Хорижий филология
№1, 2019 йил
86
BORROWINGS IN THE UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Khushmurodova Shakhnoza Shaymonkulovna,
English teacher of Samarkand State University
Key words:
borrowing words, loan words, adopting, phraseological units, importance,
concept, paraphrase, international.
In the creation of world picture a
language takes an important role. However,
the richness of vocabulary and phraseological
units also play an important role. O. A.
Kornilov said about the importance of
language that it has own national way in the
creating linguistic view. And on the base of
every language there appears terminology in
special subjects [О.А. Kornilov, 1999, p.75].
Another real consideration is that there is
not any language without new words or terms
in the world. Because in the far development
of history different countries, nations made
interrelations causing new phrases and
expressions appearing in the language.
Some scientists and linguists agree that
loan words contribute to the development of
linguistics, while others consider that these
new words from another language influence
the pure language to be decreased.
We should acknowledge that loan words
impact on the picture world of the native
language. New words related to science,
technology, technics, most of the English
words, come into the language of another
speakers. Even the Japanese who are very
attentive in this case pointed that 99% of the
words in the sphere of technology are English
words.
It is clear that people‘s degree of
knowledge, world picture of thoughts are not
steady. They occasionally changed and
developed as a result of new words and
conceptions appear in the language.
On the other hand, his view of the world
or ―conceptosphere‖ develops gradually.
According
to
prof.
Sh.
Safarov
conceptosphere is not a steady occasion, its
area always broadens as humans to realization
of reality developed, its supply of concepts
also increases, contents become complicated.
Contents of concept is increased in the field
of national conceptoshere, and revolves as
national-cultural identity. [Sh. Safarov, 2013,
p. 270]. For example, fifty years ago was
invented a new tool which keeps voice
relation and spreaded immediately with its
called name to other parts of the world. The
invention of ―telephone‖ is called with its
given name in another language also. This
foreign name is acquired to another languages
according to the necessity for that subject.
Actually, inconsequence, the conceptual
world of the home language is increased [B.
Serebrennikov, 1988, p. 80]. Even those who
resisted of borrowing words to another
language would not disagree with such
occasion. Because some words related to new
discoveries directly passes through as
primarily given name. Another way of
borrowing words is creating new paraphrase
word in a given language. For example, while
borrowing the English word ―businessman‖,
there is chosen Uzbek word ―tadbirkor‖ and
this word actively took part in Uzbek
dictionary. Definitely, while borrowing new
words conceptual view of the language
similarly enriches.
But there is a bit of difference between
two words. ―borrowing‖ and ―loaning‖.
Borrowing is adopting a new word both the
name in the source language with its meaning,
while loaning is acquiring a new word from
another language. Actually, it is clearly seen
that the first way of adopting words help to
develop inner lexicons of the language.
For example, in recent years Uzbek sport
―wrestling‖ plays a role in the world sport,
and adds concept to the world conceptual
view. Moreover, with the word Uzbek
―Kurash‖ created other relevant terms like
―halol‖, ―chala‖, ―g‘irrom‖, ―dakki‖, ―to‘xta‖.
First type of acquiring words are widely used
in Uzbek social life also. For example: ―
Хорижий филология
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Markaziy
saylov
komissiyasining
kengaytirilgan
onlayn
majlisi bo‘lib o‘tdi‖
[―Xalq So‘zi‖, 2015, 28-mart], ―Esingizda
bo‘lsin kitob.uz
saytida
savollarni oldindan
yuborish imkoniyati mavjud [―Ma‘rifat‖,
2012, 18-aprel], ―Eng yaxshi
veb-saytlar
aniqlandi‖ [―Ma‘rifat‘, 2015, 21-mart],
―O‘zbekistonda kreditlash tizimi jaxon
reytingida
yuqori
pog‘onaga ko‘tarildi
[―Ishonch‖, 2014, 1-noyabr].
It should be noted that with the
development of science and technology,
progress in international relationships among
countries decreased some scientists‘ negative
attitude towards borrow words and phrases.
Academic A.J. Xodjayev said ―There is
not any reason to find Uzbek option for some
words like ―yadro‖, ―lampochka‖, ―elektr‖,
―radio‖ just because they are related to
another language. New words enriches lexic
existence
of
Uzbek
linguistics
[A.M.
Xodjayev, ―Chet tili o‘qitish metodikasi‖,
c.75].
All in all, with the advent of new
discoveries,
progress
in
social-political,
cultural, spiritual and economic life and
advances in technology caused borrowing
new words from English language like
briefing, broker, barter, lising, business, grant,
deficit, investment, investor, marketing,
service, online, computer, printer, internet,
file, site, web-site, Winchester, rating, flash
drive, image, lyceum, college, gymnasium,
bachelor,
master,
test,
multimedia,
modernization, diversification and others. We
can divide them according to the importance
in such way.
In the field of finance and economy:
audit, barter, broker, listing, tender
and
others
1.
In the field of commodity:
marketing,
shopping, boutique, management, market,
supermarket
and others.
2.
In the field of Media:
show, triller,
clip. Names of TV programs: TV star, TV
show, Star Line,
3.
In the field of sport
: divbuilding,
shaping, volleyball, basketball, football,
tennis, taekwondo
and others.
4.
In the field of education:
bachelor,
master, hacker, provider, grant
and others.
5.
In the field of entertainment:
pizza,
popcorn, spray, club, karaoke
and others.
