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TEXT UNDERSTANDING PROCESS AND ITS PSYCHOLINGUISTIC FACTORS
Alimova Kamola Kho’jageldivna,
Independent researcher
Chief of Monitoring department at General Scientific and Methodic Center
Key words:
Solidarity, intellect, decoding, logic, text, meaning, linguistcs, factor, memory,
speech, contemplation, communication.
In psycholinguistics three groups of
factors are differentiated and they affect to the
process of perception and understanding the
text. They are likely to be as the follows:
а) peculiarities of a person who
participates in the process as an object of
perception and understanding the text.;
b) text parameters and the realities
which reflect in it.;
c) the cases in which the process of
perception and understanding happens.
We define them below shortly:
1. Person factors. Person receives
information and works it out as a complete
system
which
has
individual,
psychophysiological and social peculiarities
(variety of psychic processes, directness,
character peculiarities, social-political and
ideological peculiarities and etc.).
Perception arrangement is one of the
important mechanisms that are available
between the text and the reader. This refers to
the preparation connected with fundamental
components of human mind and listener’s
position relative to information.
Arrangement indicates the character of
mind depending on the meaning. That’s why
predisposition factors have significance in the
first stages of perception.
The first stage of the arrangements – are
the searching operations, the source of
information for text is chosen and considered
particularly according to recepient’s life
positions, traditions and tensions hereby. In
this stage primary estimation of information is
done which is achieved in perception of the
work and the main subject of the perception is
determined relatively.
The second stage – is a process of
perception. When the recipient starts contact
directly
with
information,
perception
arrangements of the recipient choose the
information (the phenomenon of perception
selectability), their significance level for
recipient is defined and then important
information is sent to save (the phenomenon
of memory selectability).
At the end of contact with text, that is,
after the recipient finishes reading text, all
acts are not ov er, but the arrangements note
postposition acts. In other words, the third
stage of perception starts. The next impact of
the first perception is determined here,
information is processed, transferred into
mind system and undergoes changes under
the influence of the matter that is being
perceived in this or that level.
The great attention to text perception is
connected with its significance for recipient.
This case is explained in two ways: firstly, the
more important is the text for recipient, the
more it earns attention. Secondly, if there is
much attention for the text, all ins and outs of
the transferred information is perceived
(analytical effect), more impression is made
(sensory effect) and the perception is easier
and more clear (intensified effect).
The activity approach of individual,
social status (occupation) social-cultural
approach and psychological features of person
affect to the processes of text perception and
understanding.
We study them individually below.
Activity approach.
While we are
studying the characteristics of person as a
subject of perception and understanding,
firstly we pay attention to his activity
character and his relation or dependence with
this activity. Because the perception and
understanding of reality can be possible only
in the context intended the activity and it is
connected with clear and complex intensions
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or goals set by person. The more goals are
getting complex, the more interrelations and
the deeper significance of phenomena are
regarded. In result, the text is understood
deeper.
Social approach.
This status refers to
perceiving and understanding the texts of
mass media. The impact of social features of
human on the process of information
processing is explained that the content of
each perceivable information is defined by
group interests and information prism. So, the
existence of communicative process and the
content of transferred information depend on
the character of social system in which the
communication is being held.
It is confirmed in many researches that
information selection and definition are done
depending on that what person expects from
these signals, that is, on expectations. These
expectations in their turn transfer understating
of information into another way. That’s why
even one person takes part in the process of
receiving
information
from
the
social
approach’s point of view, the receiver of the
information is not one person, but a whole
audience. What is audience? Audience is a
group
of
people
who
perceive
the
information, it affects to the process of
understanding information from the point of
view of how this information is important for
others. The audience marks the importance
and priority of information. Because there is a
rule that even a single person accepts
information as an important fact which the
audience (majority) also accept it as
important.
Socio-cultural approach.
