgacha ichkilikbozlik
qilishib, o’zlarining baxtiqaro onalarini
kaltaklash bilan shug’ullanishadi
(E.H., 142).
c) the next day – ertasi kuni:
They expexted their money the next
day
(E.H., 80)
Ular pul ertasi kuni yetib kelishini
mo’ljallashayotgandi
(E.H., 69).
d) last night – kecha kechqurun:
I was tight last night
(E.H., 78)
Kecha kechqurun, aftidan rosa kayf
qilibman
(E.H., 66).
e) the same day – o’sha kuniyoq:
It’s too far to go and fish and come
back the same day, comfortably
(E.H., 111).
O’sha yerga yetib borish, baliq ovlash
va o’sha kuniyoq shoshilmay orqaga qaytish
uchun haddan tashqari uzoqlik qildi
(E.H.,
97).
f) every morning – har kuni ertalab:
I want you to do that every morning
(E.H., 106)
Har kuni ertalab xuddi shu yo’sinda
qilayver
(E.H., 92).
g) each year – har yili:
The good ones came each year
(E.H.,
124)
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Mohir matodorlar har yili kelishardi
(E.H., 108).
4.
Temporallikni
ifodalashda
ergashgan qo’shma gaplarning roli kattadir.
Nemis tili misolida S.Y.Abdullayevaning
“Payt ergash gapli qo’shma gaplar sintaksisi”
mavzudagi
monografik
tadqiqotida
ta’kidlanishicha, “Aksariyat holatlarda payt
ergash gapli qo’shma gaplarda u yoki bu
zamon shakllarining, u yoki bu boshqa payt
bog’lovchilarining
qo’llanilishi
qo’shma
gapda
qo’llanilgan
fe’lning
aksional
(chegaralangan/chegaralanmagan)
ma’nolariga va ular yordamida ifodalangan
aspektual vaziyatlarga bog’liq bo’ladi. Payt
ergash gapli qo’shma gaplarni tahlil qilganda
nafaqat payt bog’lovchilarining semantikasi,
ergash gaplarning bosh gapga nisbatan
joylashuvi, zamon shakllarining qo’llanishini,
balki
tus-zamon
shakllarida fe’llarning
aksional semantikasi, ular va aspektual (va
taksis) kontekstlari yordamida ifodalangan
aspektual vaziyatlarni ham inobatga olishimiz
shart” (Abdullayeva, 2009, 13).
Aytish joizki, bunday holda payt
ergash gapning kesimi ifodalagan ish-harakat
semantikasini bosh gap kesimi ifodalagan
semantika bilan qiyoslash natijasida amalga
oshirilganda, ergash gap kesimining ish-
harakati bosh gap kesimi ish-harakatidan
oldin, keyin yoki har ikkala, ya’ni bosh va
ergash gaplar kesimlarining ish-harakati bir
paytda bajarilishiga qarab tahlil qilish bilan
cheklanish mumkin. Ammo, payt ergash gapli
qo’shma gaplarda tarkibida ingliz tili misolida
temporallikni ifodalovchi bog’lovchilarning
roli beqiyosdir.
Payt ergash gap ingliz tilida when
bog’lovchisi bilan berilganda o’zbek tiliga
quyidagicha tarjima qilinadi:
1.
While her true love waited too, and
they were still waiting when Bill came in
(E.H., 113)
Bill kelganida sevishganlar hamon
visoliga yetishmagandi
(E.H., 99).
2.
A few kids came up when the bus
stopped
(E.H., 122).
Avtobus to’xtagach, bir necha bola
yugurib keldi
(E.H., 107).
3.
When the fifers stopped they all
crouched down in the street
(E.H., 143)
Kuy
tinishi
bilan
hammalari
ko’chaning o’rtasida cho’qqayib o’tirib
olishdi
(E.H., 127).
4.
When the left two bulls had been
unloaded the herd were all together
(E.H.,
132).
Oxirgi ikki buqani tushirishgandan
so’ng poda bir joyga to’planib oldi
(E.H.,
117).
5.
When I went back into the inn the
woman was down in the kitchen
(E.H., 106).
Mehmonxonaga qaytib kelsam, beka
oshxonada ekan
(E.H., 92).
Payt ergash gaplarni bosh gap bilan
bog’lanishida while, after, as, what time
kabilar ham qo’llaniladi:
1.