Besides,
some
abbreviations
also
borrowed from English language: OBSE,
ASEAN, OPEK, TRASEKA.
English language is also has passed
through many periods in which large numbers
of words from a particular language were
borrowed. These periods coincide with times
of major cultural contact between English
speakers and those speaking other language.
The actual process of borrowing is
complex and involves many usage events.
Generally some speakers of the borrowing
language know the source language too, or at
least enough of it to utilize the relevant words.
They adopt them when speaking the
borrowing language. If they are bilingual in
the source language, which is often the case,
they might pronounce the words the same or
similar to the way they are pronounced in the
source language. For example, English
speakers adopted the words
garage
from
French, at first with a pronunciation nearer to
the French than is now usually found.
Presumably the very first speakers who used
the words in English knew at least some
French and heard the word used by French
speakers [S. Kremmer, ―Words in English‖, p.
3]
New word is used by speakers with the
speakers of the source language, who are
familiar with the word, and gradually it might
be used in the borrowing language in which
people don‘t know the word. These people
consider the word as a foreign one. We can
bring many foreign words and expressions
used in English language such as:
bon vivant
(French),
mutatis mutandis
(Latin), and
Schadenfreude
(German). When the words
which are borrowed used often, people used
to express them more even not knowing about
the source language. The novel word becomes
conventionalized. Actually, this process may
be called borrowing or loan words. But we
should take into consideration that not all
foreign
words
in
the
intercultural
communication become loan words, some
words may fall out of the usage, and cannot
be transmitted. If the words are constantly
used in a given language, the more it becomes
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similar to the word of the language. This
process is related to long cultural history of
English speakers, that they always borrowed
words whenever faced new people, culture
and place. From the history of English
language French considered the dominant part
of among the source languages with words
like:
ballet, cachet, champagne, salon,
saloon, roulette,
chic. In the field of military
,war, law and government :
bastion, brigade,
battalion, cavalry, grenade, bayonet, jail,
judge, government, jury, noble, parliament,
prison, state, tax
and others. Words related
Church:
religion, saint, sermon, prayer,
preach, priest, chapter, clergy
. Words related
Cooking:
beef, boil, broil, butcher, dine, fry,
mutton,
pork,
poultry,
salmon,
stew,
veal.
Culture and luxury goods
: art, bracelet,
dance, diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, painting,
pendant, satin, ruby, sculpture
.
Nowadays borrowing is continuing with
technological advances, according to which
country is more prosperous. For example
borrowing from Japanese has top off over the
past years. Words like
judo, sushi,
or
tsunami
are familiar for everyone, both Uzbek
speakers and English ones. The word
sushi
is
first recorded in English in the 1890
s
but the
earliest examples in print all feel the need to
explain what sushi is, and it is only in recent
decades that it has become ubiquitous, as
sushi has spread along the high street and into
supermarket chiller cabinets in most corners
of the English-speaking world [Philipp
Durkin, ―A history of Loan-words in
English‖, p. 123].
If we look back to the 1800s Latin,
French, Greek and German were much more
dominant. This owes a great deal to the
specialist vocabularies of science, technology
and learning: compare for example
oxygen
,
borrowed from French (but formed from the
elements of Greek origin), or
paraffin
,
borrowed from German (but formed from the
elements of Latin origin). Looking a little
further back, in the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s
there are familiar words entering English
from Spanish, like
guitar
or
cargo
,
potato
or
tomato
, and from Italian, like
macaroni
,
opera
or
piazza.
There is a slightly earlier
seam of borrowings from Dutch like
deck
,
luck
or
pickle
.
Literature:
1.
Корнилов О. А. Языковые картины мира как производные национальных
менталитетов. – Москва, 1999. – 349 c.
2.
Ш.Сафаров. Семантика. – Тошкент: Ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси, 2013. – 270
р.
3.
Серебренников Б. А. Роль человеческого фактора в языке. Язык и мышление. –
Москва: Наука, 1988. – 242 c.
4.
Philipp Durkin. A History of Loan-words in English‖, Oup Oxford, 2014-History. – 491 p.
5.
A.M. Xodjayev. ―Chet tili o‘qitish metodikasi‖. – Toshkent. – 148 b.
6.
S. Kremmer. ―Words in English‖ public website, Rice University. – 32 p.
7.
―Xalq So‘zi‖, 2015, 28-mart
8.
―Ma‘rifat‖, 2015, 21-mart
9.
―Ishonch‖, 2014, 1-noyabr
Хушмуродова Ш. Процессе заимствованная слова английского и узбекского языков.
Данная статья посвящается изучению новых слов, а также заимствованных слов
английского и узбекского языков. Автор описывает важность новых слов, причина их
включения в состав другого языка и влияние развития общественно-политической,
культурной и экономической сфер жизни на этот процесс.
Хушмуродова Ш. Инглиз ва ўзбек тилларида ўзлаштирилган сўзлар.
Мазкур мақола
инглиз ва ўзбек тилларда янги ўзлаштирилган сўзларнинг тадқиқига бағишланган. Муаллиф
янги сўзларнинг бошқа тилга ўзлаштириш жараѐнининг муҳимлигини ва сабабларини
тасвирлаб бериб, бу жараѐнга ижтимоий-сиѐсий, маданий ва иқтисодий хаѐтнинг
таъсирини кўрсатиб берган.