As it is
known to all that the perception and
understanding of information are performed
by a person on the basis of habits, norms,
general and special skills which are available
in his or her mind. We may imagine the mind
of the person under the process of perceiving
and understanding text as a filter. With the
help of this filter some information is
transferred wholly, but some is changed,
while others are dropped. Hereby the mind of
person is regarded as a unit of three sides at
the same time: firstly, the recipient of the
information is alive and is acting (a specific
world of reality); secondly, is a collection of
socio-cultural samples, that is, traditional or
custom
samples
(ideological,
ethical,
aesthetical and others) (culture world);
thirdly, is a knowledge collection, with which
a person can realize the events occurring
around (the world of knowledge). Each of
these worlds is used as a specific filter of
understanding information and programmes a
separate demand for text.
Psychological approach.
Individual
neurophysiological configuration of brain
structure which is responsible for information
processing affects to the process of text
perception.
As
was
studied
in
the
investigations that four points are responsible
for developing and processing of information
of person’s brain. They are located
symmetrically
in
the
right
and
left
parencephalons of the brain: left upper part is
for simple logical constructions, left forehead
part is for complex logical constructions, right
upper part is for simple emotional and feeling
impressions, right forehead part is responsible
for
complex
emotional
and
sensitive
impressions.
Due to this or that reason different parts
of brain cortex are developed differently. It
means that a person receives the information
by selecting it.
Understanding is not only connected
with
intellectual
perfection,
but
also
emotional perfection too. It can be said that
the work of thought allows to emotional
enjoyment in person. Besides it, level of
emotional connection of person wholly
involves the process of understanding.
According to their positions the people
are different. They may understand the same
information differently. One object can be
accepted differently by different people.
Therefore, the recipient may not comprehend
the meaning intended in the text as was
expected by the person who transfers the
information. However, the person conveying
the information cannot model the perception
and understanding of recipient in advance.
We define the term “text” by
considering several approaches and methods
on the study of this phenomenon. Nowadays
the concept text is regarded as one of the
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concepts which involve various scientific
fields, such as linguistics and others.
Linguists
particularly
draw
their
attention
to
functional-communicative
peculiarities of the language and consider the
text as one of the language defining means. In
fact, the concept text is firstly explained by
the linguistic point of view, that is, by the text
grammar,
stylistics,
syntax
and
text
linguistics.
However, it should be emphasized that
particularly in linguistics the concept “text”
has not got exact definition. If we assume it as
a language related category then it is likely to
be defined unilaterally.
Since the concept of text has
multilateral peculiarities, considering of the
text as “continuation of sentences” does not
unfold its main point. In fact the text based on
material structure and it requires paying
attention into certain extralinguistic points,
like
the
participants
of
interpersonal
communications. Additionally, in this case the
meaning component of the text is not to be
disregarded. In short the text does not contain
of sentences, but is performed through
sentences
and
applied
into
practice.
Furthermore, the meaning of the text is noted
by the aim and motive for its formation.
If we notice the multilateral feature of the
text, then we may presume the possibility of
its plenty definitions. According to the
definitions given to the text we can see its
different peculiarities. The text can be defined
as informative space, speech work, symbol
continuation and others.
For example, in semiology the text is
referred to comprehensive continuation of any
symbols,
any
type
of
communication
(contact), traditions, dances, rituals and so on.
In philology, especially, in linguistics the text
is explained as continuous symbols made
from words (verbal). Because the text carries
certain message and that’s why it is
communicative means. Therefore, the text is
noted as a unit of contact.
The word “text” was derived from Latin
word “textus” which means composition, unit
and
combination.
That’s
why
for
comprehending main point of the text it is
important to know what is being combined or
why and how it is added to the content of the
text. In any case the text consists of the
sequence of symbols connected with each
other by the meaning. The main point of this
sequence reflects in the relation and integrity
of these symbols.
This kind of sequence of symbols is an
essential
communication
unit
and
it
encompasses completed meaning, structure
and ending. For example, a literary work has
an accomplished structure and ending by the
point of meaning view. In general, integrity is
not a combination of the parts, but is a
functional structure. And in this case integrity
parts have their particular significance and
function.
Although the text categories are
different by the meaning, they have content,
structural,
formative,
and
functional,
connection forms, and they are not combined
at once together, but they complete one
another, they form more integral structure
than a combination of parts. The features of
the above-mentioned text such as connectivity
and integrity are significant for convenience,
but they are really integrated and they
complete or require one another in one text.