While I had him on, several trout
had jumped at the falls
(E.H., 113).
Uni ilmoqdan olayotganimda bir
necha xonbaliq havoga sakradi
(E.H., 98).
2.
After it was over we went out and
pressed tight in the crowd
(E.H., 158)
Jang tugagach, biz ko’chada turtinib-
surtinib olomon orasidan chiqib oldik
(E.H.,
142).
3.
As we started along the road he
turned and walked back toward the inn
(E.H.,
122).
Biz yo’lga chiqib olgach, u orqasiga
o’girilib mehmonxona tomon yurdi
(E.H.,
107).
4.
I don’t know what time I got to bed
.
(E.H., 138).
Soat
nechada
yotganimni
eslolmayman
(E.H., 122).
Temporallikni ifodalovchi sintaktik
birliklar sodda gaplar tarkibida ishtirok
etganda, aynan o’sha gapning kesimi
ifodalagan ish-harakatning bajarilish paytini
anglatadi,
ya’ni
so’zlovchi
o’zining
suhbatdoshiga ish-harakatning bajarilganligi,
bajarilayotganini,
bajarish
paytini
aniq
ifodalash uchun gapda ishtirok etadi. Demak,
sodda
gap
qurilmasida
temporallik
elementlarning ifodalanishi adverbial birliklar
yet – hali, never – hech qachon, now – hozir,
still – hamon, ever – bir paytlar, once – bir
vaqtlar, just – bir paytlari, already –
allaqachon, always – paytida, hamisha, then –
keyin, shu payt, o’shanda, bu paytda,
sometimes – ba’zan, at once – darrov, during
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– bu paytda, mobaynida, soon now – ko’pi
ketib
ozi
qolmoq
kabilar
yordamida
ifodalansa,
temporallikni
ifodalovchi
predlogli birikmalar after + ot – ot+dan keyin,
ot + before – bundan + son + oldin, before +
ot – ot+dan oldin, at + ot – ot + sifatdosh+da,
ot + son+da, for + son + ot – son + ot +
davomida, in va by predloglari esa vaqtni
ifodalovchi leksik birliklar bilan birikib
kelishi mumkin. Undan tashqari yesterday,
tomorrow, tonight, day, hafta kunlarini
ifodalovchi leksik birliklar one, all, next, last,
some, each kabilar bilan birikib, o’zbek tiliga
son + ot, ot + bo’yi, o’sha + ot, har + ot
tarjima qilinadi.
Temporallik
ergashgan
qo’shma
gaplar tarkibida qaralganda, payt ergash
gaplar bosh gapga when, while, after, as, what
time kabi bog’lovchilar yordamida berilib
bosh gapda ish-harakat bilan payt ergash
gapdagi ish-harakatini bir-biri bilan taqqoslab,
kesimlar
ifodalagan
ish-harakatning
bajarilishiga aniqlik kiritadi.
Adabiyotlar:
1. Sayfullayev A. Predloglarni kodifikatsiyalashning kontekstual asoslari. -Toshkent: Fan,
2014. -144 b.
2. Abdullayeva S.Y. Payt ergash gapli qo’shma gaplar sintaksisi. (Hozirgi zamon nemis tili
materiali asosida). Nomzod-diss. avtoref. -Samarqand: 2009. -26 b.
3. Heminguey E. Alvido, qurol! –Toshkent: 1986. -378 b.
4. Hemingway E. A Farewell to Arms. - Leningrad. 1971. -263 p.
5. Мухин А.М. Функциональный синтаксис. Функциональная лексикология.
Функциональная морфология. - Санкт-Петербург, СПБ, 2007. -198 с.
Салохиддинов М. Перевод синтаксических единиц, представляющих состояние
времени, с английского на узбекский.
В данной статье приводятся примеры того, как
перевести синтаксические единицы, представляющие временность в художественной
литературе с английского на узбекский. Тот факт, что грамматические формы играют
важную роль в переводе из анализа, что темпоральность отражается не только в простых
предложениях, но и в последующих фразах.
Saloxiddinov M. Translation of syntactic units representing time from English into Uzbek.
This article provides examples of how to translate syntactic units representing temporality in
fictions from English into Uzbek. The fact that there are units that directly or indirectly represent
time or action performance in translation from one language to another, and that grammatical
forms play an important role in translating from the analysis that temporality is reflected not only
in simple sentences but also in the phrases that follow.