Text message is carried mainly by the help of
language
means.
Therefore,
a
mutual
connection in the language is an indication of
meaning integrity at the same time.
Text can be of two types: written and
oral according to its rearrangement form.
Both types should be directed to external
connectivity, internal expressiveness and
mind.
The matter of text similarity is
important in the theory of text. Study of text
is called textualism in philology science.
Linguistics studies the intonation, lexical and
syntactical means of the text, graphical means
of
emphasis,
letter
setting
off
and
punctuation.
The term “text” is closely connected
with its logical perception. Proper perception
of text is supported not only by language and
its means, but by the general fund of the
knowledge, that is, by the connectivity
background. Especially with this connectivity
background the text is formed and then it is
decoded, that is, perceived. That’s why the
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perception is linked with the concept of
presupposition (background knowledge). The
term presupposition was derived from Latin
word, which means “assuming in advance”.
Presupposition
is
an
unexpressed
meaning of the text by the word and an
additional
knowledge
which
allows
perceiving the text adequately. This kind of
additional knowledge is often regarded as
background knowledge. Presupposition may
occur in the process of reading the text as a
result of the knowledge and experience of the
person who forms the text.
Background knowledge is an outcome
of culture and reality acquired by the speaker
and listener, or writer and learner [4].
The text is a knowledge noted as a
product of oral-thoughtful activity of the
author and a material of oral-thoughtful
activity of interpreter (learner, listener). This
knowledge is divided into the word-expressed
knowledge
and
additional
background
knowledge (unexpressed with word). In the
text the symbols combination of various
difficulty and size are placed in one line [1].
And this consists of material structure formed
from speech elements. However, this material
structure involves immateriality, that is, the
sense (knowledge, event). It is obvious that
the knowledge is not always carried
completely by the help of language means.
The author usually forms the text with
the words depending on the knowledge of
listener or learner [5]. In their turn the listener
and the learner perceive the text basing on
their knowledge.
Although the sender and receiver of
information have a particular quantity of
concordant
knowledge
(background
knowledge), the information is always
separated into official parts, but in practice it
is likely to be complete.
In order to define the text in normal
case it is required to use optimal way of
verbal (with words) and non-verbal (without
words, with gestures) imaginations of the
information. Deviation from this norm causes
two cases, that is, hyperverbalization (using
much more words than the norm) and
hypoverbalization (using much more gestures
than the norm). Use extend of words and
gestures is planned by the author depending
on the aim set for text. Their use varies during
the whole text: in some parts the words are
more, in other parts the gestures are more.
For comprehending the text adecquately
the background knowledge, that is, the same
information fund for the speaker (the author
who creates the text) and the listener (the
learner who analyzes text) is needed.
Background knowledge is successful ensuring
of speech process. А.М.Peshkovskiy stated
that natural speech is “flexible”, and we do
not always convey our points completely.
This kind of case occurs due to the former
experience of the speaker [3]. Former
experience (knowledge) of speaker is a
knowledge which does not contain any word
of the text, and is carried by gestures.
Background knowledge is defined in a
particular order. Background knowledge can
be defined according to its meaning: simple,
non-scientific, scientific, literary-fictional.
Furthermore, V.Ya.Shabes has given
other
definition
too
[5].
Background
knowledge contains the following:
1) social knowledge,which is known to
all members of the speech act until the
information transferring starts;
2) individual knowledge, which is
known only to two members of the dialog
until the information transferring starts;
3) group knowledge, which is known to
the members of the teams connected with
jobs, social relations (medicinal, political
knowledges and others).
It
should
be
emphasized
that
background knowledge constantly turns from
one form into another form. For example, if a
death of a common woman is an individual
knowledge, then a death of the queen Diana is
a national, or even a global knowledge. And
here the individual knowledge turns into
social knowledge.
Individual knowledge sometimes is
used to create a meaning of the text. It is
firstly connected with fictional literature and
tends the existence of complete additional
knowledge. Sometimes when the author
expresses this or that thought, he relies
directly on reader’s knowledge by which he
can comprehend the meaning of the text.
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For example, А.Pushkin wrote in his
work “Yevgeniy Onegin”: “Zizi, my soul’s
purity...”. When Yu.М.Lotman analyzed this
sentence, he stated that the person who knew
Zizi could understand the meaning of it. Zizi
– was a short name of Yevpraksiya
Nikolayevna Wolf in her childhood [2]. In
short, it can be said that to understand this
text the individual knowledge is required. The
author wrote this text relying on the
individual knowledge of a reader.
In conclusion, we restate that text
understanding
is
a
complicated
psycholinguistic process. Its investigation is
one
of
the
prior
issues
of
today.
Understanding and comprehension of text
allow to
optimizing interpersonal
and
international relations.
List of used references.
1. Saharniy L.V.
Introduction to psycholinguistics: Course of lectures. - L.: Leningrad publ.
univ.,1989.
2. Valgina N.S. Theory of text. – М.: Logos, 2003.
3. Moskalskaya О.I. Grammar of text. – М., 1981
4. Dolinin К.А. Text and composition // Russian text. 1994, № 2.
5. Kulibina N.V. Artistic text in linguo-didactic comprehension. Dissertation. - М., 2001.
6. Sayapina I.А. Culture as an informative-communicative system.- Krasnodar, 2001.
7. Larin B.А. Aesthetics of the word and the language of the writer: Collection of articles. L.,
1974.
8. Levidov А.М. Author — image — reader. — the 2
nd
edit., add. L., 1983.
9. Galperin N.R. Text is like an object of linguistic research. М., 1981.
10. Lotman Yu.М. Novel of А.S. Pushkin «Yevgeniy Onegin». Comments. L., 1980. P - 282.
11. Peshkovskiy А.М. Objective and norm points of the language //Sel.lab. М. 1959. p. 58.
12. Теr-Minasova S.G. Language and intercultural communication. М., 2000. p.79.
13. Shabes V.Ya. Events and text. М., 1989.
Алимова К. Психологические проблемы понимания текста.
Понимание устного и
письменного текста имеет разную психологическую структуру. Понимание устного
текста означает, что текст основан на дополнительных факторах (ситуационная
осведомленность, жесты, выражения лица, интонация) в дополнение к речи.
Следовательно, понимание устного текста, основанное на расшифровке логико-
грамматической структуры речи, фактически подразумевает рассмотрение всех средств
текста, кроме речи. В понимании письменного текста, нет дополнительных факторов, а
только расшифровка грамматической структуры, на которой он составлен. В диалоге
между двумя людьми понимание осуществляется с использованием контекста вне речи.
Понимание устного монолога уникально. В целом, понимание этих двух форм речи основано
на совершенно разных законах.
Алимова К. Матнни тушунишнинг психологик муаммолари.
Шуни таъкидлаш
лозимки, оғзаки матнни тушуниш ёзма матнни тушунишдан ўзгача психологик структурага
эга бўлади. Маълумки, оғзаки матнни тушуниш матннинг нутқдан ташқари қўшимча
омиллари (вазиятни билиш, имо-ишоралар, мимика, интонация) га таянган ҳолда
бўлишлигини англатади. Шунинг учун айтиш мумкинки, нутқнинг мантиқий-грамматик
тузулишини декодлаштиришга асосланган оғзаки матнни тушуниш аслида матннинг
нутқдан ташқари барча воситаларини ҳам инобатга олишни назарда тутади. Ёзма матнни
тушунишда эса бундай қўшимча омиллар бўлмайди, ўзи ташкил топган грамматик
тузулманигина расшифровка қилишни назарда тутади. Икки киши ўртасидаги диалогда
тушуниш нутқдан ташқаридаги контекст ёрдамида амалга оширилади. Оғзаки монологик
нутқни тушуниш ўзгача кечади. Умуман айтганда, нутқнинг бу икки шаклини тушуниш
мутлақо турли хил қонуниятлар асосида амалга оширилади.
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TARJIMADA DISKURS TAQDIMOTI YORDAMIDA TARJIMON USLUBI KO’RINISHI
Xolikova Nozima Nematilloyevna,
Buxoro davlat universiteti I bosqich tayanch doktoranti
Kalit so’zlar:
detektiv, tarjimashunoslik, uslub, yozma nutq bayoni, nutq bayoni, fikr bayoni,
diskurs taqdimoti, romanshunoslik.
Tarjimonning
uslubi
bu
manba
matnidan qat’iy nazar ongsiz ravishda o’z
tilining
xususiyatlaridan
foydalanishi
natijasidir. Tarjima jarayonida tarjimonning
uslubini
o’rganishda
manba
matnidagi,
tilidagi
muayyan
til
ko’rsatmalaridan
foydalanishda
maqsadli
strategiyalardan,
ya’ni bu ularning barcha tarjimalarida
izchillikni ko’rsatadi. Ushbu maqolada biz
J.H.Cheyz
asarlarining
To’lqin
Alimov
hamda Fathulla Namozov tomonidan qilin
tarjimalarini tadqiq qilamiz. Bunda biz
tarjimonning uslubini aniqlashga diskurs
taqdimotiga e’tiborimizni qaratamiz.
Kirish.
Tarjima jarayonini o’rganar
ekanmiz, odatda uslub manba matniga yoki
manba matnidagi muallifni nazarda tutamiz.
Dastavval tarjima jarayonida
"Sadoqat" yoki
"sodiqlik" tarjimalarni baholashda asosiy
konseptual vositalardan biri sifatida qabul
qilinadi.
Uslubshunoslik nuqtayi nazaridan,
tarjima jarayonida tarjimonning o’z uslubiga
ega bo’lishi mumkin emas. Chunki asar
muallifi tarjimon emas. Asliyatdan tarjima
asarda ayrim uslubiy ta’sirlarning o’tishi bu
tarjima jarayonining samarali yo’llaridan
biridir.
Keyinchalik
esa
tilshunoslikda
“ekvivalentlik” terminining asosiy mezonlari
paydo bo’ldi. Lekin baribir muallif uslubining
ham tarjima saqlanishi bu muttarjimning
mahoratini
belgilaydi.
Bu
borada
esa
tarjimonning vazifasi shunchaki muallif
uslubiga taqlid qilishlikni taqozo etadi. Yana
shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tarjimonning o’ziga
xosligi shundaki, u o’zining ijtimoiy hayoti
ta’siri ostida bo’lishidir.
Asosiy qism. Statistikaga asoslangan uslub
Jeyms Hedli Cheyz asarlari va uning tarjimalari: (1-Jadval)
Asar
Tarjima asar
Muttarjim
Nashr davri
Vulture is a patient
bird
Quzg’un sabrli qush To’lqin Alimov
Toshkent-
“O’zbekiston”. 2012.
Coffin from Hong
Kong
Gonkongdan kelgan
tobut
To’lqin Alimov
Toshkent-
“O’zbekiston”. 2012.
Come easy go easy
Seyfdagi pullar
Fathulla Namozov
Toshkent- “Yangi asr
avlodi”. 2013.
Lady - Here's Your
Wreath
Sirli xonim
Fathulla Namozov
Toshkent-
“O’zbekiston”. 2016.
Tarjimaning
diskurs
bayonida
mutarjimning uslubi aks ettirilar ekan, bunda
biz Cheyz asarlari va uning tarjimalarini tahlil
qilamiz. Cheyz asarlarining T.Alimov hamda
F.Namozov tomonidan tarjimalarini tahlil
qilish
davomida
tarjimonning
uslubini
aniqlash mumkin. Diskursiv tarjimada o’zbek
romanlari
noaniqlik
asosan
shaxs
olmoshlarining tarjimasida uchraydi.: “you-
sen/siz” and “I-men,” va ularning boshqa
shakllari: “you’re,” “you’ll,” “you’d,”
“you’ve,” “I’m,” “I’ll,” “I’ve,” “I’d,” va
xokazo. Shunga ko’ra, ular shaxs olmoshlari
va xabar maylini o’z ichiga oladi, va
qolganlari
ikki
guruhga
klassifikatsiya
qilinadi: Yozma va fikr bayoni. (YB/FB)
(jadval 2-jadvalga berilgan xabar mayli
o’rniga, rivoyatchining yozma bayoni (RYB),
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shu bilan birga bosh qahramonning erkin
ko’chma fikr (EKFB), bunda, agar xabar gap
tushurib qoldirilganda yoki ko’chirilganda 2-
jadvalda ko’rsatilgan bosh qahramonning
monologi shu bilan birga, uning o’zi uchun
belgilangan nutqidir. Ushbu klsssifikatsiyaga
ko’ra,
noaniq
diskurs
tarjimasi
ikki
tarjimonning jumlalar darajasiga asosan
olinganligi bilan shakllanadi va shaxs, zamon,
diskurs taqdimoti shakli sifatida tahlil
qilingan.
Noaniq diskurs taqdimotining ikki turi Cheyzning Seyfdagi pullar asarida.
2-jadval Two (my own translations in English)
Diskurs
taqdimotining
noaniq shakli
Misollar
Kategoriyalari
Subkategoriyalar
Xarakteristika
Yozma va fikr
bayoni (YB/FB)
1)
night
demands more
care and skill
than
daytime.
Naturally
one
can earn more
money.
Yozma
bayoni
(YB)
Rivoyatchining
bayoni (RB)
Xabar
mayli
bilan
2)
If
the
rickshaw
is
somehow
damaged,
of
course it has to
be paid. That
bothers
him
more, just like
adding
fuel
to the flames.)
Fikr bayoni (FB) Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni(EKFB)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
3)
(But,
he
realized
soon
that pulling a
rickshaw is an
easier way to
earn
money;
the income by
doing
other
hard work is
limited; pulling
a
rickshaw
offers one more
changes
and
opportunities.
One
doesn’t
know when and
where he will
get more pay
than
he
has
desired .)
Yozma bayoni
Rivoyatchining
bayoni (RB)
Xabar mayli siz,
birdan
sodir
bo’ladigan
4) (He began to Fikr bayoni
Erkin
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chew over the
words: for such
a compliment,
he should have
helped out the
shaved-head
young
man;
besides,
two
dollars
is
quite a sum and
not something
you can pick
up every day .)
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
Yozma va fikr
bayoni (YB/FB)
5) (Besides, he
had his own
ideas:
more
care and less
rush
should
lead
to
no
trouble .)
Yozma
bayoni
(YB)
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Birdan
xabar
mayli bilan
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
6)
(Suddenly,
[he]
thought,
if he could earn
ten cents a day,
he could have
one
hundred
dollars
in
a
thousand days.
A
thousand
days !)
Fikr bayoni (FB) Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
7) (…As long
as he worked
hard,
there
would
be
endless money
for him to earn
and
endless
food
and clothes for
him to enjoy.)
Yozma bayoni
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Xabar maylisiz,
lekin
o’zlik
olmoshlari bilan
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
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8) (It seems
that a man is
nothing at all.
He is just like a
bird. Once you
try
to
feed
yourself, you’re
bound to end
up in a trap .)
Fikr bayoni
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
Tarjimon uslubining diskurs taqdimoti
tarjimasida namoyon bo’lishining turli xil
modellari
mavjuddir.
Fe’lning
zamon
shakllari, shaxs olmoshlari, so’z turkumlari,
yozma va fikr bayonlari o’zbek tilidagi
romanlar ingliz tilidagi bilan yoki aksinchasi
bilan mos kelmaydi. Ingliz romanlarining
o’zbek tilidagi tarjimalari orasidagi farqlar
mutarjimlarga
hamon
qiyinchilik
tug’dirmoqda.
Uslublarni tahlil qilar ekanmiz, bu
borada Xitoy olimi Liech va Shortning
diskurs taqdimoti analizlaridan foydalanamiz,
ular ushbu tahlilni fikr va nutq bayoni
shkalasiga bo’lib o’rganadilar. Biz esa ushbu
jadvallardan Cheyz asarlarini tahlil qilishda
foydalandik. (3-4-jadvallarda berilgan) Leich
va Short aytadilarki: “Nutq va fikr taqdimoti
rejimlari rasman juda o’xshashdir, lekin shuni
yodda tutish joizki, xarakter fikrining bayoni
hattoki juda tez o’zlashtirma shaklda ham
to’liq sun’iydir.” (1981: 337). Boshqa so’z
bilan aytganda, ikki kategoriya o’xshash
shakllarni namoyish etsalarda, fikr bayoni bu
qahramonning ongida sodir bo’ladigan so’zdir
va u hech qachon fizik holat bo’lolmaydi,
faqatgina
rivoyatchining
birir
narsaga
ishontirishidir. Bu borada qo’shtirnoq
ichidagi misollar * 4-jadvaldagi fikr bayonini
variantlar misolida ko’rish uchun.
(3-jadval fikr va nutq kategoriyalari Leich va Short jadvali)
Nutq bayoni
(NB)
Rivoyatchining
nutqiy
harakati
bayoni(RNHB)
O’zlashtirma
nutq
(O’N)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma
nutq
(EN)
Ko’chma
nutq
(KN)
Erkin
ko’chma nutq
(EKN)
Fikr bayoni
(FB)
Rivoyatchining
fikriy bayoni
(RFB)
O’zlashtirma
fikr (O’F)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma
fikr(EF)
Ko’chma fikr
(KF)
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr(EKF)
Fikr va nutq bayoni kategoriyalariga misollar – 4-jadval (Leich va Short jadvali)
Turlar
Nutq bayoni
Fikr bayoni
KN/KF
He said, “I’ll come back here
to see you again tomorrow”
He wondered, “Does she still
love me?”
He said, “I’ll come back here
to see you again tomorrow”
He wondered, “Does she still
love me?”
O’N/O’F
He said, he would return
there
to
see
her
again the following day
He said, he would return
there
to
see
her
again the following day
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125
He wondered if she still loved
him
He wondered if she still loved
him
EKN/EKF
He said I’ll come back here to
see you again tomorrow
*(He wondered, does she still
love me?) “I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow” *(“Does she still
love me?”) I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow Does she still love
me?
He said I’ll come back here to
see you again tomorrow *(He
wondered, does she still
love me?) “I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow” *(“Does she still
love me?”) I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow Does she still love
me?
EN/EF
He promised to return He
wondered about her love He
promised to visit her again
for him
He promised to return He
wondered about her love He
promised to visit her again
for him
RNHB/RFB
He would return there to see
her again the following day
Did she still love him? He
would return there to see her
again tomorrow *(Did she
still love him? He wondered)
He would come back there to
see her again tomorrow
He would return there to see
her again the following day
Did she still love him? He
would return there to see her
again tomorrow *(Did she
still love him? He wondered)
He would come back there to
see her again tomorrow
4-jadvalda keltirilgan misollarga ko’ra
nutq va fikr bayoni orasidagi asosiy farqlar
ingliz tilida xabar maylidagi fe’llarning
ishlatilishidan iboratdir. Oldingisi aytdi-
turidagi xabar yo’llovchi hamda uni qabul
qiluvchining bog’liqligidagi fe’llar bilan
xarakterlanadi, keyingisi esa fikr-o’y sifatida
ishlatiladigan
fe’llar,
bular
asosan
qahramonning monologi yoki o’zi bilan o’zi
gapirish
nutqidir.
Bularning
barchasini
mukammallashtiruvchi narsa bu xabar mayli
yoki zaruriy kontekst tushirilib qoldirilganda
yoki
ma’no
ko’chirilganda
birini
ikkinchisidan farqlash qiyin bo’ladi. Shunga
o’xshash rasmiy jihatlarning tanqisligi tufayli
tarjima romanidagi gaplarning qiymatini
baholash qiyin. Holbuki, ba’zi hollarda
asarlardagi
xarakterlar
monologi
fikr
monologi nutq bayoni sifatida ham qabul
qilinishi mumkin.
Bu ikki kategoriyalar kitobxonga
turlicha ta’sir o’tkazishi mumkin.: EN
qahramon va kitobxon orasidagi masofani
saqlashida, EF qarama-qarshi ta’sirga ega, u
kitobxonni qahramonning ongigacha olib
boradi. Qo’shimcha qilib, 4-jadvalda shuni
ko’rish mumkinki, xabar maylidan fikrlarni
aylantirganimizda, ya’ni EKN va EN qisman
EKF va EF ga shaklan juda o’xshashdir.
Shunday qilib, ingliz va o’zbek tilidagi asarlar
diskurs taqdimoti kategoriyasida noaniqliklar
shulardan iboratdir.
Tarjima
jarayonidagi
romanlarni
tadqiq qilar ekanmiz, Leich va Shortning
diskurs taqdimotidagi modeliga Semino va
Short yana qo’shimcha kategoriyalarni
qo’shadilar: yozma nutq bayoni singari va
uning yangi shkalasini yaratadilar. Yangi
model kategoriyalari yozma bayoni parallel
ravishda nutq va fikr bayoni bilan boradi. Bu
borada,
Semino
va
Short
diskurs
taqdimotining
barcha
kategoriyalariga
quyidagicha xulosaga keldilar:
1. NB juda tez uchraydi, FB esa YBdan
ko’ra ko’proq;
2. barcha subkategoriyalarda NB, EKN
va O’N birgalikda tez-tez uchraydi, EN esa
ikkinchi darajada;
3.
YN
va
RYNBning
barcha
subkategoriyalari tez-tez uchraydi;
4. FBning barcha subkategoriyalari IB,
EFdan keyin KF va EKF juda kam
Хорижий филология
№2, 2020 йил
126
uchraydigan.
Bular shuni
ko’rsatadiki ingliz
tilidagi asarlarda nutq va fikr bayoni yozma
bayondan ko’ra ko’proq uchraydi.
Quyida ularning 5-jadvalini ko’rishingiz mumkin.
Kategoriyalar
O’ziga xos qisqartma shakllari
Nutq
bayoni(NB)
RO
RNBH
O’N
EN
KN
EKN
Fikr bayoni
(FB)
IB
RFBH
O’F
EF
KF
EKF
Yozma nutq
bayoni
(YNB)
RY
RYBH
O’Y
EY
KY
EKY
RO-Rivoyat qiluvchining ovozli bayoni, RNBH- rivoyatchining nutqni bayon qilish
harakati, IB- ichki fikr bayoni, RFBH- rivoyatchining fikrni bayon qilish harakati, RY-
rivoyatchining yozma nutq bayoni, RYBH-rivoyatchining yozma nutq bayoni harakati.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati:
1.
Boase-Beier, Jean. 2006. Stylistic approaches to translation
.
Manchester: St. Jerome.
2.
Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to translation
.
Oxford: Pergamon Press.
3.
Leech, Geffrey, and Mick Short. 1981. Style in fiction: A linguistic introduction to
English fictional
prose
.
London: Longman.
4.
Leech, Geffrey, and Mick Short. 1981. Style in fiction: A linguistic introduction to
English fictionalprose. London: Longman.
5.
Semino, Elena, and Mick Short. 2004. Corpus stylistics: Speech, writing and thought
presentation
in a corpus of English writing. London: Routledge.
6.
Chase J.H. Come easy-Go easy.-Granada:”Watfa books”, 1960.-P.80.
7.
Cheyz J.H. Seyfdagi pullar. Tarjima asar.-T.:”Yangi asr avlodi”,2011 .-224b.
Xolikova N.
Appearance of traslators' style with the help of discourse presentation in
translation
. This article analyzes the author's style and the translator's style by presenting the
English detective novelist James Hedley Chase's "Safe Money" (Discount) in translation. The
models and scales of Chinese linguists and translators Leich, Semino and Short were effectively
used in their analysis.
Холикова Н. Представление стиля переводчика при помощи презентации дискурса
.
В этой статье анализируется стиль автора и стиль переводчика, представляя в переводе
«Safe Money» Джеймса Хедли Чейза. Модели и шкалы китайских лингвистов и переводчиков
Leich, Semino и Short были эффективно использованы в их анализе.